分词
分词是一种非谓语动词形式。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。分词既具有动词的一些特征，可自带状语，有自己的逻辑主语，现在分词还可以带宾语，有时态和语态的变化。它同时又具有形容词和副词的句*功法**能，可以作表语、定语、状语，也可以用于复合结构作宾语补足语等。
一、现在分词和过去分词的区别：
在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；
在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。
如：falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶
二、分词的作用
Ⅰ.作表语
1．作表语的分词
分 词
例 句
现在分词
多表示主语所具有的特征
The day was so charming.天是如此迷人。
This book is very interesting.这一本书非常有趣。
The film is very moving.电影是非常动人。
过去分词
多表示主语所处的状态
I’m interested in the book.我对这一本书感兴趣。。
He was moved.他很感动。
We are determined to overcome the difficulty.我们决心克服困难。
2．常用的作表语的分词
分词
例词
现在分词
amusing，annoying，astonishing，charming，confusing，disappointing，disturbing，discouraging， encouraging，exciting，fascinating，inviting，missing， pleasing，pressing，promising, puzzling，refreshing, shocking，striking, surprising
过去分词
amazed，amused，astonished，broken，closed，complicated，confused，contented, covered，crowded，decided, delighted，deserted，devoted，disappointed，distinguished, dressed，drunk，excited, exhausted, experienced，frightened，faded，gone，hurt，inexperienced，injured，interested, known， learned，lined，married，pleased，puzzled，qualified，reserved，satisfied，shut，surprised，surrounded，tired，undressed，unknown，unexpected，unmarried，unqualified, unprepared，upset，worried， wounded
注：大多数作表语的过去分词都来自及物动词，只有一小部分来自不及物动词。例如：gone, come，
fallen, risen，arrived, returned, passed, changed, faded等，这些主要是表示运动及转变的不及物动词，它们用作表语时带有书面语色彩，而且使用范围很窄。例如：
Summer is gone. 夏天过去了。
Autumn is come. 秋天到了。
The leaves are fallen．树叶落了。
The sun is risen.太阳升起来了。
3．过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别
有些过去分词用作表语时，构成的谓语很接近被动结构。一般说来with，at等介词多用于表语结构，by多用于被动结构.。
过去分词作表语
被动结构
表示主语的特点及状态。
只表示动作。
The hill was covered with snow.小山上覆盖着积雪。
The glass is broken.玻璃杯破了。
The supermarket is now closed.超市场现在关门。
The book is well written. 这一本书写得很好。
This well was covered by us.这口井被我们盖了。
The glass is broken by the boy.玻璃杯被男孩打破。
The supermarket is usually closed at 9. 超市场通常在 9 点关门。
The book is written by a college student. 这一本书是一个大学生写的。
练习
1.There was a terrible noise______ the sudden burst of light.
A followed B following C to be followed D being followed 答案：B
2.The news was so ______that they were all____.
A.inspiring; exciting B.inspiring;excited
C.inspired ;excited D.inspired ;exciting 答案：B
3.The door of the shop remained _____,though it was ten o’clock a.m.
A.opened B.opening C.locked D.having locking 答案：C
4.I’d rather read than watch television;the program seem ______all the time .
A.to get worse B.to be getting worse C.to have got worse D. Getting worse 答案：B
Ⅱ. 作定语
1.分词作定语，修饰名词，相当于一个定语从句。
分词作定语修饰名词
定语从句修饰名词
现在分词
单个
developing countries
=
countries that are developing.
