冠词用法系列讲座(一)
不定冠词的用法
1.1 a [ an ]是不定冠词(Indefinite Article)。
1.2 a 用在读音以辅音音素开始的词之前， an 用在读音以元音音素开始的词之前：
a book 一本书
a doctor 一位医生
an egg 一个蛋
an uncle 一个叔叔
I want an apple and a knife. 我要一个苹果和一把刀子。
A new car is much more expensive than an old car. 新汽车比旧汽车贵得多。
He wants an assistant with a good knowledge of English. 他需要一位精通英语的助手。
需要注意的是，以元音字母开头但读音以辅音开头的词仍用 a ，以辅音字母开头但读音以元音开头的词仍用 an ：
a university[ˌjuːnɪ'vɜːsətɪ] 一所大学
a European[ˌjʊərəˈpiːən] 一个欧洲人
a one-eyed['wʌn'aid] man 一个独眼人
an honest[ˈɒnɪst] man 一个诚实的人
half an hour['aʊə(r)] =(美)a half hour 半小时
There is an “s”[es] and a “u”[juː] in the word “sound”. 在“sound”这个词中有一个“s”和一个“u”。
在英国英语中，以h开头的多音节词，如果第一个音节不重读，其前亦可用 an ：
There is an hotel[həʊˈtel] near here. 这附近有家旅馆。
1.3 在普通情形下， a 读作[ə]， an 读作[ən]，但为清楚表示对比或对照，特别强调或单读时应该重读， a 读作[eɪ]， an 读作[æn]：
Can I have a[ə] pencil, please? 请给我一支铅笔好吗？
I’ve got an[ən] orange. 我有一个橘子。
I am always confusing “a”[eɪ] with “an”[æn]. 我总是分不清“a”与“an”的区别。
A[eɪ] is used before a[ə] consonant sound while an[æn] is used before a[ə] vowel sound. a用于辅音音素前，an用于元音音素前。
1.4 a [ an ]用在单数可数名词前，表示“一个”，意思与one接近，但意义比one弱；不强调数字“一”时常用 a [ an ]，强调数字“一”时必须用 one ：
Rome wasn’t built in a day. 罗马不是一天建成的。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天吃一个苹果，身体健康不求医。
An inch of time is an inch of gold, an inch of gold can not buy an inch of time. 一寸光阴一寸金，寸金难买寸光阴。
This ticket admits one person. 这张票准许一人进入。
1.5 a [ an ]用在单数可数名词前，“泛指”某一类人或事物，表示同类人或事物中的“任何一个”，不强调“一”这个数量，比any的意义弱，翻译成中文时常略而不译：
A bird has wings. = Any bird has wings. 鸟有翅膀。
A dog is usually bigger than a cat. 狗通常比猫大。
A hill is the opposite of a valley. 山丘与山谷相对。
A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口，忠言逆耳。
1.6 a [ an ]用在作表语、补足语或同位语的名词前，说明某人或某事物属于哪一类；这种结构中的名词可以有定语，使所表示的类属的范围缩小，但表示类属的性质不变：
This is a book. 这是书(不是别的东西)。
He is a teacher. 他是老师(不是干别的工作的)。
That is a pen, not a pencil. 那是钢笔而不是铅笔。
It’s a red pencil that I want. 我要一支红铅笔。
I believed him an honest man. 我认为他是老实人。
The book was written by Li Siguang, a noted geologist. 这书是著名地质学家李四光写的。
1.7 a [ an ]可用于表示某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物，比a certain的意义弱；放在人的头衔前，意为“某一个”，表示说话者不认识此人；这种用法常用于叙事的开头：
A girl phoned you. 有一个女孩打电话给你。
The police caught a thief. 警察抓了一个小偷。
A table stands in the corner. 有一张桌子在角落里。
A car is waiting at the gate. 有一辆汽车在门口等着。
He bought a computer yesterday. 他昨天买了一台电脑。
A Mrs Green is waiting to see you. 有一位格林太太正等着见你。
A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out. 你外出时有一位史密斯先生来找过你。
Once upon a time there was a king. He had a daughter named Elizabeth. 从前有一个国王，他有个女儿叫伊莉莎白。
1.8 a [ an ]可与介词of组成名词短语，表同一性，意为“一种，一类”，与the same相当：
My wife and I are of an age. ⇌ My wife and I are of the same age. 我与妻子同岁。
These boxes are much of a size. ⇌ These boxes are of the same size. 这些盒子大小差不多。
We are of one [ a ] mind on this issue. ⇌ We are of the same mind on this issue. 在这个问题上，我们意见一致。
They are people of a kind. 他们是同类人。
They are all books of a type. 它们都是同一类书。
We are of a mind once more. 我们的意见再次一致了。
Birds of a feather flock together. 羽毛相同的鸟聚在一起。
Things of a kind come together; people of a mind fall into the same group. 物以类聚，人以群分。
1.9 a [ an ]用于由名词的-’s所有格或名词性物主代词与of所有格构成的双重所有格所修饰的名词前，表示所属的其中之一：
This is a book of Lucy’s. 这是露茜的一本书。
He is a friend of my sister’s. 他是我姐姐的一个朋友。
He is a teacher of mine. 他是我的一个老师。
He is a comrade-in-arms of ours. 他是我们的一位战友。
That was a mistake of yours. 那是你的一个错。
1.10 两个单数可数名词用and连接，表示配套成对组成一个整体的人或物，只在第一个名词前用 a [ an ]，第二个名词前不加冠词：
a knife and fork 一副刀叉，
a cup and saucer 一套杯盘，
a desk and chair 一套桌椅，
a coat and hat 一套衣帽，
a bow and arrow 一副弓箭，
a rod and line 一根钓鱼竿，
a horse and cart 一辆马车，
a man and woman一对男女，
a nut and bolt 一副螺钉，
a needle and thread 一根带线针。
1.11 a [ an ]用于某些复数形式的名词前，表示单数意义：
We came to a crossroads. 我们来到了十字路口。
There is a barracks in our town. 我们镇上有一座兵营。
He has a job at a glass works. 他在一家玻璃厂工作。
An iron and steel works was built here in the 1990’s. 二十世纪九十年代这里建了一座钢铁厂。
A crossroads is a place where roads cross. 十字路口就是路交叉的地方。
1.12 a [ an ]用在定语修饰的名词前，有时与such a相当：
He is not a man to be trifled with. 他不是那种好惹的人。
She is not a girl to do such things. 她不是做这种事的那种女孩。
He is a man that must be treated kindly. 他是那种必须要善待的人。
1.13 a [ an ]用于修饰名词的定语之前，表示某种状态或一时的特色：
He has a mild nature. 他天性温和。
She is a slight girl. 她是一个苗条的姑娘。
He is a mild teacher. 他是一位温和的老师。
It was a hot August. 那是一个炎热的八月。
We had a terribly cold winter this year. 今年冬天冷得要命。
A prosperous China will no longer be a dream. 一个繁荣的中国将不再是梦想。
A few minutes later he was met by an anxious Miss Smith. 几分钟后焦急的史密斯小姐向他迎了上来。
1.14 a [ an ]用在表示独一无二的事物或表示自然界现象的名词有定语修饰时，表示该事物或现象的某种属性或一时特色：
Day broke and a brilliant sun lit up the rooms. 天亮了，灿烂的阳光照亮了房间。
It was a dismal winter night. A pale moon hung low in the sky. 这是一个阴沉的冬夜，苍白的月亮挂在天边。
