8 B Unit 6 Sunshine for all
welcome to the unit
1. train to be a volunteer for the Olympic Games受训成为一名奥运会的志愿者
（1） train n. 火车
（2） train v. 训练，培训
train to be/as ... 训练成为 train to be a volunteer 训练成为一名志愿者
train for为…训练 They are training for the boat race. 他们正在为划船比赛接受训练。
train sb. 训练某人
train to do sth.训练做… train sb.（not）to do sth. 训练某人(不)做某事
receive training 接受训练
(3) the Olympic Games 奥运会
2. support v.&n. 支持；养活 support→supporter支持者；拥护者
① have a lot of support from sb得到某人的大力支持
② Mark has a big family to support.马克养活一大家人。
③ with/without one’s support在某人的支持下/没有某人的支持
3. It’s meaningful to do sth. 做某事是有意义的
4． I need some more food to eat at work．我还需要一些在工作时吃的食物。
① need some more food to eat 需要更多一些吃的食物
Have you any more bread?你还有面包吗？
I want some more books.我还要几本书。
② at work 在工作时
5. the blind/ deaf/ disabled/ elderly/ homeless/ poor (people)盲人/ 聋哑人/ 残疾人/ 年纪大的人/无家可归的人/穷人
an elderly person 一个老年人
6. have one’s own place to live有自己的地方住
7. write to the local government 给当地政府写信
8. They can provide special places for homeless people to stay．他们能给无家可归的人提供特别的可以待的地方。
(1) provide sb. with sth. 或provide sth. for sb
(2) supply sb. with sth.或supply sth. to sb.
provide special places for homeless people = provide homeless people with special places
(3) offer侧重表示“愿意给予”，常用于offer sb. sth./offer sth. to sb向某人提供某物
offer to do sth 主动提出做某事
Reading
1. a report on the experience of a volunteer一份志愿者经历的报告
(1) ① experience作“(一次)经历”解时,是可数名词；作“经验”解时,是不可数名词.
He has many interesting experiences in his life. She has many years of experience in teaching.
表示做某事的经验， in [of] doingsth。如：
He has had many years’ experience in [of] planting wheat他有多年种小麦的经验。
He has had much experience in [of] this kind of work. 他有丰富的经验做这项工作。
②.用作动词，表示“体验”“经历”等，只用作及物动词。如：
The child had never experienced kindness. 这孩子从未受过善待。
He experienced great hardships for the first time in his life. 他有生以来第一次体验到巨大的艰苦。
有时其过去分词用作形容词。 Even experienced teachers can make mistakes.
2. what to expect期待什么 expect sb to do sth期待某人做某事 expect him to be an engineer期待他做一名工程师
3. ⑴ volunteer n意为“志愿者，志愿兵”。
Why do you want to be a volunteer ？ work as a volunteer 作为一名志愿者工作
⑵volunteer还可以作vi. vt.意为“自愿”。
I asked if anyone would help me but no one volunteered. volunteer to do sth.意为“自愿做……”
They volunteered to offer service during the Olympic Games. 他们自愿在奥运会期间提供服务
volunteer for (doing) sth 主动提出，志愿承担（做）某事
He volunteered for the hard and unprofitable job. 他自愿做这苦差使.
4. back in October, 2007 追溯到2007年10月
5. the most amazing experience of his life他一生中最惊人的经历
6. The Special Olympics World Games give children and adults with intellectual disabilities a chance to show their skills
to the world.
(1) children and adults with intellectual disabilities 有智力缺陷的孩子和大人
(2) give sb a chance to do sth给某人一个做某事的机会
(3) show sb. sth.= show sth. to sb. 给某人展示… show their skills to the world向世界展示他们的技能
