青花瓷（blue and white porcelain），又称白地青花瓷，常简称青花，是中国瓷器的主流品种之一，属釉下彩瓷。青花瓷是用含氧化钴的钴矿为原料，在陶瓷坯体上描绘纹饰，再罩上一层透明釉，经高温还原焰一次烧成。钴料烧成后呈蓝色，具有着色力强、发色鲜艳、烧成率高、呈色稳定的特点。原始青花瓷于唐宋已见端倪，成熟的青花瓷则出现在元代景德镇的湖田窑。明代青花成为瓷器的主流。清康熙时发展到了顶峰。明清时期，还创烧了青花五彩、孔雀绿釉青花、豆青釉青花、青花红彩、黄地青花、哥釉青花等衍生品种。
藏品介绍
中文名称：大清康熙年制款青花人物故事图橄榄瓶
英文名称：Qing Kangxi year blue and white figure story picture olive bottle
类别：瓷器
规格：一件
品相：美品
瓶的一种样式。橄榄瓶 鼓腹，口足内敛，平底或圈足，形似橄榄。有素身与瓜棱式之分。为清代流行器形，始创于顺治朝，雍正、乾隆时最为常见。尖底瓶 新石器时代陶器,仰韶文化半坡类型最具代表性的器物之一.
此瓶观赏器，手工制作.器形为小直口,细颈,长圆腹,尖底,器表绘有青花.烧结程度较好,质地坚实.汲水时由于重力作用,瓶口会自然向下,待水将满时,瓶身自动倒转,口部向上.十分神奇。
青花十分鲜艳发蓝，为康熙年代典型的青花颜色。
康熙（1662—1722）朝时间跨度长，器物类型丰富，工艺水平高超。此期使用浙料和珠明料，青花发色前期较灰暗，中期以后青幽翠蓝、明快亮丽。画法早期以单线平涂为主，气势粗犷；中期以后则勾勒、渲染、皴法等并用，绘画精细，并以青花色阶（即所谓“青花五彩”）而备受推崇。纹饰题材多样，有山水人物、龙凤花鸟、鱼虫走兽、诗文、博古等，其中最具时代特点的是冰梅、耕织图、刀马人、双犄牡丹等。图案留白边较其他朝明显。胎致密细白，呈糯米糕状。釉硬，与胎结合紧密，见桔皮或棕眼，早期白中闪青，中期以后亮白。器型除日用器外，观赏瓷大量增多，典型器有盖罐、凤尾尊、花觚、象腿瓶、笔筒等。器物的底足也有极强的时代特征：琢器多二层台底；笔筒多玉璧底；圈足早期的多是两边斜削的较尖的“鲫鱼背”底，中期以后基本上是圆润的“泥鳅背”底；大盘类多双圈底，这种底从明末和顺治时出现，流行至康熙中期。款识种类多样，早期多用干支款，年款多用楷书，中期以后各种堂名款、图记款、花押款流行，并流行至雍正。仿款、伪托款也较多见，尤其以仿嘉靖款居多。
康熙青花瓷以胎釉精细，青花鲜艳，造型古朴多样，纹饰优美而负盛名。清代康熙朝（公元1662—1722年，清圣祖爱新觉罗·玄烨年号），经济贸易发达，康熙十九年景德镇恢复御窑厂，青花瓷器取得了突出成就。
康熙青花分为早、中、晚三个时期：早期是康熙元年至康熙十九年；中期是康熙二十年至康熙四十年；晚期是康熙四十年至康熙朝终，其中康熙中期青花瓷器最为突出。其造型也是千姿百态，既有陈设瓷，也有日常生活用瓷、祭器、外销瓷等等。
康熙青花装饰题材广泛，图安布局巧妙合理，与造型有机地结合在一起，尤其是民窑青花在纹饰方面，完全突破了历代官窑图案规格化的束缚，显得更加生动活泼，形式多样，充满生活气息。这种自然的民窑青花，具有很高的审美价值。而官窑青花则代表着当时工艺的最高水平。
康熙青花在绘画技法上，改变了明代青花先勾勒花纹轮廓线，然后涂色的传统方法，即单线平涂，而是采用渲染的技法，在瓷坯上绘画，一种颜色能表现出浓淡深浅多种不同，最多能分出八九种色阶。
最能体现康熙青花特色的是山水人物，风格上模仿名画家的笔法，立体感很强，画法精细，分色层次鲜明，浓淡相宜。画面效果讲究意境美，整体给人以疏朗清闲的感觉。人物纹中以耕织图、渔家乐图最具代表性，画面有生活情趣。以长篇诗文作为装饰，也是康熙青花的一大特点。
