七、介词：
1、介词的主要用法：
介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如： out of (从…中出来) , because of (因为) , away from (距离…) , on top of (在…顶上) , ever since (自从…) , next to (在…隔壁) , according to (根据…) , in front of (在…前方)等。
2、介词的分类表： (见下表)
地点(位置、范围)介词：above在…前, about在…附近, across在…对面, after在…后面, against倚着..., along在…近旁, among在…中间, around在…周围, round在….周围, at在…处, before在...前, behind在...后, below低于..., beside在...旁边, between在...之间, by在...旁, down在...下面, from来自..., in在...里面, inside在...里面, near靠近..., of在...之中, on在...上面, out of在...之外, outside在....外面, over在....上方, under在...下方, up在...上面, on top of在...顶部, in front of在...前, close to靠近..., in the middle of在...的中间, at the end of在...的末端,等等。
方向(目标趋向)介词：across横越..., against对抗..., along沿着..., around绕着..., round环绕..., at朝着..., behind向…后面, etween…and…从…到...,by路过/通过..., down向…下, for向..., from从/离..., in进入..., into进入..., inside到...里面, near接近..., off脱离/除..., on向...上, out of向...外, outside向....外, over跨过..., past经过/超过..., through穿过..., to向/朝..., towards朝着..., on to到...上面, onto到...上面, up向...上, away from远离...
时间介词：about大约..., after在…以后, at在… (时刻), before在…以前, by到…为止, during在…期间, for有…(之久), from从…(时)起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past过了…(时), since自从…(至今), through 贯穿…(期间), till直到…时, until直到…时, to到(下一时刻), ever since从那时起至今,at the beginning of在...开始时 ,at the end of在...末 , in the middle of在...当中 ,at the time of在...时
方式介词：as作为/当作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用…(语言), like与…一样, on骑(车)/徒(步),通过(收音机/电视机), over通过(收音机), through通过..., with用(材料),用(手/脚/耳/眼), without没有…
涉及介词: about关于..., except除了…, besides除了…还... for对于/就…而言, in在…(方面), of…的,有关..., on关于/有关..., to对…而言, towards针对..., with就…而言
其它介词:
【目的介词】 for为了..., from防止…, to为了…
【原因介词】 for因为..., with由于…, because of因为...
【比较介词】 as与…一样,like象…一样,than比...,to与…相比, unlike与…不同
【伴随/状态介词】 against和…一起(比赛),at在(上班/休息/上学/家,etc.),in穿着…(衣服/颜色),into变成...,on在(值日), with与…一起,有/带着/长着..., without没有/无/不与…一起
3、介词短语的句法作用：
介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。如： The man came <down the stairs> .(状)(那个人走下楼来)/ The woman <with a flower on her head> is from the countryside .(定)(头上戴花的妇女来自乡下)/ The teacher is now with the pupils .(表)(老师现在和学生在一起)
4、介词短语在句子中的位置：
介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾； 介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后；介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。如： He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year. (状语)(他想来年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched the room for the thief .(他们在房间里搜索小偷) / The letters are for you .(表语)(信是给你的)/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs ?(定语)(你看见一只黑头白腿的猫了吗？)
5、重要注释：
⑴ this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each 等词构成的时间短语,前面不用任何介词。如： Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao. (每年都有国外的游客来游览平窑镇) / He had a bad cold that week .(那个星期他患重感冒)
⑵ for 有时用来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语,常翻译成“对于…而言”。如： It’s too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour. (让我在区区一个小时内完成这项工作太难了) / The house is big enough for 10 men to live in .(房子够大的可以容10个人住)
⑶ of 有时用来表示后面的人物正好是前面的表语的逻辑主语。如： It’s very nice/kind of you to do so .(你这么做真是太好了)
⑷ 介词有时会与它的宾语分离,而且宾语前置。
①当宾语是疑问词时。 Who are you talking about ?(你们在谈论谁？)
②宾语在从句中当连接词时。 He has a younger brother who he must take good care of. (他有 一个需要他照顾的小弟。) / Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there ?(你知道我们的老师在那边和什么人谈话吗？)
③ 动词不定式作定语且该动词为不及物动词,后面有介词。 I finally found a chair to sit on. (我 最终找到了一张椅子坐。)
