#头条创作挑战赛#
There are two kinds of verbs: finite verbs and non-finite verbs.
动词分为限定性动词和非限定性动词。
Finite Verbs:
Finite verbs must agree with the number and person of its subject and they also show tense.
限定性动词又叫谓语动词，在句中充当谓语，在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致，有时态变化。
★ Andy likes running in marathons.
Take the verb LIKE, it agrees with the subject Andy (the third person singular) and it shows us the simple present tense.
例句中动词LIKE与主语Andy（第三人称单数）人称和数一致，使用的是一般现在时。
Non- Finite Verbs:
Non-finite verbs are not bound by person or number of the subject and they do not show tense. There are three types of non-finite verbs: gerunds, infinitives and (present and past) participles.
非限定性动词也叫非谓语动词，在句中不可单独作谓语，不受主语的人称和数的限制，也不能决定时态的变化。非限定性动词分三种：动名词、不定式和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。
Gerunds:
◆ Gerunds are verbs that function as a noun and are formed by adding -ing to the base form of a verb.
◆ 动名词是由动词变化而来，是动词作名词的一种形式。
◇ 一般情况下：原形动词词尾直接 + ing read - reading
◇ 动词以不发音e结尾：去e + ing dance - dancing
◇ 动词以重读闭音节结尾：双写词末辅音字母 + ing
cut-cutting
◇ 动词以ie结尾：变ie为y + ing lie - lying
◆ Just like nouns, gerunds can be used in many different situations. They can be used
◆ 跟名词一样，动名词在句中可以作不同的成分。
◇ as the subject作主语:
◇ You can use a gerund when you want to use a verb as the subject of a sentence or a phrase.
◇ 如若想用动词作为一个句子或短语的主语时，通常使用动名词。
★ Smoking in public areas should be banned.
★ 应该禁止在公共场所吸烟。
★ Sailing around the world is an adventure.
★ 环球航行是一种冒险。
★ Eating too much sugar is bad for your teeth.
★ 吃太多的糖对牙齿不好。
★ Swimming is good for your body.
★ 游泳有益身体健康。
★ Eating in class is not allowed.
★ 不允许在课堂上吃东西。
★ Volunteering is a great way to give back to your community.
★ 做志愿者是回馈社会的好方式。
★ Eating fruits and vegetables is important for a healthy diet.
★ 多吃水果和蔬菜于健康饮食十分重要。
◇ 动名词常在“It is no use/no good/fun/a waste of time/a good pleasure等名词 + doing”结构中作主语，IT为形式主语。
★ It's no good trying to talk me out of leaving.
★ 想说服我不离开，没用。
★ It’s no use leaving a message, she never calls back anyway.
★ 留言也没用，她从不回电话。
★ It is a waste of time seeing that movie.
★ 看那部电影是浪费时间。
◇ 动名词也可在“There is no + doing”结构中作主语。
★ There is no standing still in this life; one must either advance or fall behind.
★ 在这样的生活中没用静止不动的。一个人要么前进、要么后退。
★ There is no denying that she is very efficient.
★ 她效率高是不可否认的。
◇ as the object 作宾语:
◆ There are many common verbs and verb phrases that take gerunds as objects.
◆ 有许多常见的动词和动词短语只能跟动名词作宾语。
★ Andy detested being photographed.
★ 安迪非常讨厌拍照。
★ She loathed being the child of impoverished labourers.
★ 她憎恨自己是贫困工人的孩子。
★ Do you fancy going out this evening?
★ 今晚你想不想出去？
★ She imagined walking into the office and handing in her resignation.
★ 她想象着自己走进办公室，递上辞呈。
★ It was an unpopular decision to postpone building the new hospital.
★ 延迟兴建新医院的决定不得人心。
★ He proposed changing the name of the company.
★ 他建议更改公司的名称。
★ I can't recall meeting her before.
★ 我想不起来以前曾经见过她。
★ He bitterly resents being treated like a child.
★ 他十分厌恶被别人当孩子对待。
★ The bank strongly resisted cutting interest rates.
★ 银行强烈反对降低利率。
★ He put off making a decision till he had more information.
★ 在获得详情之前，他没有急于做出决定。
★ I can’t stand working with people who always show up late.