合成
a hard-working student
=
a student who is working hard
过去分词
单个
fallen leaves
=
leaves which have fallen
合成
a hand-made shoes
=
shoes that have been by hand
2.作前置修饰语
分词作定语，修饰名词，可作前置修饰语和后置修饰语。前置修饰语可以是单个分词，也可以是分词与副词、形容词或名词后构成合成形容词。
现在分词
过去分词
单个分词
touching story动人的故事
striking contrast鲜明对比
a sleeping volcano静止的火山，
the rising sun朝阳
the setting sun夕阳
boiling water沸水，
the changing situation正在变化的局势
insulting remarks*辱侮**性的话，
developed country发达国家
skilled worker熟练工人
guided missile导弹
spoken English口头英语
boiled water开水
stricken area灾区
a broken cup一个坏杯子，
a beaten boy挨了打的男孩，
由分词
合成的
形容词
a fine-looking building一座漂亮房子
a good-looking girl一好看女孩
an easy-going man一个随和的人far-reaching effects深远影响
earth-shaking changes翻天覆地的变化
breath-taking performance惊人表演
a simply-furnished room陈设简单的房间
heartfelt thanks衷心的感谢
a an-made satellite人造卫星
a well-educated person一个受过良好教育的人
a highly-developed country一个高度发展的国家
a newly-built house 一所新建筑的房子
注：现在分词还可以放在副词、形容词或名词后构成合成被动结构，作前置修饰语。过去分词也可以跟在副词、名词后构成合成形容词，作前置饰语。
3. 作定语用的现在分词和作定语的动名词的区别
词类
例 词 词 组
释 义
区 别
动名词
drinking water 饮用水
a bathing suit一件游泳衣
= water used for drinking
＝a suit for bathing
表示被修饰名词的性能、用途等,可以借助(used) for来确定。
listening material 听力材料
= material for listening
动名词只置于所修饰名词之前
分词
falling water落水
a crying baby正在哭泣的宝贝
the boiling water沸腾的水
＝water that is falling
＝a baby that is crying
=the water that is boiling
表示它所修饰的名词的动作,二者是逻辑上的主谓关系.
on the following day在第二天
=on the day following
分词作定语时可以后置
4．过去分词的意义
过去分词作前置修饰语时，该分词如果是及物动词的过去分词，表示被动意义和完成意义，如果是不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成意义
词性
意义
例词
Vt
表示被动意义
a broken cup一个坏杯子，a beaten boy挨了打男孩，
a liberated area解放区，an uninvited guest，不速之客，a written promise书面允诺，a defeated army败军，a united kingdom联合王国，a complicated problem一个复杂化了的问题，an unknown hero一个无名英雄，a closed library
动作已经完成
没有一定的时间性
Vi
动作已经完成
a retired worker（一个退休工人），a returned overseas Chinese（一个归国华侨），withered leaves（枯叶），an escaped prisoner（逃犯），faded flowers（已调谢的花朵）。
5．分词作后置定语
一般情况下，分词短语作后置定语，单个分词极少用作后置修饰语。
分 词
例句
作限制性定语
His son studying law will leave for New York. 他学习法律的儿子将前往纽约。 The things being discussed are very important. 正讨论事情非常重要。
作非限制性定语
His son, studying law, will leave for New York.|他的儿子学习法律, 将前往纽约。
The things being discussed are very important.事情非常重要,正讨论。
现在分词
单个分词
The girls shopping are my nieces.购物女孩是我的侄女。
On the day following we left for Paris第二天我们前往巴黎。
分词短语
A man sitting in the waiting-room wanted to see the doctor.在候诊室中坐着的男人想找医生看病。
People living in the mountains are very hospitable. 住在山的人非常好客。
过去分词
单个分词
A penny saved is a penny earned.节约一个便士就等于赚一个便士。
The samples used were sent by Mr. Wang. 所用的样品由王先生送来。
分词短语
Is this the book loved by little boys?这是小男孩喜爱的书吗?
I like to read letters written in English.我喜欢读英语写的信。
注：1).如果指的动作现刻正在发生(a)或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生（b），可以用现在分词的被动形式来引起短语作定语。例如：
The things being discussed are very important. 正在讨论的事情非常重要。
2).如果指的是一个未来的动作，我们可以用一个被动语态的不定式形式作定语。例如：
The press conference to be held tomorrow evening will be hosted by Mr. Wu.要在明天傍晚要举行
的记者会将由吴先生主持。
练习
1.The first textbook ______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A have written B to be written C being written D written 答案：D
2. Mary is a new nurse and her job is to take care of the soldiers.
A. wound B. wounded C. wounding D. being wounded 答案：B
3.Prices of daily goods ______ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A are bought B bought C been bought D buying. 答案：B
4.The trees ____ in the storm have been moved off the road.(08hunan)
A being blown down B blown down C blowing down D to blow down 答案：B
Ⅲ. 作状语
一般说来，分词作状语表示的是主语的一个比较次要的动作，或对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明，或表示谓语动词的动作发生时的背景、状态或情况。
1．分词作状语所表示的时间概念
用法
例 句
一般式
分词表示的动作和谓语表示动作（或状态）同时发生
Returning from America, he found our country greatly changed.
Taken separately, the problems are not difficult to solve.