It is a world of wonders, a world where anything can happen. 这是一个奇迹频出的世界，一个什么事情都可能发生的世界。
There was a blue sky. 天空是蓝的。
There’s a rough sea. 海上波涛汹涌。
A strong wind is blowing. 大风在吹着。
1.15 a [ an ]用在计量单位的名词前，表示“每，每一”，与each, every, per等相当：
We have three meals a day. 我们一日三餐。
There are seven days in a week. 一周有七天。
He makes $2,000 a month. 他每月挣2,000美元。
He goes to Japan once or twice a year. 他每年去日本一两次。
They are sold at three dollars a dozen. 它们的售价是每打三美元。
The little car can go at a speed of 100 kilometers an hour. 这辆小汽车能以每小时100公里的速度行驶。
The visitors entered the exhibition hall thirty at a time. 参观的人每次三十名进入展厅。
1.16 a [ an ]可用在某些常见的一般疾病名词前，表示一种或一定程度的病痛：
I have a headache. 我头疼。
He has got a toothache. 他在害牙疼。
He has a pain in his stomach. 他胃痛。
John is running a fever. 约翰正在发烧。
Have you ever had a sore throat? 你喉咙疼过吗？
You should not go to work with a bad cold. 你不该带着重感冒去上班。
1.17 a [ an ]用在物质名词前，表示相应产品或种类，意为“一种”；或表示一定量的概念，意为“一个，一杯，一罐，一份”等，使物质名词转化为表示“一个单位”的可数名词：
I want a cloth that will wear well. 我要一种耐穿的布。
Mao-tai is a famous Chinese wine. 茅台是一种中国名酒。
Marble is a precious stone. 大理石是一种珍贵的石料。
A light snow was falling. 下着一场小雪。
What a strong wind! 多大的一阵风啊！
What a terrible storm! 多么可怕的暴风雨啊！
I saw a smoke in the distance. 我看见远处一缕烟。
Will you have a whisky? 你要一杯威士忌吗？
I want an ice-cream. 我要一份冰淇淋。
I’d like a beer, please. 请给我一杯啤酒。
Bring me a coffee, please. 请给我一杯咖啡。
1.18 a [ an ]可用在某些抽象名词前，赋予具体含义：
① 表示“一个，一件，一门，一种，一场”等意：
She is quite a beauty. 她真是个美人儿。
It was a just war. 这是一场正义的战争。
He lives a happy life. 他过着幸福的生活。
To gossip is a fault. 背后说人是一种缺点。
It’s an honour to meet you. 见到你很荣幸。
It is a good habit to eat slowly. 细嚼慢咽是好习惯。
Sociolinguistics is a new science. 社会语言学是一门新学科。
It’s a shame to deceive your friends. 骗你自己的朋友是很可耻的事。
He is a success in cause but a failure in marriage. 他在事业上是一个成功者，但在婚姻上是一个失败者。
② 用于由动词转化来的或具有动作意味的名词前，表示某种动作的“一例，一次，一番”等意：
Let me have a try. 让我试一试。
Let me have a look. 让我看一看。
Let’s have a rest. 我们休息一下。
Do you care for a smoke? 抽烟吗？
Would you like a drink? 要喝一杯吗？
Let’s go out for a walk. 我们出去走走吧。
After a climb, I had a read. 登山之后，我就看书。
After a run, she had a swim. 跑步之后，她就游泳。
I’ll give the car a good wash. 我要把车好好洗一洗。
Let’s make an analysis of it. 我们对此作一番分析吧。
③ 表示某种情绪、思想、意识、感情、态度等：
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1.38 a 用在“a bit of[enough of, less of, more of, much of, something of, somewhat of等 + a + 单数名词”的结构中，进行等级比较，其中的单数名词叫等级名词：
He’s a bit of a rake. 他有点浪荡公子的味道。
He is enough of a man to tell the truth. = He is manful enough to tell the truth. 他很有勇气，敢讲真话。
You are less of a fool than I thought. = You are less foolish than I thought. 你并非我想象的那么傻。
He is now more of a hypocrite than ever before. = He is now more hypocritical than ever before. 他现在比以前更虚伪了。
He is too much of a coward to tell the truth. = He is too cowardly to tell the truth. 他太胆怯，不敢讲真话。
I saw something of a cloud. 我看见一种像云似的东西。
He is somewhat of a liar. 他有点爱撒谎。
冠词是英语中十分重要、意义色彩非常复杂的词，它的使用率很高，是英语中最常用的词。
传统语法将冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两类，现代英语将冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词三类。
冠词是一种本身不能独立使用的虚词，一般放在名词前面，帮助说明这个名词的含义。
冠词的用法有其规律性，又有其习惯性。有时必须用不定冠词，有时必须用定冠词；有时既可用不定冠词也可用定冠词；有时不用或缺省冠词；有时用或不用冠词，用不定冠词或用定冠词，意义上又差别很大。
为了更好地掌握和使用冠词，我对冠词的用法进行了深入细致的学习和研究、归纳和总结，整理成册，与广大英语爱好者共同学习。需要者可加微信shengengjingdian，我将分享冠词的详细讲解。
《英语冠词》共十章，前五章讲基本知识，后五章讲深入内容，努力解决现有语法书含糊不清的地方，帮助深层次了解冠词的使用，解决冠词使用和考试中出现的疑难问题。
这是一本论述英语冠词的专著。讲述了不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词的用法以及冠词的省略和后置，详述了各类词语使用冠词的情形，阐述了泛指、类指、特指、独指的语言现象以及不定冠词与数词one的区别和定冠词与指示限定词的区别，解析了冠词使用中常见的错误。特别适合中学生学习英语冠词时使用，也可供英语爱好者以及专家学者遇到冠词使用的疑难问题时查阅。
《英语冠词》目 录
第一章 不定冠词的用法
第二章 定冠词的用法
第三章 零冠词的用法
第四章 冠词的省略
第五章 冠词的后置
第六章 各类词语使用冠词的情形
第七章 泛指、类指、特指、独指
第八章 不定冠词与数词one的区别
第九章 定冠词与指示限定词的区别
英语有很多容易混淆的词语。在英汉词典中有很多汉语释义雷同或相近的英语词汇，在很多情况下，由于语境、搭配、句型结构等不同，它们之间有的存在细微差异，有的存在很大差别；有些词义相同或相近的词汇在某些情况下可换用，但在另一些情况下却不能换用；这在许多同义词、近义词中都有类似情况，很容易误用和错用。在英语词汇中，有些单词相貌非常相似，但词义却不同，很容易张冠李戴。如果不了解同义词、近义词、近形词等易混词语的区别，尤其是这类词之间的细微差异和习惯用法，就掌握不到规范、地道的英语，在交际和写作中常令人匪夷所思，甚至闹出笑话，因此，熟悉和掌握易混词语的区别和用法是非常重要的。
为此，我学习和研究英语易混词20多年，辨析了560组常用的或疑难的易混词，Word排版，大32开，1128页，80万字，150万字符。为了与网友分享，又编辑了手机版。
以易混词语组为主干，列出一组易混词语，说明这组易混词语的共性和区别，逐词阐释词义及用法，并配有例句及汉语译文，以便系统地掌握一组易混词语的共同点和区别。每组词的解释和说明力求简明扼要、通俗易懂，且又尽量详尽；针对解释和说明，选择例句规范、地道、实用，具有时代特色，容易学习模仿，努力做到层次清楚、主次分明，使人见树又见林，知其然更能知其所以然。
例句涉及天文地理、自然科学、人文科学，学习英语易混词的同时，增加多方面的知识，有些例句包含人生哲理，催人奋进。
《英语易混词辨析》是我20多年对英语易混词学习和研究的总结。每句话都经过反复考究、反复推敲，有时为考究一句话的正误要花上几天甚至几十天，有的一组词的考证总结就用了几年功夫。
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《英语易混词辨析》目录
1. a, an
2. a[an], one
3. a[an], the
4. abandon, desert, discard, forsake, give up
5. abide, bear, endure, stand, suffer, tolerate, put up with, brook
6. ability, capability, capacity, competence, faculty, genius, talent, power, skill, aptitude
7. able, capable, competent, adequate, qualified