(5) 记住一些固定词组： arrive at/in (到达…) ,on foot (步行) ,not…at all (根本不), to the north of (在…以北), in the east of (在…的东部), in the night (在夜间), at night (在晚上), be afraid of (害怕…), be full of (充满/ 装满….), be filled with (充满/ 装满….), be good/bad for (对…有益/有害), be made of (由…做成), be made from (由…制造), play with (玩耍……), look out of (朝…外面看), at the end of (在…末梢/结束时), by the end of (不迟于…/到…末为止), with the help of 或 with one’s help (在…的帮助下), look after (照料…), look for (寻找…), on a bike(=by bike) 骑车, help sb. with (帮某人做…), get on (well) with (与某人相处[融洽]),等等。
6、某些介词的用法辨析：
⑴ 时间或地点介词 in、on、at 的用法区别：表示时间时, in 表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后), on 表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at 表示在某个时刻或者瞬间； 表示地点时, in 表示在某个范围之内, on 表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触, at 则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如： He was born on the morning of May 10th .(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7：00 in the morning .(我通常在早上的七点钟起床) / His glasses are right on his nose. (他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上) / He is at the cinema at the moment .(此刻他正在电影院)
⑵ after 与 in 表示时间的用法区别：“ after +(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在…时刻之后”常用于一般时态；“ in +(一段时间)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于将来时态。如： He said that he would be here after 6：00. (他说他六点钟之后会来这儿) / My father is coming back from England in about a month .(我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来)
⑶ since 与 for 表示时间的用法区别：“ since +(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从…起一直到现在”,“ for +(一段斶间)”表示“总共有…之久”,都常用于完成时态；如： Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970. (李叔叔自从1970年起就在这家工厂工作了) / Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years . (李叔叔在这家工厂已经工作了30多年)
⑷ by、in 与 with 表示方式的用法区别：都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是 by 主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以……方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者； in 表示“使用”某种语言/文字, with 表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如： We see with our eyes and walk with our feet. (我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路) / Please write that article (文章) in English. (请你用英语写那篇文章) / Let’s go to the zoo by taxi. (我们打的去动物园吧。) / It was written by Lao She .(那是老舍写的)
⑸ about 与 on 的用法区别：都可以表示“有关…”,但是 about 的意义比较广,而 on 主要表示“有关…(专题/课程)”。如： Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America. (汤姆要作一个美国历史的报告) / They are very excited talking about the coming field trip. (他们兴致勃勃地谈论着即将来到的野外旅游)
⑹ through 与 across、over 的用法区别： through 指“穿过…(门洞/人群/树林)”； across 和 over 可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过…”时只能用over. 如： Just then a rat (鼠) ran across the road. (就在那时一只老鼠跑过路面) / There is a bridge across/over the river. (河上有座桥) / They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time. (他们翻过大山提前到达了那里) / The visitors went through a big gate into another park .(参观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个公园)
(7) as 与 like 的区别：两个词都表示“像……”,但是 as 译为“作为……”,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实,而 like 译为“像……一样”,表示外表,不是事实。如： Let me speak to you as a father .(我以父亲的身份和你讲话。)(说话者是听者的父亲) / Let me speak to you like a father .(让我像一位父亲一样和你讲话)(说话者不是听者的父亲)
(8) at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end 的用法区别： at the end of… 既可以表示时间也可以表示地点,译为“在…末；在…尽头”,常与过去时连用； by the end of… 只能表示时间,译为“在…前；到…为止”,常用于过去完成时； in the end 与 at last 基本等义,表示“终于、最后”,通常用于过去时； to the end 译为“到…的终点为止”,前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。如： By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III. (到上学期期末我们已经学习了第三册16个单元) / At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows. (在路的尽头你能找到一幢有棕色窗户的白房子) / They left for Beijing at the end of last week. (上周末他们动身去了北京) / In the end he succeeded in the final exams. (他最终在期末考试中考及格了) / We should go on with the work to the end. (我们应该把工作干到底) / Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office. (沿这条路走到底就能看见一家邮电局)
