孙子兵法-The Art of War
地形篇-Terrain
【原文】孙子曰：地形有通者、有挂者、有支者、有隘者、有险者、有远者。我可以往，彼可以来，曰通。通形者，先居高阳，利粮道，以战则利。可以往，难以返，曰挂。挂形者，敌无备，出而胜之，敌若有备，出而不胜，难以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。支形者，敌虽利我，我无出也，引而去之，令敌半出而击之利。隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敌。若敌先居之，盈而勿从，不盈而从之。险形者，我先居之，必居高阳以待敌；若敌先居之，引而去之，勿从也。远形者，势均难以挑战，战而不利。凡此六者，地之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。凡兵有走者、有驰者、有陷者、有崩者、有乱者、有北者。凡此六者，非天地之灾，将之过也。夫势均，以一击十，曰走；卒强吏弱，曰驰；吏强卒弱，曰陷；大吏怒而不服，遇敌怼而自战，将不知其能，曰崩；将弱不严，教道不明，吏卒无常，陈兵纵横，曰乱；将不能料敌，以少合众，以弱击强，兵无选锋，曰北。凡此六者，败之道也，将之至任，不可不察也。夫地形者，兵之助也。料敌制胜，计险隘远近，上将之道也。知此而用战者必胜，不知此而用战者必败。故战道必胜，主曰无战，必战可也；战道不胜，主曰必战，无战可也。故进不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利于主，国之宝也。视卒如婴儿，故可以与之赴深溪；视卒如爱子，故可与之俱死。厚而不能使，爱而不能令，乱而不能治，譬若骄子，不可用也。知吾卒之可以击，而不知敌之不可击，胜之半也；知敌之可击，而不知吾卒之不可以击，胜之半也；知敌之可击，知吾卒之可以击，而不知地形之不可以战，胜之半也。故知兵者，动而不迷，举而不穷。故曰：知彼知己，胜乃不殆；知天知地，胜乃可全。
【英文】 Sunzi said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1) Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the enemy. Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible. With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you will be able to fight with advantage. Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called entangling. From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue. When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move, it is called temporizing ground. In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage. With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy them first, let them be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy. Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned. With regard to precipitous heights, if you are beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up. If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away. If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be to your disadvantage. These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has attained a responsible post must be careful to study them. Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganization; (6) rout. Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times its size, the result will be the flight of the former. When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the result is insubordination. When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is collapse. When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the result is ruin. When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not clear and distinct; when there are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter disorganization. When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the result must be rout. These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the general who has attained a responsible post. The natural formation of the country is the soldier's best ally; but a power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the test of a great general. He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practices them, will surely be defeated. If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not fight even at the ruler's bidding. The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom. Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the deepest valleys; look upon them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you even unto death. If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose. If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards victory. Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your victory complete.
【解释】孙子说：地形有“通形”、“挂形”、“支形”、“隘形”、“险形”、“远形”六种。我们可以去，敌人可以来的地域叫做“通形”。在“通形”地域上，应先占领视界开阔的高地，保持粮道畅通，这样作战就有利。可以前出，难以返回的地域叫做“挂形”。在“挂形”地域上，如果敌人没有防备，就可以突然出击而战胜它；如果敌人有防备，出击又不能取胜，难以返回，就不利了。我军前出不利，敌军前出也不利的地域叫做“支形”。在“支形”地域上，敌人虽然以利诱我，也不要出击，而应率军假装败走，诱使敌人出来一半时再回兵攻击，这样就有利。在“隘形”地域上，我们应先敌占领隘口，并用重兵据守隘口，以等待敌人的到来。如果敌人先占领隘口，并用重兵据守隘口，就不要去打；如果敌人没有用重兵*锁封**隘口，则可以不去打。在“险形”地域上，如果我军先敌占领，必须控制视界开阔的高地，以等待敌人来犯；如果敌人先占领，就应引兵撤退，不要去打它。在“远形”地域上，双方地势均同，不宜挑战，勉强求战，就不利。以上六条，是利用地形的原则。这是将帅的重大责任所在，不可不认真考察研究。军事上有“走”、“弛”、“陷”、“崩”、“乱”、“北”等六种必败的情况。这六种情况，不是天时地理的灾害，而是将帅的过错造成的。凡是地势均同而以一击十的，必然败逃，叫做“走”。士卒强悍，军官懦弱的，叫做“弛”。军官强悍，士卒懦弱的，叫做“陷”。偏将怨怒而不服从指挥，遇到敌人擅自率军出战，主将又不了解他们的能力，叫做“崩”。将帅懦弱又无威严，治军没有章法，官兵关系混乱紧张，布阵杂乱无章，叫做“乱”。将帅不能正确判断敌情，以少击众，以弱击强，手中又没有掌握精锐部队，叫做“北”。以上六种情况，是造成失败的原因，是将帅重大责任之所在，不可不认真考察研究。地形是用兵的辅助条件。判断敌情，为夺取胜利，考察地形险易，计算道路远近，这是高明的将领必须掌握的方法。懂得这些道理去指挥作战的，必然会胜利；不懂得这些道理去指挥作战的，必然会失败。