8. abnormal, irregular, unusual, eccentric, unnatural, exceptional, subnormal, aberrant
9. aboard, board
10. abolish, abrogate, annul, countermand, repeal, rescind, revoke, cancel, call off, do away with
11. about, approximately, around, roughly
12. about, around, round
13. about, of, on
14. above, beyond, over, more than
15. above, over, on
16. abroad, overseas
17. absolute, complete, entire, perfect, utter, total, thorough, full
18. absorb, digest, assimilate, suck
19. abstract, attract, contract, distract, extract, protract, retract, subtract, tractor
20. abstract, digest, outline, summary, resume, synopsis, gist
21. absurd, ridiculous, preposterous, ludicrous
22. accelerate, quicken, speed
23. accent, dialect, tone, pronunciation, intonation
24. accept, receive
25. accessory, appendix, attachment, supplement, affiliation
26. accompany, company, see, attend, escort, convoy
27. accomplish, achieve, complete, finish, fulfil(l)
28. accomplishment, achievement, exploit, feat, success
29. accord, agree, coincide, conform, correspond, square, tally
30. accord, agreement, convention, treaty, pact, compact, bargain, contract, understanding
31. according to, in accordance with, in accord with
32. accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, so
33. accumulate, amass, assemble, collect, gather, congregate, hoard
34. accurate, exact, precise
35. accuse, charge, denounce, blame, condemn, scold, rebuke, reproach, censure, chide, reprove, upbraid, impeach
36. achieve, acquire, obtain, gain, get, attain, earn, derive, secure, win, procure
37. achieve, attain, arrive, reach, gain, get, come to
38. acknowledge, admit, concede, confess, own, recognise, recognize, allow, grant
39. acquaintance, friend, intimate, familiar, confidant, confidante
40. act, action, behave, behavio(u)r, conduct, deed, manner, activity, style
41. actor, actress, performer, player, cast
42. actual, authentic, genuine, positive, practical, real, true, virtual
43. acute, keen, sharp
44. acute, urgent, imperative, critical, crucial, pressing, emergency
45. add, increase, gain, augment, multiply, broaden, widen, lengthen, enlarge
46. add, plus
47. additional, extra, supplementary
48. address, deliver, discourse, lecture, speak, talk, speech, declaim, orate
49. address, greet, hail, salute, welcome
50. adhere, glue, stick, cling, cohere
51. adopt, foster
52. adorn, decorate, ornament, embellish, bedeck, garnish
53. adult, grown-up, mature, ripe, mellow
54. advance, forward, further, promote, expedite
55. advance, move on, proceed, progress, march
56. advanced, progressive, radical
57. advantage, benefit, profit, interest
58. adventure, venture, risk, hazard, chance
59. adverse, contrary, opposite, reverse, contradictory, converse, inverse
60. advice, proposal, proposition, recommendation, suggestion
61. advise, counsel, propose, recommend, suggest
62. advise, persuade, convince, counsel, recommend, urge, induce, coax
63. affair, business, concern, matter, thing
64. affect, effect
65. affect, influence, impress, impact, leverage
66. affection, emotion, feeling, passion, sentiment, sentimentality
67. affirm, allege, assert, claim, declare
68. afraid, fearful, dreadful, frightful, awful, awesome, horrible, horrid, horrific, terrible, terrific, frightened, frightening
69. after, behind
70. afterward(s), later
71. age, epoch, era, period, times, day, date
72. aged, elderly, old
73. ago, before
74. agony, anguish, misery, torment, torture, distress, grief, grieve, mourn, sadden, sadness, sorrow
75. agree, approve, consent, grant, subscribe, be for, accede, assent, concur
76. aid, assist, help
77. air, atmosphere, gas
78. alike, like, parallel, similar, same, identical, equal, comparable
79. alive, live, living
80. all, whole
81. alleviate, ease, lessen, lighten, relieve, abate, allay, assuage, mitigate, soothe, subside
82. allocate, assign, distribute, divide, allot, apportion
83. allow, permit
84. almost, nearly
85. alone, lonely, lone, lonesome, solitary, desolate, forlorn
86. aloud, loud, loudly
87. already, yet
88. also, as well, too, either
89. although, though
90. altogether, all together
91. always, forever, usually, often, frequently, repeatedly, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, hardly, rarely, never
92. among, between
93. amount, number
94. amplify, enlarge, expand, magnify
95. analogy, likeness, resemblance, similarity
96. ancient, antique, antiquity
97. anger, indignation, fury, rage, outrage, wrath
98. angle, corner, horn
99. animal, beast, creature, brute
100. announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, publish
101. annoy, bother, disturb, interfere, interrupt, irritate, trouble
102. another, other
103. answer, reply, respond