7. be similar to与---相似 be similar in在…方面相似
8. over = more than 超过
9. give up their spare time for …. 为….. 放弃他们的空闲时间
give up (doing) sth放弃（做）某事 give them up 放弃他们
give up意为“放弃”，它和pick up一样，也是由“动词+副词”构成的短语动词，当名词作宾语时，
名词可以放在动词和副词之间或副词的后面；当代词作宾语时，代词只能位于动词和副词之间。如：
You ought to give up smoking. I gave it up last year.你应该戒烟。我去年就戒掉了。
Why don’t you give him up? 你怎么不和他一刀两断呢？
[拓展] give in屈服；让步；交上 give out 分发 give back归还（送回；反射）
give away送掉（泄露，放弃，分配，出卖）
10. It was necessary for the volunteers to receive training before doing the tasks.
receive training before doing the tasks在开始执行任务前接受训练
11. provide support for the athletes 给运动员提供支持
12. make the event a great success使比赛获得巨大成功
succeed, success, successful的区别和用法
一、succeed的用法
◆他的计划成功了。 误：His plan was succeeded. 正：His plan succeeded.
析：succeed 表示“成功”，是不及物动词，因此不能用于被动语态。
◆他终于把那个问题解决了。
误：At last he succeeded to solve the problem. 正：At last he succeeded in solving the problem.
析：表示做某事做成功了，succeed in doing sth.
又如：He succeeded in getting the job. She succeeded in (passing) the exam.
二、success的用法
◆失败是成功之母。
误：Failure is the mother of successes.
正：Failure is the mother of success.
析：success 表示抽象意义的“成功”，是不可数的；表示具体意 义的“成功的人或事”, 则是可数的。
His new book was a great success. He has had great success in business. He was a great success in business.
三、successful的用法
◆你想找所新房子你找到了吗?
误：Were you successful to find a new house?
正：Were you successful in finding a new house?
析：表示成功地做某事，be successful in doing sth
13. the swimming coach 游泳教练
14. be born with intellectual disabilities 生来有智力障碍 be born with生来俱有
15. It was very brave of him to join the competition. join (in) the competition 参加比赛
16. win a gold/silver获得金牌/银牌
17. ...not ..., but ... 不是...而是...
18. try one’s best (to do sth.) 尽力（做…）
19. finish fourth 获得第四名 finish doing sth. 完成做某事
20. feel more confident感到更自信 you're very confident（形容词）. you're full of confidence(名词).
① . confident作形容词，意为“自信的，有把握的”。
常构成短语be confident of/about或be confident 后接that从句，
表示“对……有把握，对……自信”。
He is confident of getting the first place.
He is quite confident that he will pass the examination.
②. confidence作名词，意为“信心，信赖”，
常用短语“have confidence in”意为“对……有信心”。
He lacks confidence in himself. 他缺少自信。
21. feel like part of one big family感觉像大家庭的一份子 feel like sth感觉像某事 想要做某事feel like doing sth
22 . work closely with sb与某人密切合作
23 You get to help them achieve their dreams,... 你帮助他们实现他们的梦想，……(p. 81 )
(1) achieve作“取得（胜利、成功等）”、“实现（目标、目的等）”解时，习惯跟以下名词搭配：victory，success， fame , aim,goal, etc.如： Nothing would stop me from achieving my ambition.
(2) dream用作名词，意为“梦；梦想；愿望”。
She has a dream to be a singer.她有一个成为歌手的梦想。
His dream of visiting Beijing has come true.他去北京的愿望实现了。
dream用作动词，意为“做梦；梦想”。如： What did you dream about? 你梦到什么了？
(3) achieve/realize their dreams make their dreams come true实现他们的梦想
(4) get to do sth 有机会做某事//得到做某事的机会
24. offer to help without getting paid 不计酬劳主动提供帮助
25. That’s why那就是…的原因
26. What are…for? ……的目的是什么？
Grammar
1. 给老人让座give seats to the elderly 2. 帮助盲人过马路help blind people (to) cross the road
3.捐钱给慈善机构donate money to charities donate money to sb. 为某人捐款 raise money for为…筹款
4. a lost pet一只遗失了的宠物
5. 一对一地开展工作do their work one-to-one one-to-one一对一
6. with the help of…. 在….的帮助下 without the help of… 没有…的帮助
7. make sure 确信
8. have (no) trouble (in) doing sth 做…有困难 have trouble with sth.在某事有困难
have difficulty/problems in doing sth. have difficulty/problems with sth.做某事有困难
make friends with sb. 与某人交朋友
donate blood to people in need献血给需要的人
9. keep in touch with sb. by writing emails通过写邮件相互联系 talk on the phone 电话交谈
10. teach them Chinese教他们中文 in this way 用这种方法
11. in our daily lives在我们的日常生活中
12. save one’s pocket money节省零花钱
13.work as volunteers at community centre在社区中心做志愿者工作
14. in the south-west/ north-west of China= in South-west/ North-west China在中国西南部/西北部
15. in the southern/ northern part of China 在中国南/北部
16. improve their lives改善他们的生活
17.save our pocket money 节约我们的零花钱
18.learn about different cultures 了解不同的文化
19. help our mind relax 帮助我们的大脑放松 not...any more. 不再...