完成式
分词表示的动作发生在谓语表示动作（或状态）之前
Having mailed the letter she returned the office in a hurry. Having drunk the coffee, I washed the cup and put it away.
when/ while + 分词
若强调分词动作和谓语动作的同时性，可在分词前加when或者 while
We wear t-shirts when doing physical exercise at school.
Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled.
I do my home work while listening to music.
2.分词的状语功能
分词(短语)作状语修饰谓语动词，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。分词可表示时间、原因、条件、结果等，相当于一个状语从句。分词(短语)作状语还可表示伴随动作或起补充说明作用。此时其作用相当于一个句子的并列谓语或者一个并列复合句。
功能
位置
例 句
时间
句首
Coming out of the room, he found a man hiding in the garden.从房间出来,他发现了一个男人藏在花园中。
Seen from the hill, the town looks magnificent.从山上看这座城非常漂亮。
原因
句首
句中
句末
Having no ticket, I couldn’t go to see the film我没有票不可能去看电影。
Not knowing how to get there, he went to ask a policeman. 他不知道该如何到那里,就去问一位警察。
条件
句首
句末
Polluted, water will be unfit to drink. 如果水被污染, 就不适合饮用。
Having a map, I will find a way to get there. 如果我有一张地图, 就会找到一条到那里的路。
结果
句末
He died，leaving his old parents alone with sorrow.他死了, 抛下年老父母独自悲伤。
He fell, breaking his right leg.他跌倒了, 摔坏了右腿。
伴随或补充说明
句首
句中
句末
A lot of people stood there ,watching.许多人站在那里，观看。
He sat at he office table, going over the documents.他坐办公桌前,详细察看文件。
3.分词的独立结构
如果分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语，而是有自己独立的逻辑主语，其结构是：n./pron.+ v-ing/v-ed(phrases)。这种结构称为独立结构（Absolute Construction）。
在这种结构中，逻辑主语与分词之间是主谓关系，用现在分词；是动宾关系，用过去分词；强调的动作发生在谓语动词之前，可用分词的完成式。独立结构在句中表示时间、原因、条件、伴随情况或补充说明等。
功能
例 句
时间
The work having being finished, he hurried home.完成的工作之后,他匆忙回家。
原因
The speed of radio waves being extremely high, we cannot measure it by ordinary method.
His work finished, he prepared to return to his company.
条件
Weather permitting, we'll have an picnic tomorrow.
Other conditions being equal, the pressure will remain constant.
结果
She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room, her heart beating fast.
伴随或补充说明
His health falling, he had to quit his busy job.
Mary ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand.
Jack continued his way, the dog jumping about in front of him.
练习
1.______ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A Followed B Followed by C Being followed D Having been followed 答案：B
2. ______for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.
A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed 答案：B
3. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ________ the girl and took her away, ________ into the woods.
A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared
C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing 答案：D
4. automatically, the e-mail will be received by all the club members.
A. Mailed out B. Mailing out C. To be mailed out D. Having mailed out 答案：A
5. ______ her mother had come, her face lit up.
A. Hearing B. Having heard C. When hearing D. When she heard 答案：D
Ⅳ. 作宾语补足语
分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, get, have，feel等动词后与一个名词（代词）构成复合宾语。若表动作进行，分词与宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，用现在分词；若表动作完成，分词与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，用过去分词。
1．现在分词和过去分词做宾语补足语的区别
意义
现在分词
过去分词
主谓关系
I could feel the wind blowing on my face.我可以感到风在我的脸上吹。
He feels himself getting younger and younger.他感到自己越来越年轻。
动宾关系
He felt a great weight taken off.他感到卸掉了心理重压。
She felt herself called upon to do something to help.她感到她自己有责任帮助出一份力。
进行
He was glad to find people living better than ever before.看到人民生活比以往任何时候都好，他很高兴。
He found students making experiments他发现学生在作实验。
完成
We found him quite recovered.我们发现他已经痊愈。
He got his leg broken.他的腿骨折了。
主动
He tried to get everyone marching in the same direction on these questions.他设法使每个人在这些问题上朝同一方向努力。
He soon got us thinking it over.他很快使我们仔细思考的它。
被动
Would I have your films developed at the same time? 我把你的胶卷同时冲洗，好吗？
We have already had our passports visaed for America.我们已经签好了出国的护照。
注:当谓语动词变为被动语态时，此结构中的分词就变成主语补足语， 例如：
Suddenly he was heard knocking gently on the window. 忽然有人听见他轻轻扣窗子．
Our views have to be made known to them all必须让他们都知道我们的观点。
2．现在分词和不定式作补足语的区别
现在分词作补足语，强调动作的过程，表示动作进行；不定式作补足语，强调动作本身的发生，表示动作已经结束。
分词作补足语
不定式作补足语
I saw him coming downstairs.