104. anxiety, care, concern, worry
105. anxious, eager, keen, hungry, thirsty, longing, yearning
106. any, some
107. anyhow, anyway
108. anyone, any one
109. apparent, clear, distinct, evident, manifest, obvious, plain, noticeable, visible
110. appear, arise, emerge, loom, pop, come out
111. appear, look, seem
112. appoint, designate, name, nominate
113. appreciate, enjoy
114. appropriate, fit, fitting, proper, suitable
115. area, district, region, section, zone, belt, quarter, part, ward, neighbo(u)rhood, locality
116. argue, dispute, debate, quarrel, row, reason, squabble
117. arise, rise
118. arms, weapon, armament, weaponry
119. army, troops, force, military
120. article, composition, theme, essay, prose, paper, editorial, thesis, dissertation
121. artificial, synthetic, man-made, fake, false, sham
122. as, like, alike
123. as good as, as well as
124. ashamed, shameful, shameless
125. ask, question, inquire, examine, interrogate, query, demand
126. asleep, sleep, sleeping, sleepy
127. aspire, desire, dying, hunger, long, pine, starve, thirst, yearn, pant, crave
128. associate, colleague, companion, company, fellow, mate, partner, comrade
129. association, society, club, league, union, alliance, federation, fellowship, community
130. assure, ensure, insure, guarantee
131. at, in, on
132. attach, band, bandage, bind, bunch, bundle, chain, fasten, hitch, rope, secure, strap, tape, tie, wrap
133. attempt, try, endeavo(u)r
134. attend, join, participate, take part in, be[go] in for, enter
135. attract, draw, appeal, charm, tempt, lure, allure, entice
136. audience, spectator, listeners, viewers
137. author, writer
138. avenge, revenge, retaliate
139. avenue, street, road, lane, way, expressway, freeway, motorway, highway, highroad, pavement, sidewalk, pedestrian crossing, zebra crossing, pedestrian crosswalk, alley, drive, driveway, parkway, path, footpath, footway, pathway, trace, track, trail, route, course, line
140. avoid, dodge, escape, flee, run away, miss, duck, elude, evade, shun
141. await, wait
142. award, reward, prize, bonus
143. awkward, clumsy, ungainly
144. baby, child, boy, girl, infant, kid, lad, lass, babe, toddler
145. bachelor, master, doctor
146. bad, ill, evil, wicked
147. baffle, bewilder, confuse, embarrass, puzzle, perplex, confound, disconcert, mystify
148. bake, roast, toast, grill, broil, barbecue
149. balance, equilibrate, equilibrium, poise
150. bald, bare, barren, naked, nude, stark
151. ban, forbid, prohibit
152. bank, beach, coast, shore, seaside
153. banner, flag, standard, pennant
154. bar, barricade, barrier, block, roadblock, handicap, hindrance, hurdle, impediment, obstacle, obstruction
155. bar, barricade, block, roadblock, deter, forestall, hamper, handicap, hinder, impede, inhibit, interfere, interrupt, obstruct, prevent, stop, keep, hold
156. barbarous, bloody, brutal, cruel, ferocious, fierce, inhuman, merciless, pitiless, ruthless, savage, vicious
157. base, basis, foundation
158. basic, elemental, elementary, essential, fundamental, primary, rudimentary
159. bath, bathe
160. bay, bight, cove, creek, fiord, fjord, gulf, inlet
161 be about to do, be going to (do)
162. beam, blaze, glare, glow, ray, shine, light, lighten, illuminate, kindle
163. bear, bore, born, borne, birth
164. beat, defeat, win, victory, conquer, overcome, prevail, triumph, vanquish
165. beautiful, pretty, handsome, good-looking
166. because, as, since, for
167. because of, due to, owing to, on account of, thanks to
168. beckon, gesture, motion, sign, signal
169. begin, start
170. believe, trust
171. beloved, favo(u)rite, popular
172. below, under, beneath, underneath
173. beside, besides
174. besides, apart from, aside from, else than, other than
175. besiege, encircle, enclose, envelop, fence, picket, surround
176. better, improve
177. big, large, great
178. bite, gnaw, nibble, chew, peck, lick, devour, swallow
179. bite, gnaw, snap, savage, nibble, peck, sting
180. blank, margin, empty, bare, hollow, vacant, free, void, vacuum
181. blast, blow, burst, explode, dynamite, erupt
182. blemish, flaw, defect, shortcoming, weakness, fault
183. blend, compound, mixture, composite, alloy
184. blend, mix, combine, mingle, merge
185. blink, flare, flash, flicker, glance, gleam, glimmer, glint, glisten, glitter, shimmer, spark, sparkle, twinkle, wink
186. blink, wink, twinkle
187. blush, flush, glow, crimson, redden
188. board, commission, committee, council, jury
189. boat, canoe, craft, dinghy, ferry, raft, yacht, sail, ship, liner, cruiser, vessel, tanker, barge, tug, steamer, sub
190. bold, brave, courage, dare, heroic
191. border, boundary, frontier, barrier, division, limit
192. border, brim, rim, brink, edge, fringe, margin, verge