20. teenagers’ after-school activities 青少年的课外活动
21. need to take action to protect it . 需要采取措施来保护它
Task:
1. a serious blood disease一种严重的血液病 2. have/ do an operation on sb. 给某人做手术
3. as soon as possible尽早，尽快
4. lose one’s life丧生 拯救某人的生命save one’s life
5. Many hands make light work 人多力量大
6. give a helping hand to sb. give sb. a helping hand伸出援助之手帮助某人
7. children without parents没有父母的孩子 8. earthquake survivors地震幸存者
9. get well康复 10. 生病住院 be ill in hospital 在医院 in the hospital
语法：
【课堂导学】
It is + adj.+ to do sth .通常用来表示对某事物的看法，意为“做某事是……”这个句型常用表示性质、状况的形容词如easy, difficult, pleasant, important等做表语
Eg;I think that is is very important to keep the classroom clean.
It is + adj+ for sb + to do sth .意为“做某事对某人来说是……”
Eg; it is dangerous for children to swim in the sea.
It is + adj.+ of sb + to do sth .这个句型用来表达某人的品格和能力。
Eg: it is very kind of you to help me.
语法一、 名词 (一) 知识概要
名词两大类：专有名词与普通名词。专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall， America…它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如pen, worker…它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family,class， team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water,paper…它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词，如:work, time…它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。
种类 专有名词 London, John, the Communist Party of China
普 通 名 词 类名词 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table
集体名词 class, family, army, police, team, people
物质名词 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand
抽象名词 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest
名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work…可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是：
1. 一般情况加s,如：pen—pens, doctor—doctors,boy—boys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读［s］，在元音和浊辅音后读［z］。如:map—map ， boy—boys.
2. 在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es，如：bus—buses,class—classes,其读音为［iz］。
3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s，其读音为［iz］。
4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，要将y变为i再加es，读作［z］，如：factory—factories,country—countries, family—families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如:boy—boys,day—days。
5. 以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词，缩写词以o结尾的则只加s，如：tomato—tomatoes,hero—heroes;photo—photos,radio—radios,piano—pianos
6. 以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es，如：knife—knives, leaf—leaves, 但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。
7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的，它没有规律可循，如:man—men,woman—women, child—children, foot—feet,tooth—teeth, mouse—mice
8. 单复同形的名词有：fish, sheep,deer… 9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。
名词还有格的变化，其主格可作主语，宾格可作宾语。
还有所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's其复数形式是s'，如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's，如：a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家……名词的所有格要用's，如：a twenty minutes' walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers
(二) 正误辨析［误］Please give me a paper.［正］Please give me a piece of paper.
［析］paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper.
［误］My glasses is broken.［正］My glasses are broken.
［误］I want to buy two shoes.［正］I want to buy two pairs of shoes.
［析］英语中glasses—眼镜，shoes—鞋，trousers—裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.
［误］May I borrow two radioes?［正］May I borrow two radios?
［析］以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式，但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.
［误］This is a Mary's dictionary.［正］This is Mary's dictionary.
［析］如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those,及其他修饰词our,some, every, which, 或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。
［误］There are much people in the garden.［正］There are many people in the garden.
［析］可数名词前应用many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰，而people是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：The people are planting trees here.
［误］I want a few water.［正］I want a little water.
［析］不可数名词前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some来修饰，但不可用many,few来修饰。
［误］Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.［正］Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.
