每天坚持一点点，每天进步一点点。
这一讲，复习一下英语中“插入语”的使用方法。
英语的插入语非常重要，在写作中使用插入语，可以大大的提高句子的层次感。在使用插入语时，要用逗号、破折号或句子的其他部分隔开，它与句子的其他部分之间没有语法上的关系。
插入语通常有几种作用
1）对一句话的一些附加解释，说明或者总结
2）表示说话者的态度和看法
3）起强调的作用
4）为了引起对方的注意
5）转移话题的作用
6）承上启下，使句子与前面的语句衔接的更加紧密一些。
插入语主要有以下几种形式：
1）介词短语作插入语。
2）副词作插入语。
3）不定式作插入语
4）现在分词短语作插入语
5）分句作插入语
6）形容词或其短语作插入语
7）过去分词作插入语
8）代词词组作插入语
9）从句作插入语
10)用标点符号引导插入语
介词短语作插入语
1．介词短语作插入语，常用的介词短语有
After a while，不久，过了一会儿
At last， 终于
At that time，在那时
At length，最后
Among other things，其中，此外
Above all，最主要的，最重要的是，首先，尤其是 (作“首先”讲时，可与 first of all互换)
As a result，因此
As a matter of fact，事实上
By the way，顺便说一下
By and large，大体而言
In all, 总而言之
In brief， 简言之
In a word， 总之
In terms 明确地，毫不含糊地
In practical terms，从实际方面看
In sum，总之，简而言之
In the end，最后
In addition, 此外
In conclusion，最后，总之
In one’s opinion，在某人看来
In summary,简要地说
In fact, 事实上
In short，简而言之
On the other hand, 另一方面
Of course，当然
On the contrary，相反地 (by contrast/in contrast)
On the whole, 总体来说，整个看来
例句
1) Above all, you must follow your teacher’s advice. 重要的是，你必须跟上老师的建议。
2) As a result, we must water the crop fields. 因此，我们必须给农田浇水。
3) In my opinion, he is an honest boy. 依我看来， 他是一个诚实的男孩。
4) In short, we should not stop halfway. 简言之，我们不能半途而废。
5) As a result, they suffered heavy losses. 结果，他们受到了严重损失。
6) On the contrary, we should strengthen our ties with them. 相反，我们还应加强和他们的联系。
副词或副词短语作插入语
Accordingly,于是，所以，相应地
Besides, 此外
Briefly, 简而言之
Certainly, 肯定，当然，无疑，确定
Exactly, 到底，确切地，准确地，精确的
Eventually, 最后，终于
Frankly, 坦率地，直率的，老实说
Fortunately, 幸运地
Firstly, 首先，第一
Finally, 最后
Furthermore, 此外，而且
However, 然而
Honestly, 老实说，老实地，真诚地
Indeed, 实际上，其实，真正地
Incidentally, 偶然，顺便提一句，顺便说及地
Luckily, 幸运地，侥幸地
Lastly, 最后要说的是， 终于
Most noticeably, 最明显地
Moreover，此外
Namely, 即
Probably, 或许，很可能
Personally, 就个人而言，就自己而言
Secondly, 第二，其次
Surely, 无疑，必定，确实
Though, 然而，可是，不过
Thereafter, 其后，从那时以后
例句
Remember, though, you cannot always rely on luck. There is no substitute for hard work.
不过要记住，你永远不能依靠运气，努力工作是无可替代的。
Unfortunately, I was caught in the rain.
不幸地是，我遇上雨了。
Personally, I would rather go to the opera theatre.
就我个人而言，我更愿意去歌剧院。
Surely, you must finish the task.
确切的说， 你必须完成你的工作。
It is not, however, always a smooth and safe highway.
然而，它不总是一条畅通安全的高速公路。
However, 作插入语时，可以放在句首，句中，句末。
Luckily for you, I happen to have the key.
你很幸运，我刚好带了钥匙。
不定式作插入语
To be frank, 坦率地说，老实说
To tell (you) the truth, 实话实说，老实说
To be sure, 当然，无疑，诚然，的确
So to speak = so to say，可以说，可以这么说
To summarize， 简而言之
To conclude， 总而言之
To sum up, 总而言之
To be honest, 说实话
To put it more precisely, 更精确地说
To some extent, 在某种程度上，在一定程度上
To a certain extent, 在一定程度上，在某种程度上
To a large extent, 在很大程度上，
To give an example, 举个例子
To illustrate this better, 为了更好地说明
To put it another way, 换言之，换句话说，从另一个角度说
To get back to the point， 话说回来
To get to the bottom of things，寻根究底
To dig a little deeper 再挖深一点，在进一步的说
例句
1）To tell you the truth, I didn't want to go with you.