193. borrow, lend, loan, use
194. both, either, neither
195. bowl, cup, glass, plate, saucer, dish, dishes, spoon, chopsticks, knife, fork
196. branch, bough, limb, twig, spray, shoot
197. brand, make, trademark, label, tag
198. break, burst, chip, crack, crash, crush, fracture, grind, shatter, smash, snap, splinter, split
199. breed, foster, raise, rear, bring up
200. brief, short
201. bring, take, fetch, get
202. broad, wide
203. burden, load
204. business, commerce, trade, bargain, deal, traffic
205. businessman, dealer, merchant, trader, tradesman, retailer, wholesaler
206. button, knob, switch, control, dial, wheel
207. buy, purchase
208. calculate, compute, count, figure, number, reckon, work out
209. calm, quiet, silent, still, placid, restful, serene, tranquil
210. campaign, crusade, drive, movement, motion
211. can, could, be able to
212. can, could, may, might
213. can, could, may, might, must
214. cane, staff, stick
215. cap, hat
216. careful, cautious, discreet, guarded, prudent, prudential, alert, vigilant, wary, watchful
217. carry, bear, hump, tote, haul, lug, cart, run, raft, fly, ship, convey, deliver, ferry, shuttle, hurry, transport
218. case, circumstance, condition, situation, state, status
219. catastrophe, calamity, disaster, plague, tragedy
220. catch, clutch, grasp, grip, seize, capture, clasp, grab, snatch, arrest, trap
221. cause, reason
222. caution, warn, forewarn, admonish
223. celebrate, congratulate, compliment
224. centre, core, focus, heart, hub, nucleus, middle
225. certain, sure
226. chance, occasion, opportunity, break
227. change, alter, convert, vary, transform, turn, adapt, modify, adjust, accommodate
228. channel, strait
229. character, individuality, personality, nature
230. charter, hire, lease, let, rent, tenant
231. chase, catch, pursue, hunt, be[run, go, get, seek] after
232. check, examine, inspect, test, verify, go over, go through, look over, look through
233. chief, main, major, primary, prime, principal, capital, central, key, leading
234. choice, pick, alternative, option, election, selection, vote, preference
235. choose, pick, select, prefer, elect, vote, opt
236. circle, circuit, encircle, orbit, revolve, rotate, swivel, wheel, crank, pivot, spin, whirl, twirl, twist, swirl, turn, roll, round
237. cite, quote
238. class, course, lesson
239. clay, earth, ground, mud, soil, land
240. clever, wise, smart, bright, brilliant, gifted, ingenious, intellectual, intelligent, sagacious, shrewd, apt, cute
241. climate, weather
242. climb, crawl, creep, ascend, mount, scale, scramble
243. close, conclude, end, finish, terminate
244. close, shut
245. clothe, dress, wear, put on, have on, be in
246. clothes, clothing, coat, dress, suit
247. coarse, crude, rude, rough, harsh, vulgar
248. cold, bleak, chill, chilly, cool, warm, warmth, heat, hot
249. column, file, queue, rank, row, line, range, procession
250. come, go
251. comfort, console, relieve, solace, soothe, appease, placate, pacify
252. comfort, ease
253. command, direct, instruct, order, bid, dictate
254. common, general, universal, normal, ordinary, usual, average, commonplace
255. compare, contrast
256. compel, constrain, enforce, force, impel, impose, oblige
257. complex, complicated, intricate, involved
258. component, constituent, element, ingredient
259. compose, comprise, consist of, constitute, form, make
260. comprehensible, comprehensive
261. concentrate, focus
262. concept, conception, notion, idea, outlook, opinion, thinking, thought, judgement, view, viewpoint
263. concern, concerned, concerning
264. conduct, direct, guide, lead, navigate, pilot, steer, usher
265. confine, limit, restrict
266. connect, join, joint, link, combine, couple, associate, unite, unify
267. consequence, effect, result, outcome, upshot, finding, fruit
268. consequence, importance, significance, value, magnitude
269. consign, despatch, dispatch, express, forward, freight, mail, email, post, send
270. conspire, plot, scheme
271. contain, include, involve, comprise, cover, embrace
272. content, fulfil(l), gratify, meet, please, satisfy
273. continual, continuous, consecutive, successive, constant, persistent, perpetual straight, ceaseless, incessant, nonstop, uninterrupted
274. continually, continuously
275. continuance, continuation, continuity
276. continue, carry, go on, move on, proceed, resume, persist, endure, hold, keep, last
277. continue, keep, lie, remain, rest, sit, stand, stay, hold, last
278. contribute, dedicate, devote, donate
279. cook, cooker
280. cope, deal, dispose, handle, manage, treat
281. cordial, earnest, genuine, hearty, sincere
282. corridor, passage, aisle, hall, porch, veranda(h), gallery, catwalk, walkway
283. cost, expend, spend, take