［误］Tom's and Mary's family are waiting for us.［正］Tom's and Mary's families are waiting for us.
［误］I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's families are waiting for me.
［正］I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's family are waiting for me.
［析］集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Tom's family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family, class, team
［误］Don't eat too much meats.［正］Don't eat too much meat.
［误］Food in that restaurant is very good.［正］The food in that restaurant is very good.
［析］物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加s，即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如：I don't like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.
［误］Please give me two waters.［正］Please give me two glasses of water.
［析］物质名词如要加计量时，一定要加量词，如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread, a piece of bread,a box of sugar,a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,a bag of earth例： I'll tell you a piece of good news.
［误］Can you give me the newspaper of today?［正］Can you give me today's newspaper?
［析］加's构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Mary's hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用's来构成而不用of结构。如：a five minutes' walk.
［误］Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.［正］Please make room for the lady in the school bus.
［析］英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，
如： room为可数名词时为“房间”，如：I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜stone 石头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头woods 树林
［误］My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.［正］My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.
［析］英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。
［误］We have five German in this meeting.［正］We have five Germans in this meeting.
［析］英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen，而German 则要加s，因为它不是由国名与man的组合词。
［误］Physics are very difficult to learn.［正］Physics is very difficult to learn.
［析］虽以s结尾但只能用作单数名词有：科学，学科名字：Physics. Mathematics politics游戏名称：bowls 专有名称：Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布) 其他名词：news(消息，新闻)
［误］There is a people in the room.［正］There is a person in the room.［正］There is a man in the room.
［析］people是复数名词，不可用作单数，如要用来讲一个人时应用a person, a man, a woman。同样的词有police.要讲一个警察时则要用a policeman, a policewoman。
［误］There is a new car. It is Jone's and Mary's.［正］There is a new car. It is Jone and Mary's.
［析］有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加's如：Mary's car.如果是以s结尾的复数名词则只在s后面加’如：teachers' offices.如果是复数名词但不是以s结尾，则只加’s，如：children's palace 要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加's，如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加's，如：This is Mary and Jone's home.即Mary与Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而These are Mary's and Jone's homes.则应译为这里是Mary的家与Jone 的家。
［误］He is an old friend of my father.［正］He is an old friend of my father's.
［误］The teacher with five students are coming here.［正］The teacher with five students is coming here.
［析］要注意由with引出的介词短语不是本句的主语，这与连词and有很大的区别，如：The teacher and five students are coming here. 这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teacher的修饰语。
［误］There are a lot of information here, but we don't need them.
［正］There is a lot of information here, but we don't need it.
［析］information为不可数名词，而用作代替它的词要用it而不能用them.
［误］The Browns is going to visit China.［正］The Browns are going to visit China.
［析］定冠词加姓加s，则意为“Brown先生一家人”。所以应用复数谓语动词。Brown先生一家将要访问中国。
(三) 例题解析 1. Lucy and Lily＿＿＿in the same class. A. am B. is C. are D. be
［答案］C.［析］由and连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语动词。
2. Which is the ＿＿＿to the bus stop， please? A road B way C street D address
［答案］B.［析］这是考察同意词辨析，road是指较宽阔的大道，意为“乡间公路”，而street意为道路两边的建筑物较高，可视为街道之意，而way则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径，还可引深为方式、方法。而address则为“地址”。如：There is a car running along the country road. I live at 105 Park street. Can you show me the way to the National Museum?
3. Hurry up! There is＿＿＿ time left. A little B a little C few D a few
［答案］A.［析］因time作为时间讲为不可数名词，所以不可用few，a few来修饰。另外，英文的表达法与中文不同，中文讲，快点，时间不多了，而英文要讲，快点，没时间了。因此，要用little而不用a little.
4. How many ＿＿＿can you see in the picture? A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the tomato
［答案］B.［析］用How many提问时，其名词要用复数形式，而tomato的复数要加es.