(9) for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment 的区别： for a moment “一会儿、片刻”(= for a while ),常与持续性动词连用； for the moment “暂时、目前”,常用于现在时； in a moment “一会儿、立即、马上”(= soon ; in a few minutes ),一般用于将来时； at the moment “此刻,眼下”(= now ),用于现在进行时。如： Please wait for a moment. (请稍等) / Let’s leave things as they are for the moment. (暂时就维持现状吧！) / I’ll come back in a moment. (我过会儿回来) / I am very busy at the moment. (眼下我很忙)
(10) but 的问题：用介词 but 引出另一个动词时,要注意：如果前面有 do ,后面就用原形动词,前面没有 do 时,后面的动词要加 to 。如： I could do nothing but wait. (我什么也做不了只能等) / They had no choice (选择) but to fight .(他们没有选择只有战斗)
(11) in front of 与 in the front of ： in front of “在…的前面”, 与 in the front of “在…的前部”。如： A car was parking in front of the hall. (大厅跟前停着一辆汽车) / In the front of the hall stood a big desk .(大厅前部立着一个大讲台)
(12) except 与 besides 的区别： except “除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含；而 besides “除了”则表示包含,即“不仅……又……”。如： Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom .(除了 Tom ,大家都去了故宫博物院)( Tom 没有去故宫)/ Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects. (除了汉语之外,他还学其他许多功课)(“汉语”也是他学的功课之一)
八、动词
1、动词的分类：
类 别
意 义
例 句
实义动词
含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。
She has some bananas. 她 吃 些香蕉。
They eat a lot of potatoes. 他们常 吃 土豆。
I’m reading an English book now.
我现在正 看 一本英文书。
连系动词
本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。
His father is a teacher. 他父亲 是 教师。
Twins usually look the same.
双胞胎通常 看起来 一样。
The teacher became very angry. 老师变得很生气。
助动词
本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。
He doesn’t speak English. 他不说英语。
We are playing basketball. 我们在打篮球。
Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟吗？
情态动词
本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。
You can keep the books for two weeks.
这些书你 可以 借两个星期。
May I smoke here? 我 可以 在这儿抽烟吗？
We must go now. 我们现在 得 走了。
★重要注解：
(1) 关于实义动词：
① 英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类：
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词；本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。
② 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如： go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall 等。
有些动词通常用作及物动词。如： say, raise, lay, find, buy 等。
③ 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如： study, sing 等。
④ 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如： know, wash 等。
⑤ 有些动词常和介词 、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如： listen,reply,wait,look .
(2) 关于连系动词：
① 连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。
② 常见的连系动词有： be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。
③ 有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化 ：look (看→看起来)、 feel (感觉、摸→感到)、 smell (闻、嗅→闻起来)、 taste (尝→尝起来)、 turn (翻转、转动→变得)、 grow (生长→变得)、 get (得到、到达→变得)、 go (去→变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。
[注释]
become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法区别： become 表示“变成”,比较正式,通常不用将来时表示动作已经完成。 get 也表示动作已经完成,但是更加口语化,通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化。 go 表示“变得”,常见于某些短语中,后面常有形容词 bad、blind、hungry 等。 be 表示“是、成为、当”,多用于将来时、祈使句或不定式中。 grow 表示“变得”,常指逐渐的变化,表示身高、岁数的增长。 turn 表示“变得”,指变为与原先不同的情况,通常指颜色等变化。如： I was caught in the rain and I became ill. (我淋雨感冒了) / He has got rich. (他变富了) / He will be a scientist in the future. (将来他将成为科学家) / My little brother has grown much taller in the past year. (在过去的一年里我的弟弟长得高多了) / The sandwich has gone bad. (那块三明治已经变坏) / Her face turned red after her mother criticized (批评) her .(妈*批妈**评了他以后他的脸变红了)
(3) 关于助动词：
①常见的助动词有：用于进行时和被动语态的 be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ; 用于完成时的 have(has,had,having) ; 用于将来时的 shall (should) ; will (would) 和用于一般时的 do(does,did) .