说实话，我不想你和我一起去。
2）That’s a wonderful idea, to be sure.
确实，那是一个非常好的注意。
3） To be frank, I do not quite agree with you.
坦率地说，我不太同意你的意见。
4)To get back to the point, I am not very interested in going to the show.
话说回来，我不太想去看演出。
现在分词短语作插入语
Generally speaking, 一般说来，一般而言
Generally considering, 一般认为
Strictly speaking, 严格地讲，严格地说，严格说来
Judging from/by, 根据…判断，从…判断
Talking of… 谈到，说到，谈起
Considering …鉴于，考虑到，就…而言
Frankly speaking 坦率地说，老实说
Honestly speaking 老实说，说句实话
例句
1）Considering his age, he did very well.
考虑他的年龄，他做的非常好。
2）Talking of singing, will you go to the concert with me tonight?
说到唱歌，你愿意和我一起去看今天晚上的音乐会吗？
3）Judging from your accent, you must be from England.
从你的口音判断，你一定来自英格兰。
4）Generally speaking, this is a rule for protection our school.
一般来说，这个规定是为了保护我们的学校。
分句/句子作插入语
Do you think，你认为
Do you suppose，你认为
I think，我认为
I hope，我希望
I say，我说
I hear，我听说
I believe, 我相信
I am afraid，我害怕，恐怕
It is said， 据说
let's say, 比方说，可以这么说，只需说
That is (to say) ，即
What’s more，另外，而且，更重要的是
What’s worse，更糟糕的是
You see，你知道，你了解
You know，你知道，你了解
例句
1）It’s a great mistake, I think, not to accept their proposal.
我认为，不接受他们的建议是个大错误。
2）I cannot attend your lecture, I am afraid.
恐怕我不能参加你的讲座了。
3）You see, they did not trust me.
你知道，他们不相信我。
4）The old man, it is said, was an artist but people hardly know anything about this side of his life.
据说，这位老人曾是个艺术家，可是人们对他这方面的生活几乎一无所知。
5）He will come on time, I think.
他会及时赶来，我认为。
注意，这个句子如把插入语I think 放在句首，它就成为主句，而后面的句子成为宾语从句成分，即：I think that he will come on time.
形容词或形容词短语作插入语
Sure enough，果然
Worse still，更糟糕的是
True，真的
Funny，真可笑
Strange， 很奇怪
Strange to say，说也可笑，说也奇怪
Needless to say， 不用说
Most important of all，最重要的是
Most important，最重要的是
Last but not least, 最后
例句
Strange to say (或true)， I was just thinking that myself.
说起来也怪（或真的）我自己刚才也正想着那件事呢。
Most important of all, you each over fulfilled your own task.
更重要的是，你们各自超额完成了自己的任务。
Strange, there is nobody in the classroom.
很奇怪，教室里没人。
其他
1. 过去分词作插入语
Painted white, we like the house better.
涂成白色，我们更喜欢这个房子。
注意；之所以称它为插入语，是由于这种过去分词是独立的，没有逻辑主语。
2． 用标点符号引导插入语
He was- to me at least, if not to you-a figure that was worth having pity on.
至少我觉得如此，即使你不这样认为，他是一个值得同情的人。
He was (strange as it seems) an excellent sportsman.
他（尽管还显得令人不解）是个出色的运动员。
3． 代词词组
All the same，尽管如此
All told，总共
All in all，总的来说
例句
1）All in all, her condition is greatly improved.
总的来说，她的情况有很大好转。
2）His crew was reduced to twenty-four all told.
他的船员减少到总共二十四人。
4. 从句
If so，如果这样的话，要是那样的话
If not, 不然的话，
If any，如果有的话，若有的话发
If I may say so，正如我所说
If you don't mind， 如果你不介意
As you know，正如你所知道的
As you say，正如你所说的
If convenient， 如果方便的话
If possible/necessary， 如果可以/必要的话
If you please，如果你愿意
If you like， 如果你喜欢
If not better than， 即便不比…,如果不比…
例句
1）If I may say so, we know nothing about it.
正如我所说的， 我们对它一无所知。
2）This man, as you know, is good for nothing.
正如你所说的，这个人是废物。
3）You can, if you please, come to join us in the game.
如果你愿意，可以来参加我们的游戏。
4) John plays football as well as, if not better than, David.