★ 我无法忍受与那些总是迟到的人一起工作。
◇ after prepositions and prepositional phrases 介词或介词短语之后，使用动名词:
★ Before completing university, she already had several job offers.
★ 在大学毕业之前，她已经得到了多份工作邀请。
★ You should study instead of watching TV.
★ 你应该学习，不应该看电视。
★ We are looking forward to making a trip to the Great Wall.
★ 我们正期待着到长城一游。
★ She walked out of the room, without saying a word.
★ 她走出了房间，一句话也没说。
★ I have been thinking of him nonstop since meeting him.
★ 自从见过他之后，我就不停地想着他。
★ He hates all forms of creative expressions except writing.
★ 除了写作，他讨厌所有形式的创造性表达。
★ After recovering from his injury, Andy retired from rugby.
★ 伤愈后，安迪退出了橄榄球运动。
★ In spite of training for years, she got knocked out of the tournament in the first round.
★ 尽管训练了多年，她在第一轮就被淘汰出局。
★ I’m fed up with asking you to be quiet.
★ 我已经厌倦了要求你保持安静。
◇ 在“have difficulty/trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time (in) + doing”，“be busy (in) + doing”，“waste/lose time (in) + doing浪费时间做某事”，“There is no point (in) + doing做某事没有任何意义”等结构中，IN常省去。
★ Twins often have difficulty expressing themselves verbally.
★ 双胞胎往往有言语表达方面的困难。
★ The children are busy doing their homework.
★ 孩子们忙于做作业。
★ There is no pointing in taking your jacket, it’s really hot outside.
★ 带上外套没用必要，外面真的很热。
◇ How about doing…? / What about doing…?
★ How about listening to classical music?
★ 听点古典音乐怎么样？
★ What about going for a walk after supper?
★ 晚饭后去散步如何？
◆ We use GO + a gerund when we’re talking about hobbies or recreational activities.
◆ “GO + 动名词”来谈论爱好或娱乐活动。
★ go hiking 去徒步旅行
★ go swimming 去游泳
★ go fishing 去钓鱼
★ go shopping 去逛街
★ go sightseeing 去观光
动名词的逻辑主语：
◆ 当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的逻辑主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上形容性物主代词(my, his, her, its, our, your, their)或名词所有格，作为其逻辑主语。
★ Andy’s being careless caused so much trouble.
★ 安迪的粗心引起了诸多麻烦。
★ Can you imagine his saying such a thing?
★ 你能想象他说出这样的话吗？
★ Cathy’s going there is of no help.
★ 凯西去那儿也没什么用。
动名词的完成时态：having done
◆ 如果强调动名词表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常用动名词的完成时态。
★ I have no idea of their having done such a thing.
★ 我不知道他们做过这样的事。
★ The man in the corner confessed to having told a lie to the manager of the company.
★ 角落里的那个人承认自己对公司经理撒了谎。
★ I apologize for having broken my promise.
★ 未遵守诺言，我道歉。
动名词的被动态：being done
◆ 当动名词的逻辑主语与动名词的动作对象表示一种被动关系，用动名词的被动态。当表示一个被动动作发生在谓语动作之前，用动名词的被动完成时 having been done。
★ China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from being attacked in the South China Sea.
★ 近期，中国加强了对黄岩岛附近海域的控制以防止中国渔船受到攻击。
★ Three officers narrowly escaped being killed in the fierce battle.
★ 在那次激烈的战斗中，三名军官死里逃生。
★ Being exposed to sunlight for a long time is harmful to one’s skin.
★ 长时间接触阳光对皮肤有害。
★ She was proud of having being trained in the UK.
★ 在英国接受过训练，她很自豪。
动名词的主动形式表被动意义：
◆ 在动词need, require, want, deserve后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。Be Worth + 动名词，也是主动式表被动意义。
★ Your hair wants cutting. You’d better have it done tomorrow.
★ 你的头发该理了，最好明天就去理。
★ The outside of the house needs painting.
★ 这房子外墙需要刷漆了。
★ The machine requires repairing.
★ 这机器需要修理了。
★ This matter might be worth thinking about.
★ 这件事可能值得考虑。
★ The clock is hardly worth repairing.
★ 这台钟真不值得修理。
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