The Martha Mitchell effect occurs when a medical professional labels a patient's accurate perception of real events as delusional, resulting in misdiagnosis.[1][2]

玛莎·米切尔效应是指，当医疗专业人员将患者对真实事件的准确感知贴上妄想的标签时，就会导致误诊。

Martha Mitchell, for whom the effect is named

Description 描述

According to Bell et al., "Sometimes, improbable reports are erroneously assumed to be symptoms of mental illness (Maher, 1998)", due to a "failure or inability to verify whether the events have actually taken place, no matter how improbable intuitively they might appear to the busy clinician".[3]Examples of such situations are:Pursuit by organized criminals[3]Surveillance by law enforcement officers[3]Infidelity by a spouse[3]Physical issues，Quoting psychotherapist Joseph Berke, the authors report that, "even paranoids have enemies".[3] Delusions are "abnormal beliefs" and may be bizarre (considered impossible to be true), or non-bizarre (possible, but considered by the clinician as highly improbable). Beliefs about being poisoned, being followed, marital infidelity or a conspiracy in the workplace are examples of non-bizarre beliefs that may be considered delusions.[3] Any patient can be misdiagnosed by clinicians, especially patients with a history of paranoid delusions.[ citation needed ] Patients may be diagnosed as delusional when their grievances concern health care workers or health care institutions, even when the patient has no history of delusion. "A patient arriving claiming to have been injured by another health care professional is regarded as a crazy person who potentially could ruin the career of an innocent colleague."[4][ unreliable source? ]

根据贝尔等人的说法，“有时，不太可能真实的报告被错误地认为是精神疾病的症状（Maher，1998）”，这是由于“无法或未能核实事件是否真的发生了，无论这些事件在繁忙的临床医生看来多么不可能”。[3] 这种情况的例子有：被有组织的犯罪分子追捕[3]被执法人员监视[3]配偶不忠[3]身体问题，引用心理治疗师约瑟夫·伯克的话，作者报告说，“即使是偏执狂也有敌人”。[3] 妄想是“异常信念”，可能是奇怪的（被认为不可能是真实的），也可能不是奇怪的（可能的，但被临床医生认为极不可能）。关于中毒、被跟踪、婚姻不忠或工作场所的阴谋的信念就是可能被认为是妄想的非奇异信念的例子。[3] 任何患者都可能被临床医生误诊，尤其是有偏执妄想病史的患者。[需要引用]当患者的不满涉及医护人员或医疗机构时，即使患者没有妄想病史，也可能被诊断为妄想。“一个声称被另一名医护人员伤害的患者被视为一个可能会毁掉无辜同事职业生涯的疯子。”[4][不可靠的来源？]

Origin 起源

Psychologist Brendan Maher named the effect after Martha Mitchell.[5] Mitchell was the wife of John Mitchell, United States Attorney General in the Nixon administration. When she alleged that White House officials were engaged in illegal activities, her claims were attributed to mental illness. Ultimately, however, the facts of the Watergate scandal vindicated her and garnered her the label "The Cassandra of Watergate".Although it has been stated that many of her allegations remain unproven, even some of the extreme ones have been confirmed. She claimed to have been drugged and put under guard during a visit to California after her husband was summoned back to Washington, D.C., in order to prevent her from leaving the hotel or making phone calls to the news media.[6] James McCord confirmed in 1975 that her story was true, as reported in The New York Times.[7] More evidence supporting Mitchell's claims was published in a 2017 news article in Newsweek about the appointment of a U.S. ambassador.[8] In 2022, Netflix released a documentary titled The Martha Mitchell Effect.[9]

心理学家布伦丹·马希尔以玛莎·米切尔的名字命名了这种效应。[5] 米切尔是尼克松政府时期美国司法部长约翰·米切尔的妻子。当她声称白宫官员从事非法活动时，她的说法被归咎于精神疾病。然而，最终，水门事件的事实证明了她的说法，并为她赢得了“水门事件的卡珊德拉”的称号。尽管有人声称她的许多指控仍未得到证实，但即使是一些极端的指控也得到了证实。她声称，在她丈夫被召回华盛顿特区后，她在访问加利福尼亚时被下药并受到监管，以防止她离开酒店或给新闻媒体打电话。[6] 据《纽约时报》报道，詹姆斯·麦考德在 1975 年证实了她的故事是真实的。[7] 更多支持米切尔说法的证据发表在 2017 年《新闻周刊》关于任命美国大使的新闻文章中。[8] 2022 年，网飞发布了一部名为《玛莎·米切尔效应》的纪录片。[9]

弗雷德英语笔记

erroneous/ɪˈrəʊnɪəs/ 错误的

err /ɜː/ 犯错

error/ˈɛrə/ 错误

clinician/klɪˈnɪʃən/ 临床医生

surveillance/sɜːˈveɪləns/ 监视

infidelity/ˌɪnfɪˈdɛlɪtɪ/ 私通

fidelity/fɪˈdɛlɪtɪ/ 忠诚；忠贞

psychotherapist/ˌsaɪkəʊˈθɛrəpɪst/ 心理治疗师

paranoid/ˈpærəˌnɔɪd/ 多疑的; 恐惧的；患偏执狂的; 患妄想狂的； 偏执狂; 妄想狂

bizarre/bɪˈzɑː/ 怪异的

vindicate/ˈvɪndɪˌkeɪt/ 证明是正确的

garner/ˈɡɑːnə/ 获得; 收集

Cassandra/kəˈsændrə/ 卡珊德拉; 卡桑德拉，特洛伊国王布莱姆的一个女儿，具有预知未来的禀赋，但被阿波罗命中注定不为人所相信

References

1. ^ Coleman, A. (2015). A Dictionary of Psychology. p441.
2. ^ Alexander, G. J. (1996). International Human Rights Protection Against Psychiatric Political Abuses. Santa Clara L. Rev., 37, 387.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Bell, Vaughan; Halligan, Peter; Ellis, Hadyn D. (August 2003). "Beliefs about delusions". Psychologist. 16: 418–422. ISSN 0952-8229.
4. ^ "Blacklisting Patients". patient-safety.com. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
5. ^ Maher, Brendan A. (1988) "Anomalous Experience and Delusional Thinking: The Logic of Explanations". In T. Oltmanns and B. Maher (eds) Delusional Beliefs. New York: Wiley Interscience
6. ^ Reeves, Richard President Nixon: Alone in the White House, p. 511
7. ^ "McCord Declares That Mrs. Mitchell Was Forcibly Held". www.nytimes.com. 19 February 1975. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
8. ^ Stein, Jeff (11 December 2017). "One of Trump's ambassadors beat and "kidnapped" a woman as part of the Watergate cover-up: reports". Newsweek. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
9. ^ Marie, Ashley (May 23, 2022). "Watch: Netflix releases trailer for 'The Martha Mitchell Effect'".

Last edited 6 months ago by Opencooper

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