Don’t forget to have them come.
You must get them to come over here.
I saw him come downstairs.
Mother has the little girl playing the piano this afternoon.
Can you get the clock going again?
练习
1.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.
A carry out B carrying out C carried out D to carry out C
2. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English in a short period.
A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve A
3. Mrs. Brown was very disappointed to see the washing machine she had had ___ went wrong again.
A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired C
4. He looked around and caught a man _____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting D
Ⅴ. 分词的特殊用法
现在分词用于习惯用语，在句中没有逻辑主语，作独立成分，表示说话人的态度，或看问题的角度。
习惯用语
例 句
concerning对于，关于
Her feelings concerning the arrival of Tom were very complex.对于汤姆的抵达她的情绪非常复杂。
considering 考虑到
Considering his age, he has done very well.考虑到他的年龄，他已做得很好。
generally speaking
一般来说
Generally speaking, the price is going up. 总的来说，价格正在上升。
judged by 根据
Judged by the ordinary standards, he was reliable.根据一般的标准判断,他是可靠的。
judging from根据
Judging from what you say，he ought to succeed.根据你所说的判断,他应该成功。
owing to由于
He is now, owing to ill health ,not so active in the movement. 现在由于生病他在运动方面不那么活跃。
regarding 关于
He spoke to me regarding his future.他跟我说关于他的未来。
talking of谈到
Talking of travel, have you been to Paris ？谈到旅行, 你到过巴黎吗？
注：regarding, concerning这样的分词常可用来构成短语，它们的作用和介词很接近。
注意：
1、选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出，分词就用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。试比较：
（Being）Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。
2、 with + 复合宾语结构
（1）with + 名词 / 代词 + 形容词 Don’t speak with your mouth full.
（2）with + 名词 / 代词 + 副词 The square looks more beautiful than ever with the lights on.
（3）with + 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语 He was asleep with his head on his arms.
（4）with + 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词 She felt very nervous with so many people looking at her.
（5）with + 名词 / 代词 + 不定式 With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived here.
（6）with + 名词 / 代词 + -en分词 With his matter settled, we left the room.
练习
1. The girl sat there quite silent and still with her eyes_______on the wall.
A.fixing B.fixed C.to be fixing D.to be fixed
2. I live in the house with its door_________to the south.
A.facing B.faces C.faced D.being faced
三、分词的时态和语态
及物动词 do
不及物动词go
主动语态
被动语态
主动语态
现在分词
一般式
doing
being done
going
完成式
having done
having been done
having gone
过去分词
一般式
done
gone
1、 与主语动词同时。如：
Arriving there, they found the boy dead.刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。
The secretary worked late into the night, ______ a long speech for the president.
A to prepare B preparing C prepared D was preparing答案：B
2、 先于主语动词
分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done。如：
Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.
After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.
______ a reply, he decided to write again.
A Not receiving B Receiving not C Not having received D Having not received答案：C
3、通常情况下，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。如：
He is the man giving you/who gave you the book他就是给你书的那个人
She is the girl stopped by/who was stopped by the car.她就是那个被车拦住的女孩。
4、不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。像：gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等词。如：
a retired person 一个退休的人 a fallen ball 一个落下来的球 a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
四、分词的否定式
结 构
例 句
not + v-ing
Not knowing how to do it ,he asked for help.不知道该如何做,他请求帮忙。
not having +v-ed
Not having finished his homework, the boy was punished by his father. 由于没有完成家庭作业, 男孩受到了他父亲的惩罚。
not+v-ed
This young man is not interested in the housework.
五、基础练习
1. The trainer came into the room, __________( follow ) by a team of dogs.
2. The dogs entered, __________( follow ) their trainer.
3. __________(see )the teacher entering the room, the students stood up.
4. __________( see ) from space , the earth looks like a huge water-covered ball.