此青花胆瓶底足双圈青花，落六字款大清康熙年制，书写精美，落款规整，是官窑器的典型特征，圈足极为细腻，为少有的糯米胎，最早称之为“糯米汁胎”是形象描述胎体的质感，如同糯米经水磨后流出的米浆一般细腻、光滑。后被称为糯米胎，此胎极其细腻，是瓷石经过多次提炼极其细腻后才有的极品瓷胎，这种瓷胎轻扣声音清脆悦耳，胎质紧密，较一般瓷器硬度要高，抗热涨冷缩能力强，很多瓷器经历上百年时间就会自然的干裂，我们成为阴裂现象，与窑裂不同，是后期形成的，而糯米胎瓷器就不会出现这种问题，由于瓷土极其细腻，也不会出现棕眼的现象，是美瓷的重要要素。
乾隆官窑青花瓷既与清幽的康熙青花有别，又与淡雅的雍正青花不同，它是以纹饰繁密、染画工整、造型新奇取胜。民窑青花种类丰富，色彩亮丽，画面多样，造型新奇。
除传统的白地青花外，乾隆朝的青花还是派生出许多新品种，把原有的传统工艺提高到一个崭新的阶段。清乾隆一朝六十年，是清代封建社会发展的鼎盛时期，瓷器生产取得了空前的繁荣，青花瓷也达到了登峰造极的程度。此时，景德镇御窑厂规模庞大，在督陶官的管理下，每年烧造各种瓷器都在数十万以上，烧出的瓷器无论是工艺技巧还是装饰艺术都已达到了炉火纯青的地步。
藏品介绍
中文名称：大清乾隆年制款青花缠枝莲纹长颈瓶
英文名称：Qianlong qing dynasty blue and white vase with lotus pattern
类别：瓷器
规格：一件
品相：美品
此长颈瓶，瓶口以青花画水波纹，古人以为天是圆的，自古以圆为天，把水波纹画在瓶口，意为海水与天相连，直达天际，颈部画有芭蕉叶，以一圈回形纹相隔，瓶肩画缠枝纹，以及孔雀开屏纹，寓意吉祥，画工精美，十分美妙。
清乾隆（公元1736—1795年，清高宗爱新觉罗·弘历年号）一朝六十年，是清代封建社会发展的鼎盛时期，瓷器生产取得了空前的繁荣，青花瓷也达到了登峰造极的程度。《古铜器考》一书称赞当时的制瓷业是“有陶以来，未有今日之美备”。制瓷业集我国历朝名窑之大成，制做了许多精巧无比的瓷器，不仅官窑成就显著，民营窑场也兴旺发达。此时，景德镇御窑厂规模庞大，在督陶官的管理下，每年烧造各种瓷器都在数十万以上，送入宫中，烧出的瓷器无论是工艺技巧还是装饰艺术都已达到了炉火纯青，出神入化的地步。清代许之衡在《饮流斋说瓷》中形容当时瓷器“至乾隆，精巧之至，几于鬼斧神工”。
此处为水波纹细节图，留白处寓意着海水溅起的浪花，用一圈青花相隔，下画一圈如意纹，寓意吉祥，画工精细巧妙。
此处是芭蕉叶与缠枝纹的细节图，可以看到乾隆的青花没有康熙那么蓝艳了，颜色会稍淡一些，更多的讲究晕染效果，芭蕉叶颜色深浅不一，晕染的十分自然，可以看到缠枝纹有明显的一个棕眼现象，这是由于高温烧制，瓷胎中的水分子益处，所留下的痕迹，为开门老瓷器的特征，现在的电窑烧是不存在这个问题的。
牡丹富贵：“牡丹是大家所熟知的一种鲜花，它有着雍容端庄、富贵吉祥、繁荣昌盛、清高傲骨、美好期盼以及国色天香的寓意。可以将牡丹花送给女性称赞其有着令人惊艳的美貌或者是优雅高贵的气质，也可将其送给朋友，希望对方能够事业顺利，富贵吉祥。”牡丹为我国国花，自古寓意着富贵，可以看到牡丹花以及花叶用雨点皴进行点缀，颜色过渡自然点缀的恰到好处，好比一副牡丹图，十分精美。
底款落六字篆书款大清乾隆年制，落款端正，书写精美，圈足同样为糯米胎，瓶底与瓶肩相呼应，同样画有孔雀开屏纹，孔雀开屏有多种寓意，比如：孔雀开屏寓意着吉祥如意。孔雀的美丽在于其开屏的瞬间，在古代人们便认为，孔雀开屏是一种吉祥如意的征兆，为我们带来好运。孔雀开屏寓意着前程似锦，古时人们的衣袍上都会绣上动物作为花纹。
此处特写为典型的乾隆时期圈足，修胎痕迹明显，平面两边经打磨，呈一个无棱角的倒梯形。
乾隆官窑青花瓷既与清幽的康熙青花有别，又与淡雅的雍正青花不同，它是以纹饰繁密、染画工整、造型新奇取胜。民窑青花种类丰富，色彩亮丽，画面多样，造型新奇，精瓷与粗瓷的差别很大。