5. — ＿＿＿is the meat. Please?— Ten yuan a kilo.A How much B How many C How old D How long
［答案］A.［析］由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时，不论其值是多少都是不可数名词，要用how much 提问。
6 The boy's name is James Allen Green. So his given name is＿＿＿.
A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green D Mr. Green
［答案］A.［析］英文的习惯与中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文则是姓在最后，其第一个名字是由父母所起的，中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可称作given name,而姓在英文中是family name.
7 Shanghai is one of the biggest＿＿＿in our country.A city B city's C citys D cities
［答案］D.［析］复音字母以y结尾的单词的复数形式要把y变成i再加es。one of 加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。
二、 冠词 (一) 知识概要
冠词在英语中只有3个词，分为两类：不定冠词a与an，定冠词the。 a用在以辅音开始的单数名词前，an用于以元音开始的单词前。不定冠词用来表示一类事物中泛指的某一事物，而定冠词则用于特指的某一个或某些事物，可用于不可数名词、可数名词单数及可数名词复数前。
(二) 正误辨析［误］This building is an university.［正］This building is a university.
［析］a用于以辅音音素开始的单词前，而an用于以元音音素开始的单词前，而不是元音字母开头的单词前。university的第一个音素是［j］，所以用a而不要用an。又如：There is a “n” in the word.是错句，应为：There is an “n”in the word.因字母n的发音的第一个音素是元音。要注意的还有hour因其第一个字母h不发音，所以应该用an hour。例如：an hour a useful dictionary a used car.
［误］I need a umbrella because it looks like raining.［正］I need an umbrella because it looks like raining.
［析］因umbrella的第一个音素是元音，所以应用an.常用的情况有：an old man, an English teacher, an elephant, an idea, an hour ago, an honest boy…。
［误］“Can you help me”“Sorry, I'm in hurry.”［正］“Can you help me” “Sorry. I'm in a hurry.”
［析］不定冠词的主要用法如下：1. 用来表示一类人或事物，如：She is a teacher.
2. 指某一类人或事物中的一个，如：An elephant is bigger than a horse.
3. 泛指某一人或事物，如：A man is waiting for you at the school gate.
4. 相当于“one”的概念，如：I just bought a new dictionary.
5. 其主要的难点是用在固定词组中：如：have a walk/a rest /a look又如：in a hurry 匆匆忙忙make a face 作鬼脸
a number of =many又如：have a good time (玩得好) have a cold (感冒)have a headache (头痛)have a break=have a rest
［误］I bought the dictionary yesterday. A dictionary is very good.
［正］I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is very good.
［析］在文章中第一次提到某物时用不定冠词，而第二次提到时用定冠词。
［误］Please turn off lights before you leave.［正］Please turn off the lights before you leave.
［析］虽然是第一次提到某物但说话双方均知其所指，也应用定冠词。
［误］There are nine planets around a sun.［正］There are nine planets around the sun.
［析］世上独一无二的天体等名词前应加定冠词，如：the earth, the moon, the sun, the sky, the sea.
［误］I live on a second floor of this building.［正］I live on the second floor of this building.
［析］在序数词，形容词最高级前要用定冠词。如：He is the oldest in the family.
［误］Rich are not always happy.［正］The rich are not always happy.
［析］在形容词前加定冠词表示一类人，而在姓的前面加定冠词，姓后加s表示某一家，如：The turners are going to move to New York.
［误］The sun rises in east.［正］The sun rises in the east.
［析］在方向、方位前应用定冠词，如：in the east,、west、north, south, 及in the past, in the future
［误］Do you know who invented telephone［正］Do you know who invented the telephone
［误］Would you please buy some food for the supper. ［正］Would you please buy some food for supper.
［析］泛指一日三餐前无定冠词。
［误］I like to climb the mountain in the autumn.［正］I like to climb the mountain in autumn.
［析］一年四季前不用定冠词，如：Spring is the best season in a year.
［误］Sometimes my parents come to school to see me.
［正］Sometimes my parents come to the school to see me.
［析］有些名词被用作其本身原来所含目的时不加冠词，如：go to school上学，leave school(辍学)，after school(放学)，又如，He was in hospital for two days.(他在医院住院两天了。)而：He went to the hospital to see his mother.
［误］I went to New York by his car.［正］I went to New York by car.［正］I went to New York in his car.