②助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如： shall, will, should, would.
(4) 关于情态动词：
①常见的情态动词有： can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need 等,另外, have to、had better 也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。
② can 表示体力、脑力方面的能力或客观的可能性。口语中, 在询问或说明一件事可不可以做时,常用“ can ”代替“ may ”。情态动词“ can ”的过去式是“ could ”,否定式是“ cannot ”通常缩写成“ can’t ”,“ could ”的否定式是“ could not ”,通常缩写成“ couldn’t ”。如： Can I help you? (要帮忙吗？) / He can swim. (他会游泳) / That can’t be Mr Li .(那不可能是李先生)
③ may 表示允许、请求或可能性,用 may 提问时,肯定回答一般用 Certainly 或 Yes,you may .;否定回答一般用 can’t 或 mustn’t . 如： May I ask you a question?—Certainly. (可以问你一个问题吗？当然可以) / You may go now. (现在你可以走了) / It may be in your pocket .(它可能在你的衣袋里)
④ must 表示“必须”、“一定”的意思。表示“必须”时否定形式是mustn’t；表示“一定”时,否定形式是“can’t” 如： We must be very careful when we cross the road. (我们过马路时一定要非常小心) / It must be Jack .(那准是杰克)/ I haven’t seen Kate today. She can’t be here. (我今天没有看到过凯特,她不可能在这里)
[注意]用 must (必须)进行提问时,肯定回答用 must ,否定回答用 needn’t ；用 must (一定)进行提问时,肯定回答仍用 must ,但是否定回答用 can’t. 如： Must we clean the room before we leave? –Yes,you must. 或 No,you needn’t. (我们走之前必须要打扫房间吗？是的,必须打扫。/ 不,不需要。) / Must she be in the romm? –Yes,she must. 或 No,she can’t. (她一定在房间里吗？是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。)
⑤ “ have to ”表示“不得不”、“必须”。 We’ll have to leave now for it is very late at night .
have to 的疑问形式是：助动词+…+ have to ,否定形式是：助动词 +not+have to 或者用 needn’t .如： Do you have to stay until 8 o’clock? (你得呆到8点钟吗？) / You don’t have to do so.(=You needn’t do so.) (你不用这么做)
⑥ shall 在问句中,可表示征求对方意见,与第一人称连用；在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允许”等。如： Shall we go to the zoo this weekend? (我们这个周末去动物园好吗？) / He shall bring his own book next time .(他下次必须带自己的书来)
⑦ should 可表示“劝告”、“建议”、“惊奇”等意思。 We should speak to old people politely .(我们应该礼貌地对老人讲话)
⑧ will 表示“意愿”、“决心”等意思,一般与第二人称连用。如： Will you please close the door for me? (请你替我把门关上好吗？) / I will teach you a lesson .(我要教训你一顿)
⑨ would 表示过去的“意愿”、“决心”等。 He would sit near the fire every time he returned home .(每次他回到家中总要坐在火炉边)
would 也可以表示现在的情况,表达说话人向对方提出的要求,语气比“ will ”婉转、客气。在日常会话中,“我想要…”通常用“ I would like to ”或“ I should(I’d) like to ”来表示。如： Would you like to have a rest at the moment ?(你现在想要休息一下吗？)
would 还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。如： Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people. (每一年父母们 总是 向孩子们讲述这个将会拯救他的人民的男孩的事)
⑩ need 表示“需要”,用于疑问句或否定句。“ need ”作实义动词时,在肯定、否定、疑问句中都可以用。如： He needn’t do it in such a hurry. (他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事) / He needs some help. (他需要一些帮助) / He doesn’t need to bring his football socks then .(那么他就无须带上足球袜了)
⑾ dare 是“敢”的意思,用法几乎与“ need ”完全相同,即在疑问句和否定句中,可以作情态动词,后面用不带“ to ”的动词不定式。在肯定句中和实义动词一样,后面的动词不定式要带“ to ”。 How dare you say I am a fool? (你竟敢说我是个傻瓜？)/ He didn’t dare to touch the red button .(他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮)
