文章来自~《医学综述》2020年第22期
作者:侯文广,李娇,魏丽萍
(天津市人民医院心脏科,天津 300121)
摘要:在日常临床血液检测工作中,血常规一直发挥着重要作用,尤其对感染性疾病、贫血及血液系统疾病等具有重要价值。近年来,人们发现血常规中的一些项目如红细胞、白细胞及其各亚型(中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞等)以及血小板等血细胞成分对冠心病的发生发展、严重程度及临床预后具有较强的预测价值,且与冠状动脉支架置入术的临床预后也具有明显相关性。血常规指标检测方便,结果可靠,有望作为预测冠心病严重程度及评估预后的临床指标被广泛应用。
关键词:冠心病;血常规;红细胞分布宽度;平均血小板体积;炎症
冠心病是指冠状动脉血管发生动脉粥样硬化病变而引起管腔血管狭窄或闭塞,造成心肌缺血、缺氧或坏死而导致的心脏病。目前冠心病仍是临床上最多见的心血管疾病,其发生率及病死率一直居高不下。据统计,2018年我国现有心血管病患者约2.9亿,其中冠心病患者约1 100万,2018年我国冠心病患者死亡率农村为118.74/10万,城市为113.46/10万[1]。动脉粥样硬化是一种炎症性疾病,其发病与多种危险因素(如糖尿病、高胆固醇血症、吸烟)有关,最终引起冠状动脉动脉血管内膜损伤和继发的炎症反应,进而导致粥样硬化斑块形成。在炎症或应激等因素的参与下,冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块变得不稳定,出现斑块破裂,进而导致血小板活化、聚集,激活凝血瀑布,血栓形成,引发急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)。炎症及其相关因子在冠心病的发生、发展过程中扮演重要角色,对于炎症因子的定性和定量监测可能为冠心病的预测、临床风险评估提供新思路[2]。
目前,血清肌钙蛋白T或肌钙蛋白I及肌酸激酶同工酶仍是诊断冠心病最常用的指标,在冠心病尤其是ACS的早期诊断、临床疗效监测以及预后评估中发挥着重要作用。依据冠心病的发病机制,目前已有多种类型的血清生化标志物被证实有望成为冠心病新的预测指标,如脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2、基质金属蛋白酶9等[3],但这些新引入的炎症损伤标志物大多数测试费用昂贵,不易获得,且缺乏统一标准。作为实验室检查的经典项目,血常规检测项目中有诸多指标与动脉粥样硬化的潜在发生机制和疾病严重程度相关[4-5],这些指标有望成为预测心血管疾病的一系列新的血清标志物。现就血常规相关检测指标与冠心病关系的研究进展进行综述。
1 红细胞分布宽度与冠心病
红细胞分布宽度(red blood cell distribution width,RDW)是一项用来评估红细胞异质性的指标,常用于贫血性疾病和血液系统疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断。RDW高于参考值区间则说明红细胞大小不均匀,体积差异性大,表明红细胞加速破坏或无效红细胞生成增多,提示患者可能存在造血功能异常、贫血或先天性红细胞异常等疾病。多项研究表明,RDW与冠心病的诊断及预后密切相关[6-8]。Lippi等[4]发现,ACS患者RDW水平显著高于非ACS患者,并首次提出RDW与冠心病存在潜在关系。Nagula等[6]通过分析受试者工作特征曲线发现,当胸痛患者RDW>14.3%时考虑冠心病的可能性大,其灵敏度为58.9%,特异度高达84.8%。Wu等[9]通过分析6 050例接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)的冠心病患者的血常规指标发现,高RDW组患者心源性死亡率是对照组的1.33倍,表明RDW可能是心源性死亡的独立危险因素,RDW可作为PCI后冠心病患者长期预后的监测指标。有研究指出,RDW是接受冠状动脉造影检查的冠心病患者死亡的独立预测指标[10-11]。一项研究收集并分析了3 529例冠心病患者的RDW发现,RDW≥14%与代谢综合征的发生率和长期全因死亡率较高明显相关[12]。现阶段RDW与心血管疾病相关的机制尚不明确。有学者指出,RDW变化可能与血管内的炎症有关,炎症因子会改变红细胞稳态,可能通过影响铁代谢,抑制促红细胞生成素的生成,缩短红细胞的存活时间,最终导致RDW水平升高[13]。除炎症反应外,氧化应激反应可能也是解释RDW和心血管疾病潜在关系的重要机制[14]。冠心病和动脉粥样硬化均与炎症因子相关,在未来的临床研究中是否可以将RDW作为间接反映血管内炎症因子的指标仍需进一步研究。
2 平均血小板体积与冠心病
目前认为冠状动脉血栓形成是血管内皮损伤及内皮下粥样斑块破裂所致,而血小板的激活是血栓形成的重要启动因素,血小板活化状态与冠状动脉血栓形成密切相关[15]。血小板在高水平的血栓烷A2、表面促凝蛋白及β-血栓球蛋白作用下,体积逐渐增大,发生形态学及功能学变化,从而参与血栓形成,故血小板体积变化可能反映血管内血栓形成的趋势。此前的研究证明,平均血小板体积(mean platelet volume,MPV)是反映血小板活化程度和功能的指标,被认为是心血管疾病的重要标志物之一,可用于心血管疾病的风险预测、临床诊断和预后评估[5]。Ding等[16]研究发现,冠心病患者的MPV水平显著高于非冠心病患者。当急性心肌梗死患者MPV>7.55 fL时则极有可能转归为高危心肌梗死,其特异度为61.5%,灵敏度为73.1%[17]。Vogiatzis等[18]研究发现,高Syntax评分组ACS患者的MPV水平较高,认为MPV水平可反映冠状动脉病变的危险程度。Reddy等[19]和Hudzik等[20]的研究显示MPV与冠心病相关。与那些针对ACS患者的研究相反,Wada等[21]的研究纳入了2 872例接受PCI的稳定性冠心病患者,在随访6.5年后得出MPV与主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)呈负相关,即在稳定性冠心病患者中低水平MPV与MACE发生率增加相关。