284. costly, dear, expensive
285. country, countryside, village
286. country, nation, state
287. couple, pair
288. crazy, frantic, insane, mad, nuts
289. create, invent, discover, find
290. crime, evil, guilt, offence, offense, sin, vice, violation, misdeed, wrongdoing
291. criminal, evil, guilty, sinful, wicked
292. crop, harvest, reap, yield
293. cross, across, over
294. crowd, throng, squash, lot, mob, rabble, horde, band, parcel, gang, drove, flock, herd, pack, school, shoal, swarm, company, party, group, colony, multitude, cloud, host, troop, cluster, crop, crush, wave
295. cry, wail, blubber, bawl, howl, weep, snivel, sob, whimper, whine, tear
296. cure, heal, mend, remedy, treat, doctor, medicate
297. custom, habit, manner, convention, practice, tradition, use, usage, way
298. customary, accustomed, conventional, habitual, traditional, usual, used
299. customer, client, patron, guest, passenger, consumer, buyer, purchaser, shopper
300. damage, harm, hurt, impair, injure, wound, disable, cripple, paralys [ z ] e, mar, spoil, bruise, burn, cut, scratch, maim, pull, tear, strain, sprain, twist, wrench
301. damp, dank, humid, moist, muggy, wet
302. danger, hazard, peril, risk
303. dangerous, hazardous, perilous, precarious, risky, unsafe
304. dark, black, dim, dusky, gloomy, obscure
305. deceive, cheat, trick, defraud, swindle, fool, con, fleece, impose
306. decide, determine, resolve, settle, make up one’s mind
307. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, lessen, reduce
308. decline, descend, fall, drip, drop, sink, subside, degrade, fail
309. deep, deeply
310. deep, profound
311. defend, guard, preserve, protect, safeguard, ensure, secure, shield
312. defer, delay, postpone, prolong, protract, put off, retard, suspend
313. delicate, faint, feeble, fragile, frail, impotent, infirm, limp, soft, weak
314. depend, rely, bank, count, reckon, rest, trust
315. deprive, dispossess, divest, rob, strip
316. deride, gibe, jibe, jeer, laugh at, mock, rag, ridicule, scoff, scorn, sneer, taunt, tease
317. desirable, desirous
318. desk, table
319. despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, for all, with all
320. destroy, damage, demolish, devastate, raze, ruin, wreck
321. die, death, dead, deadly, deathly, dying
322. die, drown, execute, hang, kill, poison, strangle, starve
323. die, expire, pass, perish, decease
324. differ, disagree, disapprove, dissent, divide, object, oppose
325. different, various, diverse, distinct, distinctive
326. differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, tell
327. difficult, hard
328. digit, figure, number, numeral
329. disability, inability
330. disable, enable, unable
331. disappear, fade, vanish, merge, lift, swallow
332. disclose, expose, reveal, uncover
333. disease, illness, sickness, complaint, disorder, trouble, ailment, malady, malaise
334. dispatch, hasten, hurry, rush
335. dispel, disperse, dissipate, scatter
336. display, exhibit, expose, show
337. disposition, temper, temperament
338. distant, far, remote
339. divide, divorce, part, insulate, isolate, segregate, separate
340. do, make
341. doctor, physician, surgeon, dentist, psychiatrist, resident, practitioner, GP
342. door, gate, exit, gateway
343. doubt, suspect, question, distrust, mistrust
344. drag, draw, haul, jerk, lug, pull, stretch, tow, tug, trail
345. dread, fear, fright, horror, panic, scare, startle, terror, alarm
346. drift, float
347. drill, exercise, practice, train
348. drink, have, gulp, lick, sip, slurp, suck, swallow
349. drive, ride, fly, sail, motor
350. duty, obligation, responsibility, liability
351. each, every
352. each other, one another
353. earnest, grave, serious, sober, solemn
354. eat, dine, have, take, help yourself
355. economic, economical, economically, economics, economy, financial, financially, finance, fiscal
356. educate, instruct, teach, school, train, coach, tutor
357. effective, effectual, efficacious, efficient
358. effort, endeavo(u)r, exert, pains, struggle, strain, strive, take … trouble
359. elder, eldest; older, oldest
360. electric, electrical, electronic
361. elegant, graceful
362. elongate, extend, lengthen, stretch, prolong, protract
363. else, other
364. embrace, hug, clasp, cradle, press, squeeze, cuddle, clinch
365. emphasis[z]e, stress, underline, underscore, accent, accentuate, highlight
366. employ, engage, hire
367. encounter, meet
enough, sufficient, adequate, 368. ample, plentiful
369. environment, surroundings, circumstance, conditions
370. especially, particularly, specially
371. esteem, hono(u)r, regard, respect, revere, reverence, adore, worship, admire, homage
372. event, accident, incident, occurrence, casualty, mishap, happening