⑿ ‘d better (do) (“最好是”)一般也当作情态动词使用,否定式是： ’d better not (do). 如 ：You’d better sit here and say nothing. (你最好坐在这儿不讲话) / You’d better not speak because he is sleeping. (你最好不要讲话因为他正在睡觉)
2、动词词形变化一览表：
(1)规则动词变化表：
规 则变 化
原形动词结尾情况
现在时单三人称
现 在 分 词
过去式和过去分词
一般情况
+s
+ing
+ed
s,x,ch,sh,o 结尾
+es
+ing
+ed
辅音字母+y结尾
y→i,+es
+ing
y→i,+ed
重读闭音节一元一辅结尾
+s
双写辅音字母,+ ing
双写辅音字母, +ed
不发音的 e 结尾
+s
去掉 e,+ing
+d
ie 结尾
+s
ie→y,+ing
+d
不规则变化
have→has；be→is
(无)
(见不规则动词变化表)
注意：①在加 ing 或ed时动词如果以“ r ”结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,“ r ”应双写。
② s/es 的读音规则：在清辅音后读[s]；在浊辅音后和元音后读[z]；在[ s ]、[ F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后读[iz].
③ ed 的读音规则：在清辅音后读[t]；在浊辅音后和元音后读[d]；在[t]、[d]后读[id].
(2)不规则动词变化表：( 原形 → 过去式 → 过去分词)
be(am,is)
was
been
lose
lost
lost
be(are)
were
been
make
made
made
beat
beat
beaten
may
might
become
became
become
mean
meant
meant
begin
began
begun
meet
met
met
blow
blew
blown
mistake
mistook
mistaken
break
broke
broken
must
must
bring
brought
brought
pay
paid
paid
build
built
built
put
put
put
buy
bought
bought
read
read
Read
can
could
ride
rode
ridden
catch
caught
caught
ring
rang
rung
choose
chose
chosen
rise
rose
risen
come
came
come
run
ran
run
cost
cost
cost
say
said
said
cut
cut
cut
see
saw
seen
dig
dug
dug
sell
sold
sold
do
did
done
send
sent
sent
draw
drew
drawn
set
set
set
drink
drank
drunk
shall
should
drive
drove
driven
shine
shone
shone
eat
ate
eaten
show
showed
shown
fall
fell
fallen
shut
shut
shut
feel
felt
felt
sing
sang
sung
find
found
found
sink
sank/sunk
sunk/sunken
fly
flew
flown
sit
set
set
forget
forgot
forgot/forgotten
sleep
slept
slept
freeze
froze
frozen
smell
smelt
smelt
get
got
got
speak
spoke
spoken
give
gave
given
spend
spent
spent
go
went
gone
spill
spilt
spilt
grow
grew
grown
spoil
spoilt
spoilt
hang
hung/hanged
hung/hanged
stand
stood
stood
have(has)
had
had
sweep
swept
swept
hear
heard
heard
swim
swam
swum
hide
hid
hidden
take
took
taken
hit
hit
hit
teach
taught
taught
hold
held
held
tell
told
told
hurt
hurt
hurt
think
thought
thought
keep
kept
kept
throw
threw
thrown
know
knew
known
understand
understood
understood
lay
laid
laid
wake
woke/waked
woken/waked
learn
learnt/learned
learnt/learned
wear
wore
worn
leave
left
left
will
would
lend
lent
lent
win
won
won
let
let
let
write
wrote
witten
lie
lay
lain
3、be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化：
一 般 现 在 时
一 般 将 来 时
现 在 完 成 时
I am….
You are.…
He/She/It is….
We/You/They are….
( I 等各人称) will be ….
I am
He/She/It is going to be…
We/You/They are
I have been….
You have been….
She/he/It has been….
We/You/They have been….
一 般 过 去 时
过 去 将 来 时
过 去 完 成 时
I was….
You were.…
He/She/It was….
We/You/They were….
( I 等各人称) would be ….