遵照战争指导规律分析，战略上需要并有必胜把握，即使国君不敢下决心打，坚持打是可以的。遵照战争指导规律分析，没有必胜把握的，即使国君说一定要打，不打也是可以的。进不企求战胜的名声，退不回避违命的罪责，只求保全民众符合国君的利益，这样的将帅，才是国家的宝贵财富。对待士兵像对婴儿，士兵就可以跟他共赴患难；对待士兵像对爱子，士兵就可以跟他同生共死。对士兵厚待而不使用，溺爱而不教育，违法而不惩治，那就好像娇惯坏的子女一样，是不能用来作战的。只了解自己的部队能打，而不了解敌人不可以打，胜利的可能只有一半；了解敌人可以打，而不了解自己的部队不能打，胜利的可能也只有一半；了解敌人可打，也了解自己的部队能打，而不了解地形不利于作战，胜利的可能也只有一半。所以懂得用兵的人，他行动起来决不会迷惑，他的战术变化不致困窘。所以说，了解对方，了解自己，争取胜利就不会有危险；懂得天时，懂得地利，胜利就可保万全。
【英文重点词汇】
1. retreat [rɪˈtriːt] v. （*队军**）撤退；后退，离开；（水、雪或土地）范围缩小；隐退，躲避；悔棋；改变意见，改变看法；（股价）下挫，下跌；向后倾 n. 撤军，撤兵；后退，离开；退隐处，静居处；（主意、观点、决定的）改变；（股票）贬值；静修期间（或活动）
2. estimate [ˈestɪmət] v. 估计；判断，评价 n. 估计，估价；估价单；看法，判断
3. rank [ræŋk] n. 军衔，军阶；（社会、团体中的）地位，等级；（尤指较高的）地位；（警察、士兵等的）队列，行列；排，列；横排，棋盘横格；组织（或机构等）中的全体人员（ranks）；普通士兵（the ranks）；<英>出租车候车站（=taxi rank）；（数）秩；（统计）次序排列；（系统语法用语）（一个或一组语言单位的）阶，级 v. 把……分等级，属于某等级；<美>级别高于，地位高于；排列，使排成行 adj. （植被）茂密的，芜生蔓长的；难闻的，恶臭的；（强调质量、状况等）极端的，糟糕的
4. distinguish [dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ] v. 使有别于；看清，认出；区别，分清
5. spoil [spɔɪl] v. 破坏，糟蹋；溺爱，宠坏；善待，格外关照；（食物）变质，腐败；使（选票）作废；极度渴望，跃跃欲试；<古>抢劫（人，地方），掠夺 n. 赃物，战利品（the spoils）；成功所带来的好处（spoils）；（开掘时挖出的）废土，废泥土
6. assign [əˈsaɪn] v. 分派，布置（工作、任务）；分配（某物）；指派，派遣；确定（价值、功能、时间、地点）；转让（财产、权利）
7. advent [ˈædvent] n. 出现，到来，问世；基督降临节（Advent）；基督降临，基督复临（Advent）
8. attain [əˈteɪn] v. 获得，实现；达到
9. court [kɔːt ] n. 法院，法庭；球场；王宫，宫廷；朝臣；全体审判人员；庭院，院子；董事（会），理事（会）；（用于大型宅第和公寓街区的名称中）宅第，公寓大楼；（用于大型宅第和公寓街区的名称中）宅第，公寓大楼 v. 奉承，讨好；设法取得，追求；招致，引起（不愉快的事）；谈恋爱，求爱
10. ruler [ˈruːlə(r)] n. 统治者，管理者；尺子，直尺；（计算机屏幕的）标尺；划线板，划线的人；主导行星（对黄道十二宫图的宫、房子、生活等有特别影响的行星）
11. ruin [ˈruːɪn] n. 毁坏，毁灭；破产，身败名裂；祸根； 残垣断壁，废墟；残存部分（ruins）
v. 毁坏，破坏；使（建筑物，地方）破败，使成为废墟；使倾家荡产，使破产；<文> 头朝下跌落，哗啦一声掉下
12. sovereign [ˈsɒvrɪn] n. 君主，元首；金镑（旧时英国金币，面值一英镑）；独立国
adj. （国家）有主权的，完全独立的；掌握全部权力的，有至高无上的权力的；首要的；非常好的，非常有效的；不折不扣的
13. authority [ɔːˈθɒrəti] n. 专家，权威人士；行政管理机构；权利，权限；权威，威信；许可，授权；当局，官方
14. hurl [hɜːl] v. 猛扔，猛摔；大声说出（辱骂或斥责等）；呕吐 n. <非正式>乘车，搭便车；猛投，投掷
15. occupy [ˈɒkjupaɪ] v. 使用（房屋、建筑），居住；占据（空间，时间）；使忙于（做某事）；使一直在想；（军事）占领，占据；（尤指为表示抗议而）非法强占（建筑物）；任职，位居
16. situated [ˈsɪtʃueɪtɪd] adj. 坐落在……的，位于……的；处于……状况，处境…… v. 使（某物）位于，建于；置于环境中，描述（某物）周围状况；处于（某特定经济或婚姻）状况（situate 的过去式和过去分词）
17. responsible [rɪˈspɒnsəb(ə)l] adj. （对某人、某事）负责的；（对事故、错误、罪行等）负有责任的，应承担责任的；（工作或职位）重要的，责任重大的；可靠的，负责任的；作为缘由的，应受归咎的；向......负责的，向......汇报的