373. eventual, eventually; final, finale, finally; last, lastly, at last; ultimate, ultimately; at length, in the end
374. everybody, everyone, every one
375. examination, quiz, test, final, oral, makeup
376. example, instance, case, illustration
377. example, model, pattern
378. exceed, excel, surpass, transcend, outdo, outstrip
379. except, but, excluding, bar, beyond, outside, save, unless, short of, next to, no counting, otherwise
380. excuse, forgive, pardon, overlook
381. exhausted, exhausting, exhaustive
382. exist, live, survive
383. expand, swell, dilate, distend, inflate
384. expert, specialist, authority, guru, pundit
385. extend, spread, stretch
386. exterior, external, outer, outside, outward
387. fade, wilt, wither
388. fair, fairly
389. fairly, quite, rather, pretty, very
390. fame, glory, hono(u)r, name, prestige, renown, reputation, repute, stature
391. family, home, house, household
392. farther, further; farthest, furthest
393. fast, quick, rapid, swift, prompt, speedy, express, hasty
394. fee, charge, cost, expense, fare, freight, toll, tip, expenditure
395. few, a few, little, a little
396. fighter, soldier, warrior
397. film, movie, picture, cinema
398. find, look, search, seek, hunt, comb, rake, rummage
399. fine, good, nice, well
400. fire, burn, blaze, flame, flare, light, ignite, kindle
401. fit, suit, match
402. fittings, fixture, furniture
403. flesh, meat
404. flower, bloom, blossom
405. fluid, liquid, gas, solid
406. fog, mist, haze, smog
407. follow, trace, track, trail, tail, shadow, stalk
408. foolish, silly, stupid, dull, fatuous
409. force, power, strength, energy, might, vigour
410. forceful, forcible
411. forecast, foresee, foresight, foretell, forewarn, predict, prophecy, prophesy
412. foregoing, former, preceding, previous, prior
413. forest, jungle, bushes, shrubbery, wood(s), grove
414. forget, leave
415. form, shape, figure, outline, profile
416. game, match, race, quiz, final, rival, compete, contend, contest, dispute, scramble
417. gift, present
418. give, accord, award, confer, grant, present, entitle, bestow, vouchsafe
419. glad, happy, pleasant, nice, cheerful, agreeable, delightful, jolly, joyful, joyous, merry, gay
420. good-bye, bye, bye-bye, so long, farewell
421. grand, magnificent, splendid, superb, glorious, gorgeous, spectacular, imposing, majestic, sublime
422. grow, plant, cultivate, crop, seed, sow
423. happen, occur, chance, break out, take place, befall
424. harbo(u)r, port, seaport, dock, pier, jetty, quay, wharf
425. hard, harsh, rigid, rigorous, severe, stern, strict
426. hardly, scarcely, barely
427. heading, headline, title, theme, subject, topic
428. heap, pile, stack, mass, bank
429. hear, listen
430. height, altitude, elevation, stature
431. hide, conceal, bury, cache, cloak, cover, disguise, harbo(u)r, mask, screen, shelter, suppress, veil
432. high, tall, lofty
433. hint, imply, indicate, intimate, suggest, allude, insinuate
434. holiday, vacation, leave, festival, furlough
435. hope, want, wish
436. hunger, hungry, starve, starvation, famine, famish
437. identify, recognise, recognize, make out, pick out, place, know, spot, tell
438. idle, lazy, indolent
439. ill, sick
440. imaginable, imaginary, imaginative
441. important, significant, vital, momentous
442. in addition to, as well as, on top of, over and above, among other things, more than, along with
443. income, pay, salary, wage
444. individual, personal, private, intimate, privy
445. information, info, intelligence, message, news, tidings, word
446. insist, persevere, persist, adhere, cling, assert, stay, maintain, hang, hold, keep, stick, endure
447. intend, mean, plan, be going to, be thinking of
448. invaluable, priceless, precious, valuable, valued
449. investigate, enquire, inquire, probe, survey
450. jest, joke, banter, kid, tease, quip
451. job, task, duty, chore, labour, toil, work
452. jump, leap, bound, bounce, hop, skip, spring, clear, gambol, hurdle, vault
453. kind, sort, type, category, class, classification, breed, species, variety
454. lack, absent, absence, deficient, deficiency, scarce, scarcity, short, shortage, want, need
455. landscape, outlook, panorama, perspective, prospect, scene, scenery, sight, spectacle, view
456. late, later, latter, latest, last, lately, latterly, lastly
457. lately, recently, not long ago, soon
458. laugh, chortle, guffaw, roar, mirth, chuckle, giggle, simper, smirk, snicker, snigger, titter, grin, beam, smile
459. lawsuit, suit, proceed, action, case, cause, litigate, sue, prosecute, indict, appeal
460. lay, lie
461. lay, place, put, set
462. learn, study
463. lie, falsehood, fib, story
464. lift, raise, elevate, hoist, heave
465. list, schedule, timetable, table, form