MPV升高的状态下,血小板的代谢活性也较前升高,P-选择素、纤维蛋白原和糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体表达上调,5-羟色胺和β-血栓球蛋白释放增多,血小板的代谢活性升高[22-24]。因此,有学者推测血小板体积增大可能会直接促进血栓形成[25-27]。美国的一项研究针对PCI后接受抗血小板治疗的研究发现,氯吡格雷治疗有效者和无效者的MPV值差异无统计学意义[28]。有研究发现,MPV/血小板计数比值与血小板反应呈负相关,而血小板反应性又与围手术期心肌梗死的发生率较高相关[29-30]。因此,MPV可从侧面反映患者对抗血小板治疗的反应性。除氯吡格雷外,阿司匹林对血小板的高反应性(即常规使用阿司匹林治疗的患者血小板活化抑制不足)与血栓事件有关[31]。Zhang等[31]对老年冠心病患者的潜在危险因素进行了研究,结果显示,低、中、高阿司匹林血小板反应性患者的MPV值比较差异无统计学意义。有研究观察发现,初次接受PCI干预的ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者接受替罗非班、抗血小板药物、他汀类药物、β受体阻滞剂或抗高血压治疗(血管紧张素转换酶*制剂抑**或血管紧张素受体阻滞剂)者与未接受治疗者的MPV值比较差异无统计学意义[32]。另一项研究发现,接受40 mg瑞舒伐他汀治疗6个月后,糖尿病合并冠心病患者的MPV值显著降低,但MPV变化与血脂降低并无显著关联[33]。当与抗高血压治疗(替米沙坦80 mg或厄贝沙坦300 mg或奥美沙坦10 mg)联合使用时,用10 mg瑞舒伐他汀治疗6个月后,MPV值无明显变化[34]。但以上两项研究对照组设计不严谨,且混杂因素较多(包括抗血小板药物的使用),因此仍需要大规模的临床对照研究进行论证。目前在大部分研究中,MPV值主要是根据血小板压积除以血小板总数得出,由于技术标准不同,各个实验室的参考值范围也不同。此外,MPV值受多种因素影响,如性别、年龄以及遗传因素等,且女性的MPV值高于男性,这些均增加了MPV作为独立预测因子的不确定性[35-36],所以在急性心肌梗死患者中,MPV可作为预后预测因素;而在接受介入治疗后的患者中,MPV也可在长期随访中得到应用。MPV的确切临床价值仍需要大规模的临床随机对照研究以及相关的循证医学研究证实。
3 血小板/淋巴细胞计数比值与冠心病
炎症反应在冠状动脉斑块形成及斑块破裂过程中发挥着至关重要的作用,早期炎症因子促使巨核细胞增生,血小板增多活化,并进一步激活凝血“瀑布效应”,导致机体血栓形成[37]。同时,急性心肌缺血损伤时机体分泌大量儿茶酚胺、皮质醇等激素,介导淋巴细胞的再分布,最终导致淋巴细胞数值降低[38]。血常规检测中,血小板/淋巴细胞计数比值(platelet to lymphocyte ratio,PLR)将淋巴细胞与血小板整合成一个指标,在反映凝血功能是否亢进的同时监测炎症反应是否增强。机体在炎症因子刺激下,血小板应激性增殖增加,免疫功能受到抑制,导致淋巴细胞凋亡增加,故PLR可更好地体现机体炎症反应的平衡,作为炎症标志物的意义优于单纯的细胞计数。PLR水平与冠状动脉病变程度相关。Li等[39]研究了ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者PLR水平与冠状动脉病变程度及MACE发生率的相关性,结果发现,严重冠状动脉病变组患者的PLR水平显著升高,MACE发生组的PLR水平也显著升高。Ugur等[40]研究了接受PCI治疗的ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的全因死亡率,结果发现,PLR升高与患者术后6个月内的全因死亡率明显相关,是其重要的危险因素。Kurtul等[41]的研究也证实PLR越高,患者的冠状动脉病变越严重,当PLR≥116时,预测患者Syntax评分升高的特异度为66%,灵敏度为71%。综上,可通过监测PLR间接反映患者冠状动脉病变程度。
4 淋巴细胞/单核细胞计数比值与冠心病
在冠状动脉粥样硬化的发生发展过程中炎症反应扮演着重要角色,血常规检测指标中白细胞各亚型均可作为全身炎症反应的指标,而血清炎症标志物与冠心病之间存在关联[42]。中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞计数比值作为反映炎症与动脉粥样硬化的指标已广泛应用于临床。除中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞计数比值外,淋巴细胞/单核细胞计数比值(lymphocytetomonocyteratio,LMR)亦与冠心病关系密切。Choi等[42]发现,淋巴细胞计数降低与心血管风险增加相关,而单核细胞计数升高是老年人心血管死亡率的独立危险因素。Fan等[43]应用血管内超声技术评估稳定型心绞痛患者LMR与斑块易损性的相关性发现,LMR可间接反映稳定型心绞痛患者的易损斑块情况,特异度为61.8%,灵敏度为73.7%。Kose等[44]研究证实,与正常对照者相比,稳定性冠心病患者LMR降低,LMR与Syntax评分呈显著负相关,故LMR可用于评估冠状动脉病变严重程度和复杂程度。此外,Murat等[45]的研究发现,稳定性冠心病患者的LMR与PCI后支架内再狭窄呈显著负相关。Kiris等[46]开展的一项关于LMR与ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者PCI术后预后相关性的研究发现,低LMR与PCI术后30 d内及长期死亡率显著相关。虽然目前仍然缺乏循证医学证据,但是很多研究已经证实通过检测LMR可在一定程度上评估冠心病患者的预后。