I was
He/She/It was going to be…
We/You/They were
I had been….
You had been….
She/he/It had been….
We/You/They had been….
注意：句型变化时,
否定句在 am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n’t (am后面not不可以缩写)；
疑问句将 am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。
4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表：
现在 时态
一 般 现 在 时
现 在 进 行 时
一 般 将 来 时
现 在 完 成 时
谓语动词构成
动词用原形(单三加 s / es )
(问句和否定句借用助词 do / does )
am
is +动词- ing
are
will + 动词原形
am
is +going to+ 动词原形
are
have +过去分词
has
过去 时态
一 般 过 去 时
过 去 进 行 时
过 去 将 来 时
过 去 完 成 时
谓语动词构成
动词用过去式
(问句和否定句借用助词 did )
was
+动词- ing
were
would + 动词原形
was
+going to+ 动词原形
were
had +过去分词
5、八种时态的具体用法：
(1) 一般现在时 表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。
① 一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语： often,usually,sometimes,always,every ( day 等), once/twice,a ( week 等), on ( Sunday 等), never,in the ( morning 等)。如： They go to the Palace Museum once a year. (他们每年去一次故宫) / They often discuss business in the evening. (他们经常在晚上商谈生意)
② 表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如： The earth turns round the sun. (地球绕着太阳转) / Light travels faster than sound .(光传播比声音快)
③ 表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。如： The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning. (开往汉口的列车上午8点开车)
④ 在时间状语从句中(以 when, after, before, while, until, as soon as 等引导)和条件状语从句中(以 if,unless 引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。如： Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany. (你一到德国就给我打电话) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home. (如果明天下雨我们就只好呆在家)
⑤ 一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以 come, go 为主。如： Here comes the bus. (车来了) / There goes the bell. (铃响了) 。
⑥ 一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。 Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.
⑦ 人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有： like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think (认为) ,understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see . 如： I think it is going to snow. (我想天要下雪了) / I really hope you can enjoy your stay here. (我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿)
(2) 一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常
发生。
① 表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有： at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when 引导的时间状语从句。如： I got up at 6：00 this morning. (我是早上六点钟起床的) / Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning. (小汤姆今天早上九点半把窗子打破了) / When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father .(他走进房间时发现一个陌生人正和他父亲谈话)
② 表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有： yesterday, last ( year 等), in ( 1998 等)。如： He came to our city in the year 2000 .(他2000年来到我们市)
③ 表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有： last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never 等。如： Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him .
④ 讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如： I happened to meet Rose in the street. (我正好在街上遇到露西)
(3) 一般将来时 表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。
①一般将来时的时间状语有： tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon,
someday,sometime, in the future, when 引导的从句等。
② 用 will 构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“ shall ”用于第一人称,“ will ”
用于所有人称。如： I will graduate from this school soon. (我很快就要从这所中学毕业了) / You will stay alone after I leave .(我走了之后你就要一个人过了)
③ “ am/is/are going to +动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主观判断即将要发生的事情,而“ am/is/are to +动词原形”表示安排或计划中的动作。如： A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby .(有一个人告诉他们那个妇女就会生下那个特别的男孩)/ It’s going to rain soon. (天快要下雨了)
④ 表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用 will 表达。如： I will go to the lab to get some
chemicals (化学药剂) . So please wait until I return. (我要到化学实验室去取些药品,请等我回头)
⑤ 现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态)
⑥ shall 和 will 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。如： Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday? (我们下周六去动物园好吗？) / Will you please open the door for me? (替我把门打开好吗？)
⑦ “ be to +动词原形”表示按照计划将要发生的事情。如： An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.