约翰足球踢得如果不比大卫强也和他一样好。
“插入语”位置
插入语是插在句子中的一个词，短语或从句，通常被逗号、破折号或句子的其他部分隔开，它与句子的其他部分之间没有语法上的关系，因此，有的语法学家将其归为独立成分。
它们的位置可放在句首，句中或者句末。由于插入语的位置比较随便，因此它对我们干扰是比较大的。
单词作插入语时(多是副词)位置比较随便，我们常见的多位于句末，它们也可以位于句中或句首。常见的作插入语的单词有though, however, therefore, personally, luckily, fortunately, obviously等。有些副词可以表示上下文的逻辑关系，起到连接的作用(虽然本身不是连词)，这一类副词常用逗号把它与句子隔开。有些副词表达说话人的看法或观点，它们多位于句首。有些插入语有时并不用逗号隔开。
以下是各类形式插入语的例句，有些比较隐晦具有干扰性。请大家在阅读的时候好好品味。
1.I had thought I could not pass the exam. I passed, though.
我原以为我通过不了这次考试，我还是通过了。
2.She had seen the picture. However, she never told it to anyone.
她曾见过那幅画。然而，她从未向其他人提及。
3.Luckily, his father’s second wife was kind to him.
幸运的是，他父亲的第二任妻子对他很好。
4.She is looking fit, though.
她看起来倒是健康 。
5.I can, however, discuss this when I see you.
然而，我可以在见到你的时候再讨论这件事情
6.I have a bit of a cold. It is nothing much, though.
我有点感冒，不过并不严重。
7.The task is very difficult, besides, time presses.
任务艰巨，而且时间紧迫。
8.It does not often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden.
在这儿夏天不常下雨，因此我们得用水浇灌菜园。
9.First of all, don，t come in here without a teacher.
首先，如果没有老师，就不要来这儿。
10. Above all, something must be done to stop polluting.
更重要的是，必须釆取某些措施来阻止污染。
11. You know I think you are wrong.
我认为，你明白你错了。(这句话容易误译为：你知道我认为你是错的。)
12. What on earth do you mean?
你究竟是什么意思？
13. How long did you see she would stay here? (= How long would she stay here, did you see?)
14. When do you suppose they will be back? (= When will they be back, do you suppose?)
15. What explanation do you suppose the teacher could give?
你想老师会如何解释？
16. Who do you guess broke the window?
你猜是谁把窗户打破了？
17. John plays football as well as, if not better than, David.
18. We all write now and then, even when there’s not much to say.
19. As far as I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger.
20. Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard. In other words, you failed.
21. The young woman has studied in England for two years and she will come back by and by.
22. Who do you think is the best football player in your city?
23. To their surprise, Dick and Mary found themselves on a lonely island.
24. His handwriting is as good as, if not better than, his brother’s.
25. It was raining heavily. What’s more, it was getting dark, so we lost our way and stayed in the cave for the whole night.
26. I didn’t go to his party last night. To tell you the truth, I didn’t want to see him at all.
27. What on earth do you want?
28. Good ways of doing things means less time and pain, and therefore, it is necessary for us to find the time.
在写作中，尤其是雅思高分写作，8分及以上的写作都没有很明显的连词加逗号的形式。如First, second, however, 而是浑然天成，整篇文章虽没有很明显的逻辑衔接词汇，但是却能衔接紧密，为什么呢?
看看下面的比较，如何能让自己的写作看上去更“成熟地道”一点。
中文：
这些扭曲需要纠正。然而从试图纠正类似扭曲的发展中国家的历史先例来看，调整过程中的最大障碍将是这些集团的反对。比如杰弗瑞•弗里登(Jeffrey Frieden)在他1993年关于拉丁美洲的著作中认为，拉美70年代后期的调整之所以极其缓慢、痛苦，正是因为强大的既得利益在妨碍或稀释改革方面是如此成功
写法1：
These distortions need to be reversed. The historical precedents for developing countries that have attempted to reverse similar distortions, however, suggest that the biggest impediment to the adjustment process will be opposition from these groups. Jeffrey Frieden in his 1993 book on Latin America, for example, argues that the Latin America adjustment in the late 1970s was extremely slow and painful precisely because powerful vested interests were so successful in retarding or diluting reform.
写法2：
These distortions need to be reversed. However, the historical precedents for developing countries that have attempted to reverse similar distortions suggest that the biggest impediment to the adjustment process will be opposition from these groups. For example, Jeffrey Frieden in his 1993 book on Latin America argues that the Latin America adjustment in the late 1970s was extremely slow and painful precisely because powerful vested interests were so successful in retarding or diluting reform.
请注意，两个写法中， however 和 for example, 这两个词的位置。
写法1，这两个词在句中，写法2，这两个词放在句首。
写法1是将however,和, for example, 这样的连词放在了主谓语之间。句子之间就显得更加紧密，从而增加了句子的凝聚力。
写法2是先however再写逗号，然后再跟内容。
因此建议模仿写法1的形式。此外，偶尔或用一些插入语，能让我们写作看上去更成熟，但切忌从头用到尾过分使用。
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