［析］by仅仅与交通工具相连表示应用某种工具，而加了别的修饰词后其前面的介词也应作相应的转换。
如：by car (坐小汽车)by taxi (坐出租车)by bike (骑自行车)by water (乘船)by air (乘飞机)by sea (乘船)
［误］Mary began to learn how to play piano when she was three.
［正］Mary began to learn how to play the piano when she was three.
［析］在乐器前要加定冠词，而在球类游戏之前则不要加冠词
常用的词组有：
as a rule (照例)in a hurry (匆忙)in the morning/afternoon (上/下午)in the sun (在阳光下)
in the rain (雨中)in the same way (同样)in the shade (在阴凉处)in the day time (白天)
in the end (最终)on the other hand (换句话说)
［正］The little boy and girl walk along the street hand in hand.
［析］这是英语中的习惯用法，如：
bit by bit (逐渐) day after (by) day (一天又一天) day and night (日日夜夜)
face to face (面对 面) from A to Z (自始至终) from time to time (再三) hand in hand (手拉手)
语法： 代词
(一) 知识概要
英语中代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词。
人称代词主要有主格和宾格之别。
人称 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们
主格 i you he she it we you they
宾格 me you him her it us you them
物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。请看下表
人称 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他们的
形容词性 my your his her its ours your they
名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
反身代词可见下表
人称 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们
反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourself themselves
指示代词主要有this, that, these, those
疑问代词有：who, whom whose, what, which,
不定代词在初中课本中主要有some, any， many, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either…
正误辨析
［误］Tom's mother is taller than my.［正］Tom's mother is taller than mine.
［析］形容词性物主代词后加名词 如：my book，名词性物主代词单独用
［误］We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish them.
［正］We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish it.
［析］在应用代词时，要注意人称，格与数的一致性。这里it所代替的是不可数名词homework， 所以应用it。
［误］He and you should go to the library to return the books.［正］You and he should go to the library to return the books.
［析］当两个以上的人称代词并列时其排列顺序一般为you, he, she, I,而复数时为we, you， they:如男女并列时，应先男后女，如：He and she … You, he and I
［误］Myself did it yesterday.［正］I myself did it yesterday.［正］I did it myself yesterday.
［析］反身代词不可作主语
英语中的习惯用法enjoy oneself 玩得开心make yourself at home 像在家中一样help yourself to something 自己拿某物lose oneself 迷路seat oneself 就坐dress oneself 穿衣
［误］—Who's this speaking.— That's Mary. ［正］—Who's that speaking. — This is Mary.
［析］在电话用语中，this指讲话人自己，而that指对方。
［误］The days in summer are longer than this in winter.
［正］The days in summer are longer than those in winter.
［析］在比较句中往往为了避免重复，可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物，如是单数时用that,复数时用those，如：The weather in Beijing is hotter than that in Chang Chun.
［误］It is so a good book that everyone likes to read.
［正］It is such a good book that everyone likes to read.
［正］It is so good a book that everyone likes to read.
［析］在可数名词单数时可用so+形容词+不定冠词+名词+that从句，也可用such+不定冠词+形容词+that从句。在不可数名词或可数名词复数时，只用such, 如：It is such good weather that I want to go swimming. They are such good books that I want to buy them all.在many, much, few, little这4个词前仅能用so,
［误］I want to buy a same dictionary as yours.［正］I want to buy the same dictionary as yours.
［析］same与定冠词the是固定搭配不可更改。这样的用法还有all the same(仍然)。
［误］Everyone should do one's best.［正］Everyone should do his best.
［析］ someone, anyone, everyone或only one 则要用his/her，来作其所有格形式。
［误］— Who won the game?— None.［正］— Who won the game?— No one.
［析］由who用no one回答,而由How many提问的句子的否定回答中的简略语是None.
如：How many books are there? None.
［误］There are many trees on either sides of the street.
［正］There are many trees on either side of the street.［正］There are many trees on both sides of the street.
［析］either是两者中的一个，either后要加单数名词，谓语动词也要用单数形式。
［误］Either you or I are right.［正］Either you or I am right.