5. The journey was really __________(tire), and the tourists were all__________( tire ).
6. English is spoken in Australia, so we call the country an English-__________(speak) country.
7. The English __________ ( speak )in England is quite different from American English.
8. Generally __________ ( speak ),boys develop later than girls.
9. Can you hear him __________ (sing ) in the next room?
10. I have heard the song __________ ( sing ) in English.
11. My sister went away, ___________ (bite ) her lips and__________ ( try ) not to weep.
12. I noticed them __________( sit ) in the corner, talking about the secret.
13. I noticed them __________ ( seat ) in the corner, talking about the secret.
14. China is the largest country in Asia, __________ (cover ) 9,600,000 square kilometers.
15. __________ (cover ) with ice, the road was too slippery to walk on.
16. The customer was caught __________ (steal )at the shop.
17. He had his dictionary __________ ( steal ) the other day.
Keys: 1. Followed 2. Following. 3 Seeing 4. Seen 5. tiring / tired 6. Speaking 7. spoken 8. speaking 9. Singing 10. Sung 11. biting / trying 12. sitting 13. seated 14. covering 15. Covered 16. stealing 17. stolen
综合练习
一．单选
1. He didn’t have chance to read many books, but folk stories _____ by local people became the root of Mo Yan’s later writings.
A. to tell B. to be told C. told D. being told
2. Over time, overuse of antibiotics（抗生素）leads to bacteria that are resistant to the drugs, _____ them all the harder to kill.
A. make B. to make C. made D. making
3. ______ any staircase, I followed a dark passage and it seemed to go on for ever.
A. Not to have seen B. Seeing not C. Having not seen D. Not seeing
4. Unless ______ to speak, most high school students here prefer remaining silent in class.
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
5. New house prices in major Chinese cities are continuing to rise, ________ a warming housing market.
A. signalled B. to signal C. signalling D. having signaled
6. Though ________ of high costs, many Chinese parents insisted on sending their high school children abroad to study.
A. warning B. warned C. to warn D. were warned
7. Don’t spend time beating on a wall, _____ to change it into a door.
A. hope B. hoping C. hoped D. to hope
8. The Swedish academy announced in Stockholm on October 11 that Mo Yan would receive the 2012 Nobel Prize for literature, ________ him the first Chinese national to win the award.
A. making B. to make C. having made D. made
9. ________ by Taobao 4 years ago, the massive promotion campaign on Nov. 11, Singles' day, has seen the fiercest competition among Chinese online retailers.
A. having initiated B. being initiated C. initiating D. initiated
10. Though of taking too many risks, the climber continued his challenge.
A. was accused B. accusing C. accused D. to be accused
11. “Does anybody know the definition of Nerd?” the host seated in the front.
A. asked B. asking C. ask D. to ask
12. The students, _________ at the way the questions were put, didn't know the answers to them.
A. they being surprised B. surprised
C. their being surprised D. then surprised
13. Prices of daily goods ________ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
14. He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ___ insufficiently popular with all members.
A. being considered B. considering C. to be considered D. having considered
15. ________ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
A. Being separated B. Having separated
C. Having been separated D. To be separated
16. The latest research _______ shows that micro blog is the most popular social networking tool among Chinese netizens.
A. to undertake B. undertaken
C. undertaking D. having been undertaken
17. _______ several important decisions based on emotion instead of reason, he felt bitterly regretted.
A. Making B. Having made C. Made D. To make
18. A strong earthquake hit New Zealand South Island city of Christchurch, ______ widespread destruction in the city center.
A. caused B. to cause C. causing D. to have caused
19. Conveniently ______ in downtown, the hotel is quite popular with visitors to the city.
A. locating B. to locate C. being located D. located
20. The disc, digitally ________ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recording B. to be recorded C. having recorded D. recorded
21. ________ any sign of their daughter's school, the anxious couple turned to a policeman for help.
A. Seeing not B. Not seeing C. Not to have seen D. Having not seen
22. ________ her way through the excited crowd in the bookstore, the woman writer is surrounded by a group of admirers.
A. To make B. Having made C. To be made D. Making
23. We were aware that, ________ , the situation will get worse.
A. if not dealing carefully B. if dealt not carefully with
C. if not carefully dealt with D. if not carefully dealing with
24. ________ with animals, Pi knows how to keep them under order.