5 MPV/淋巴细胞计数比值与冠心病
血小板体积与淋巴细胞计数是血常规中的检验项目,MPV/淋巴细胞计数比值(mean platelet volume to lymphocyte ratio,MPVLR)可反映机体内炎症过程和血栓形成水平[47]。Kilic和Kurtul[47]研究发现,MPVLR与ACS患者冠状动脉病变严重程度和复杂性显著相关,预测价值高于PLR;此外,MPVLR与ACS患者的院内死亡率相关,与MPVLR<4.31患者相比,MPVLR>4.31的患者高血压及糖尿病患病率高,左心室射血分数低,全因住院死亡率显著升高。另外,Kurtul和Acikgoz[48]研究发现,高水平MPVLR的ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者冠状动脉血栓负荷更重,PCI术后发生无复流现象的风险更高,死亡风险增加,MPVLR是心肌梗死患者短期及长期预后的独立预测因子。国内一些学者发现,MPVLR在评估冠状动脉病变严重程度及预测直接PCI术后无复流发生方面有较大价值[49-50]。目前临床关于MPVLR与冠心病的研究处于起步阶段,仍需要进一步证实其临床意义。
6 小 结
血常规作为临床工作中最常见的检测项目,具有检测快捷、方便、不增加临床成本等优点,适用于各级别医院。血液中几乎所有的细胞成分均与动脉粥样硬化的潜在发生机制相关,这些指标正逐渐成为预测冠心病及评估冠心病临床预后的关键性标志物,此外,这些指标也可用于评估心力衰竭等疾病的严重程度及临床预后。然而,关于这些标志物参与心血管疾病病理生理过程的相关机制还未明确,未来还需更多的研究证实。总之,通过血常规各项指标协助预测及评估冠心病,并实施早期预防具有重要的临床意义。
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Application Progress of Blood Routine Test in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease
HOU Wenguang,LI Jiao,WEI Liping
Department of Cardiology,Tianjin Union Medical Center,Tianjin 300121,China
Abstract:The blood routine test plays an important role in daily clinical blood tests,especially for infectious diseases,anemia,and other blood system diseases.In recent years,some researchers found that some items in blood routine test such as erythrocytes,leukocytes and their subtypes (neutrophils,monocytes,lymphocytes,etc.) as well as platelets and other blood cell components,have a strong predictive value for the occurrence,development,severity and clinical prognosis of coronary heart disease,which also has a significant correlation with the clinical prognosis of coronary stent implantation.The blood routine test is convenient and reliable,and is expected to be the clinical indicators widely applied in the clinical to predict the degree and prognosis of coronary heart disease in the future.
Key words:Coronary heart disease; Blood routine test; Red blood cell distribution width; Mean platelet volume; Inflammation
中图分类号:R541.4
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1006-2084(2020)22-4533-05
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2020.22.031
收稿日期:2020-04-17 修回日期:2020-07-27
编辑:辛欣