［析］在either…or,或neither…nor连接两个主语时，其谓语动词要与和其相近的那个主语相配。
［误］I have three sisters. Neither of them is a doctor.［正］I have three sisters. None of them is a doctor.
［析］neither用于两者中无一个，而none则用于多于两者中的人或事物无一个。
［误］He doesn't like Beijing opera. I don't like too.［正］He doesn't like Beijing opera, I don't like either.
［析］either作为“也”讲时，要用于否定句中，而too则用于肯定句中。
［误］We each has a ticket for the concert.［正］We each have a ticket for the concert.
［析］each作句子主语时其谓语动词要用单数形式，如：Each of us wants to learn English well
［误］Everyone of us should do housework two hours a day.
［正］Every one of us should do housework two hours a day.
［析］everyone不可与of结构相连接使用，而every one则可以这样用。
［误］I should read English everyday.［正］I should read English every day.
［析］要注意的是every day是“每天”，而everyday则是形容词为“日常的”。如：everyday English日常英语，everyday life日常生活。
［误］There are trees on every sides of the street.［正］There are trees on each side of the street.
［析］every用于三者或三者以上的每一个，而each用于二者或二者以上的每一个。因为街道只有两侧，所以只能用each而不能用every.
［误］All my parents are engineers.［正］Both my parents are engineers.
［析］all用于三者或三者以上的全部，而both 则用于两者的全部。
与all有关的习惯用法有：all the year round, all week, all day, all winter
［误］The post office is on other side of the street.［正］The post office is on the other side of the street.
［析］单数可数名词如在泛指某一个时用another,而特指时则要用the other,因街道只有两边，而不在这边必定是在另一边，所以要用特指。
［误］There are ten students here Where are the others students?
［正］There are ten students here.Where are the others?
［正］There are ten students here Where are the other students?
［析］the others=the other students.
［误］The old man has two sons. One is a teacher, another is a doctor.
［正］The old man has two sons. One is a teacher, the other is a doctor.
［析］another用于泛指，如：Is it far from here to the station?I'm sorry. I have no idea. One may say it is quite near; another may say it is far from here.但在特指时则要用the other.它可以用作定语，the other one,也可以用作代词the other,但the other用作代词时它的含意一定是单数。如果指三者或者三者以上的情况时，则要用one…another…the other.或者one…a second…the third…
［误］Some people like sports. The others like reading.［正］Some people like sports. Others like reading.
［析］在泛指的复数名词前用some…others…others…来表示某些人……某些人……某些人……。
［误］This room is enough large for the students to live in.［正］This room is large enough for the students to live in.
［析］enough 可以用作代词，如：There is enough of the food. 又如：Enough has been done for the work，但enough 还可以作形容词来修饰名词，这时enough可以放在名词之前，也可放在名词之后，如：money enough 与enough money都是对的。但当enough作副词修饰形容词时，则只能置于形容词之后了。
［误］I want any books to read. Do you have any?［正］I want some books to read. Do you have any?
［析］按照语法any用于疑问句和否定句，而some用于肯定句。
［误］Would you like any thing to drink?［正］Would you like something to drink?
［析］在由would you like发出的问句中，表达了说话者真心实意要为对方提供些饮料，或在说话者想得到对方的肯定答复时，在疑问句中要用some而不用any。
［误］Someone want to meet you.［正］Someone wants to meet you.
［析］不定代词应被看作单数，即使用and连接两个不定代词，也要看作单数，如：Anyone and everyone has the right. 任何人，每一个人都有这样的权力。
［误］New York is much colder in winter than before.［正］It is much colder in New York in winter than before.
［析］it常常用在英文的句子中来代表时间、距离、天气、自然现象，或用在句中作形式主语或宾语，如：It is ten o'clock now. (代时间)It is far from here to the airport. (代距离)
It is very hot.(代天气) It is very difficult to learn English well. (作形式主语)
We found it very difficult to answer the question. (作形式宾语)
［误］Be careful. Don't drink too many.［正］Be careful. Don't drink too much.
［析］这里much所代的应是饮料或水，所以应为不可数名词。