466. little, small
467. locality, location, place, position, site, situation, spot, scene
468. look, see, watch
469. love, lover, lovely, loving, lovable
470. luck, chance, break, lot, fortune, fate, destiny, doom
471. machine, machinery
472. many, a (large[good, great]) number of, a (great, large) multitude (of), a good few (of)
473. map, atlas, chart, plot, design, blueprint, draft, sketch, plan, diagram, graph, illustration, figure, artwork
474. mark, tick, check, sign, symbol, character, brand
475. material, matter, substance, stuff
476. medicine, drug, specific, remedy, cure
477. meeting, conference, convention, assembly, rally, congress, council, session, summit, gathering, caucus
478. memoris[z]e, recall, recollect, remember, remind
479. mend, patch, repair, fix
480. method, means, way, manner, approach, process, mode, system, fashion
481. mighty, powerful
482. migrate, migrant, migration; emigrate, emigrant, emigration; immigrate, immigrant, immigration
483. mission, task, assignment
484. mistake, blunder, fault, error, slip, wrong
485. moment, instant, minute, second, flash
486. more, most, a lot (of), a large[good, great, huge, vast] quantity (of), plenty (of), a (great, huge) mass of
487. move, remove, shift, transfer
488. much, a large[great, huge] amount of, a good[great] deal (of), a fair[good, nice] bit (of)
489. much, very
490. name, title
491. neighbo(u)rhood, vicinity, proximity
492. nervous, tense, stressful
493. no, not
494. object, objective, purpose, aim, end, goal, target
495. offer, proffer, provide, supply, afford, accommodate, equip, furnish, tender, volunteer
496. only, sole, single, unique
497. origin, root, source, spring, beginning, birth, cause
498. ought to, should
499. pain, ache
500. pass, past
501. peak, summit, top, climax, zenith
502. percent, per cent, percentage
503. phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
504. picture, painting, drawing, outline, sketch, portrait, landscape, caricature, cartoon
505. plan, design, blueprint, program(me), project
506. poem, poetry, verse, stanza, epic, lyric, doggerel, jingle
507. possible, likely, probable
508. possibly, perhaps, maybe, likely, probably
509. press, compress, depress, express, impress, oppress, repress, suppress
510. price, charge, cost
511. problem, question
512. proportion, rate, ratio, scale
513. quality, quantity, mass, weight
514. quiver, shiver, tremble, thrill, vibrate, shake, shudder, convulse, quake, quaver, tremor
515. rare, scarce, at a premium
516. react, reaction; respond, response
517. refuse, reject, decline, deny, repel, repulse, rebuff
518. relate, relation, relationship, relative, relativity
519. rescue, save, deliver, redeem
520. respectable, respected, respectful
521. respecting, respective
522. responsible, responsive
523. school, university, college, academy, institute
524. seat, sit
525. sensible, sensitive
526. shall, should, will, would
527. shout, bawl, cry, call, exclaim, holler, yell, scream, shriek, screech, squall, squeal, squeak, wail, bark, bay, growl, howl, snarl, whine, yap, yelp, yip, bellow, roar, thunder
528. slow, slowly
529. smell, taste, odo(u)r, fragrance, perfume, scent, incense, stink, whiff, aroma, flavo(u)r, savo(u)r, tang
530. some time, some times, sometime, sometimes
531. sound, noise, voice
532. soundless, noiseless, voiceless
533. speed, velocity, rate, pace, tempo, gallop
534. stop, cease, halt, pause, quit
535. storm, tempest, hurricane, typhoon, gale, cyclone, tornado, waterspout, twister, whirlwind, blizzard
536. story, legend, tale, romance, narrative, narration, anecdote, fable, folklore, myth, fiction, novel, saga
537. surprise, wonder
538. symbol, attribute, badge, token, emblem
539. technical, technological
540. technique, technology
541. thank, appreciate, oblige
542. thin, lean, slender, slight, slim, spare, lanky, gaunt, scrawny, bony, skinny
543. think, believe, consider, count, deem, reckon, regard
544. throw, cast, heave, fling, hurl, pitch, toss
545. till, until
546. tired, tiring, tiresome
547. tired, weary, fatigued, exhausted
548. traffic, transport, transportation, conveyance, vehicle
549. transmit, carry, convey, conduct
550. travel, journey, tour, trip, voyage, cruise, excursion, jaunt, junket
551. used to, would; be used to, be accustomed to
552. valuable, invaluable; precious, priceless
553. value, worth
554. variable, varied, various, variance, variant, variation, variety
555. visit, call, drop, see, look, come, stop
556. wake, waken, awake, awaken, arouse, rouse
557. walk, pace, step, stride, stroll, strut, plod
558. war, campaign, battle, combat, conflict, fight, warfare
559. -ward, -wards
560. worth, worthwhile, worthy, deserve, merit