(4)现在进行时 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。
① 现在进行时由“助动词 be (am is are ) +现在分词”构成。
② 现在进行时的时间状语有： now, this …, these…等,但经常不用。如： What are you doing up in the tree? (你在树上干什么？) / I am writing a long novel these days .(我最近在写一本长篇小说)
③ 表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有： come, go, stay, leave, spend, do 等。如： I’m coming now. (我就来) / What are you doing tomorrow? (你明天干什么？) / He is leaving soon. (他就要走了)
④ 表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与 always 等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如： He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later .(他老是向我借钱,过一些时候就忘得一干二净)
(5)过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。
① 过去进行时由“ was (第一、三人称单数)或 were (第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词”构成。
② 过去进行时的时间状语有： then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago , 以及由 when 引出的时间状语从句。如： He was cooking supper this time yesterday. (昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭) / The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her .(我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具)
③ 用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如： She was it happen when she was walking past. (她路过时看到事情的发生) / They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest. (他们在黑暗的森林里走时唱了很多歌)
④ 也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如： He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here .(他住在这里时老向我借钱)
(6)现在完成时 现在完成时表示一个发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作,或表示开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。
①在完成时由“助动词 have (has) +动词的过去分词”构成。
②表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有： already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before 等。如： I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前从来没有看过这么好的画) / He has just gone to England. (他刚去英国)
③表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时,时间状语有： for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago) 和 since 引导的状语从句。如： I have been away from my hometown for thirty years. (我离开家乡有30年了) / Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened .(自从这家工厂开张,王叔叔一直在那儿工作)
④口语中 have got 往往表示 have (有)的意思。如： They have got thousands of books in their library .(他们图书馆有上万本书)
⑤ have been to 与 have gone to 的区别： have gone to (“已经去了”)表示人不在这里, have been to (“去过”)表示人在这里。如： --Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK. (李先生在哪里？他去了英国。) / --Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情况吗？是的,我去过那里三次。)
⑥在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。具体变化见下表：
瞬间性动词的完成时
→
延续性动词或状态动词的完成时
have
(already)
gone to…
have
been in / at …
for (two years)
has
come to…
has
been here
since (1990)
(had)
left…
(had)
been away from…
arrived…
been in…
died
been dead
begun
been on
ended
been over
bought...
had…
borrowed…
kept…
joined…
been in …
或者使用下面这个句型：
It is / has been + (多久) + since + 主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+……+过去时间状语
[注意] 在其它的时态中也存在类似问题,记住,关键是：瞬间动词不能和表达一段时间的状语连用。如 ：How long may I keep the book? (这本书我能借多久？)(句子中 keep 取代了 borrow )
(7) 过去完成时 过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。简言之, 过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。
①过去完成时由“助动词 had +动词的过去分词”构成。
②过去完成时时间状语有： by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…) 或者由 when,before 等引出状语从句。有时句子中会有 already, just, once, ever, never 等词语,也会有 for… 或 since… 构成的时间状语。如： They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came. (当老师来的时候他们已经打扫完了教室) / The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat .(在他发觉那个妇女是个*子骗**时她已经走掉了)
③过去完成时常用于宾语从句中、 after 引导的从句中,或者从句是 before 引导的主句中。如： After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness. (我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走进了黑暗之中) / He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before. (他说他以前从来没有见过袋鼠)
(8) 过去将来时 过去将来时表示在过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
①过去将来时由“助动词 should (第一人称)或 would (第二、三人称)+动词原形”构成。在美国英语中,过去将来时的助动词一律用“ would +动词原形”。
②过去将来时常由于宾语从句中,时间状语有： later, soon, the next (day) .
③在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时,而应该使用一般过去时。如： He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project. (他答应付给我许多钱如果我帮助他搞那个项目) / Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books. (每次只要他有空他就会坐下来看看书)
④表示纯粹的将来时用 would 或 should ,表示打算或主观认为的事情用 was/were going to (+动词原形)。如： She told me she would be 18 the next month. (她告诉我她下个月就18岁了) / She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog. (她告诉我她打算带她的宠物狗去散步)
⑤过去将来时还可以表示一个过去经常性的动作。如： When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him .(白天下雨时他会随身带一把雨伞)
(9)现在完成进行时：现在完成进行时指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并由可能继续下去的动作,它具有现在完成时和现在进行时双重特征,结构是：“ have/has + been + 动词的现在分词”。如： I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours. (我已经在冰冷的水里游了将近两个小时) / How long have you been waiting here? (你在这里一直等了多久？)