18. inferior [ɪnˈfɪəriə(r)] adj. 次的，较差的；低等的，下级的；自卑的；（法庭，特别法庭）下级的；（商品，服务）需求量在衰退期中较之繁荣期更大的，低档的；（位置）下方的，下位的，靠下的；（字母，数字，符号）下标的；低等的 n. 下级，（地位或成就）低于他人者；下标字母，下标数字，下标符号
19. abandon [əˈbændən] v. 抛弃，遗弃；（因危险）离开，舍弃；中止，不再有；放弃（信念、信仰或看法）；陷入，沉湎于（某种情感） n. 放任，放纵
20. formation [fɔːˈmeɪʃn] n. 组成物；构成；形成，产生；编队，队形；（社会、政治等的）形态
21. defeat [dɪˈfiːt] v. 击败，战胜；困惑，难住；使失败，阻挠；反对（动议或提议）n. 失败，战败；战胜，击败
22. moreover [mɔːrˈəʊvə(r)] adv. 此外，而且
23. disgrace [dɪsˈɡreɪs] n. 耻辱，不光彩； 令人感到羞耻的人（或事），不名誉的事；失宠 v. 使丢脸，使蒙受耻辱；使名誉扫地，使失势
24. regard [rɪˈɡɑːd] v. 认为，把……看作；<正式>（尤指以某种方式）注视，凝视；<古>注意，留心；<古>与……有关，涉及 n. <正式> 尊重，敬佩；<正式> 关心，关注；注视，凝视；（用于信函结尾或转达问候）致意，问候（regards）
25. stir [stɜː(r)] v. 搅拌，搅和（液体等物质）；激发，打动；（情感）逐渐产生，萌发；（使）行动，活动；（使）微动；离开；<英，非正式>挑拨，惹是生非 n. 搅动，搅拌；激动（情绪），愤怒（情绪）；微动，颤动；轻微的感觉；监狱
26. bait [beɪt] n. 用作诱饵的人（或物）；饵，诱饵 v. 放诱饵；激怒，故意惹恼；纵犬袭击（动物）
27. bid [bɪd] v. 出价；投标，竞标；努力争取；（纸牌戏中的）叫牌；命令，吩咐；打招呼，示意；邀请 n. 出价，喊价；投标；努力，尝试；（纸牌戏中的）叫牌
28. utter [ˈʌtə(r)] adj. 完全的，彻底的 v. 说，讲；发出（声音）；使用（*钞伪**）；发射
29. provoke [prəˈvəʊk] v. 激起，引起；激励，刺激；挑衅，激怒
30. enforce [ɪnˈfɔːs] v. 实施，执行（法律、规章）；强迫，迫使；<旧>竭力使人接受（要求，论点）
31. fame [feɪm] n. 名誉，名气 v. 使闻名，使有名望
32. purpose [ˈpɜːpəs] n. 目的，意图；目标，计划；（达到生活中目标的）决心，毅力；（情势等的）需要，用意（purposes）；重要意义，有价值的意义 v. 有意，打算
33. forbid [fəˈbɪd] v. 禁止；使不可能，妨碍
34. wit [wɪt] n. （说话）风趣；说话风趣的人；机智；明智（the wit）；（不使用语言的）幽默机智 v. <古>知道；即，就是
35. collapse [kəˈlæps] v. 倒塌，塌下；崩溃，瓦解；突然倒下，昏倒；瘫倒；突然贬值，暴跌；萎陷，瘪掉；折叠 n. 倒塌，塌陷；突然失败，崩溃；病倒，垮掉；突然贬值，暴跌
36. engage [ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ] v. 雇用，聘请；参加，从事；吸引，引起；与……交战，开战；（使）（机器）啮合，接合；<旧>预定（膳食，地方等）；适应，与……有密切关系；允诺，签约保证；（运动员或击剑手）使（兵器）交结在一起；占用
37. accessible [əkˈsesəb(ə)l] adj. 可到达的，可进入的；易得到的，可使用的；可以理解的，易懂的；平易近人的，随和的；易受影响的
38. advisable [ədˈvaɪzəb(ə)l] adj. 明智的，可取的
39. haphazard [hæpˈhæzəd] adj. 无计划的，没有条理的 adv. 杂乱无章地，无计划地 n. 偶然
40. traverse [trəˈvɜːs] v. 横穿，穿过；横越岩石面的攀爬；（滑雪时）横线下（坡）；<喻>整体考虑（问题），全面讨论；来回移动，斜向移动；转动（大炮等带轴设备）；<法律>否认（一项指控），反驳 n. （爬陡坡时的）斜向攀上（下）；越过，穿过；滑雪横切运动；（逆风时轮船所作的）曲线航行，折航；横断物，横档；通廊，楼厢；（大炮等的）横转装置；机器部件的横转，横向运动；（测量用的）导线；（军）（壕沟的）土护墙，屏障 adj. 横贯的
41. beforehand [bɪˈfɔːhænd] adv. 事先，预先，提前 adj. 早做准备的；提前的
42. resentment [rɪˈzentmənt] n. 愤恨，怨恨
43. incapable [ɪnˈkeɪpəbl] adj. 不能的；无能力的；不能胜任的
44. adversary [ˈædvəsəri] n. 敌手，对手 adj. 对立的，敌对的
45. garrison [ˈɡærɪsn] n. 要塞；卫戍部队 vt. 驻防；守卫