A. Growing up B. To have grown up C. Having grown up D. To grow up
25. In order to jump, your body changes the chemical energy ______ in the food you have eaten into mechanical energy.
A. being stored B. storing C. having been stored D. stored
26. Health management membership fees range from 2,000 yuan ($ 320) to 20,000 yuan a year _____ on the level of service.
A. depend B. depended C. depending D. to depend
27. The boy has spent a whole day _____ in his room. No one knows what he is doing.
A. locked B. to lock C. locking D. been locked
28. __________for years, the house designed by an Italian architect finally collapsed.
A. Having neglected B. Being neglected
C. To be neglected D. Having been neglected
29. Although he has suffered an injury, people keep hoping the world will see Kaka, a talented player,________ the game he loves so much.
A. enjoys B. enjoying C. having enjoyed D. enjoyed
30. _________ on a clear day far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.
A. Walking B. When one is walking C. If walking D. When walking
1-5 CDDAC 6-10 BBADC 11-15 ABBAC 16-20 BBCDD 21-25 BDCAD 26-30 CADBB
二．语法填空
1.Living in rooms (29)________（equip） with air conditioners, many people don't even feel the changes in the season. （15年嘉定一模） equipped
2.There were about 90 talks given by authors, with an audience question-and-answer period(37)______ (follow) each talk. （15年徐汇一模）following
3."With the eyes of the sport now firmly (39)_____(focus) on Asia, I can see several of the world's Top 10 coming from Asia and several more global tournaments hosted there by 2020."（15年黄浦一模）focused
4.In 2012 I was found to have developed lung disease．__33__(believe) my career was over, I felt extremely low．（15年虹口一模）Believing
5.Walking towards the front door we noticed a gentleman ___26____ (stand) at one side.（15年闵行一模）
standing
6.____25_____(go) a little way, we saw before us , at the distance of about half a mile, a very large stone building, with a high wall round it , neither field nor tree near.（15年长宁二模） Having gone / Going
7. For example , plants growing in areas with low rainfall or areas ____33___(expose) to dry wind require more water. （15年长宁二模） exposed
9.The boy made no response, (38) ______ (sit) there with his mouth hanging open, wide-eyed.（15年杨浦二模）sitting
10.Australia, firstly (38)_______ (turn) into a colony by English prisoners, was unlike the United States, and its economic development was in wheat growing and sheep raising. （15年黄浦二模） turned
11.You can always get your writings __(31)__ (check) by reviewers at Daily Themes before you share it on other channels.（15年长宁一模） checked
12.One night when I walked alone on the beach, I saw the red orange lava (火山岩) ____28___(pour) out of Kilauea Volcano in the distance. It was time to live my imagination!（15年松江一模）pouring
三．翻译练习
1.那支足球队为了熟悉糟糕的天气状况提前到达了主办城市。（familiar）（15年杨浦一模）
That football team got to the hosting city (of the match) ahead of schedule so as to get familiar with the awful weather.
2.评论家有关影响市政建设因素的评论对政府的最终决策有很大的影响。（impact）（15年徐汇一模）
The critics’ comment on the factors influencing the city construction have a great impact on the government’s final decision.
3.现在有越来越多的人认为过分的追求时尚其实是放弃了自己的选择的自由（argue）（15年徐汇一模）
Nowdays, an increasing number of people argue that seeking fashion too much is equal to abadoning one’s freedom of choice.
4.基于真实故事的小说往往更能感动人心。（base）（15年奉贤一模）
Novels based on real/true stories are more likely to touch readers.
5.商家制造的一年一度的消费节为老百姓提供了花小钱买高质商品的机会。(provide)（15年闸北一模）
The annual spending holiday produced by merchants provides common people with a chance to buy high-quality goods at low prices.
6.慈善晚会上募集的款项将用来建一座社区老年活动中心。（collect）（15年闵行一模）
The fund/ money collected /which was collected in the charity party will be used to set up a community recreation centre for the elderly.
7.大卫得知要参加即将在北京举行的决赛后是如此激动以致于彻夜未眠。(So…that…)（15年黄浦二模）
So excited was David that he failed to fall asleep the whole night when/after he learned that he would participate in the final competition to be held in Beijing.
8.汉语是世界上最难的语言之一，学习这种语言的人就会很快发现自己遇到了挑战。(challenge)
(15年静安、青浦、宝山区二模）
Chinese /The Chinese language is one of the most difficult/hardest languages in the world.and/so people(who are )learning it/who learn it quickly/soon find themselves challenged/that they soon meet a/the challenge.