官窑和民窑中高档瓷器的胎土淘洗精细，在中小器物的胎骨中找不到未粉碎的瓷石颗粒。胎骨洁白致密，胎釉交界处无火石红。胎壁比雍正青花略厚。
中高档瓷釉色白中泛青，气泡细小，釉面光洁莹润，也有一些制作不够成功的作品，釉呈浆白和灰青色。有部分官窑和民窑瓷器圈足上涂抹一层护胎釉，多数呈黑色，也有酱色、褐色等。乾隆以后圈足上涂抹护胎釉的现象就比较少见了。
官窑和民窑中高档瓷器的圈足有多种，一般而言，盘碗仍采用滚圆的泥鳅背圈足，但不再像雍正朝圈足着地面小，而是略有一个比较宽的着地面；瓶尊类器物圈足有一个明显的着地面，平面两边经打磨，呈一个无棱角的倒梯形；坛罐类器物圈足呈倒梯形，打磨粗糙。
这件长颈瓶高40厘米，刚好达到大型器物的标准，与一般青花价位高出许多，两件青花画面颜色深浅不一，青花晕散明显，画面极其生动自然，不管从任何角度欣赏都是古韵十足，青花瓷是能最好表现泼墨山水画的瓷器，这是其它瓷器所做不到的，所以青花瓷最具中国风，最能体现中国山水画艺术的最好载体，china这个单词大家都知道是中国的意思，可是最早这个单词的意思就是瓷器，因为当时中国被称之为瓷器之国，可见我国瓷器的影响之大，已经成为对外的一张艺术名片了，而当时出口瓷最多的就是青花瓷，这件青花瓷开门见老，画工精美，原配盖子且是泥鳅背底，综上所述是一件十分难得的馆藏级藏品，可谓是千金易得，一宝难求。
英文翻译：Blue and white porcelain, also known as white blue and white porcelain, is often referred to as blue and white porcelain. It is one of the mainstream varieties of Chinese porcelain, and belongs to underglaze color porcelain. Blue and white porcelain is made of cobalt ore containing cobalt oxide as raw material, which is decorated on the ceramic body, then covered with a layer of transparent glaze, and fired by a high temperature reduction flame. Cobalt material is blue after burning, with strong coloring, bright hair color, high burning rate and color stability. The original blue and white porcelain appeared in The Tang and Song dynasties, while the mature blue and white porcelain appeared in the Hutian kiln of Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty. The blue and white of Ming Dynasty became the mainstream of porcelain. It reached its peak during the Kangxi period of qing Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it also created blue-and-white colorful, malachite-green glaze blue-and-white, soya-green glaze blue-and-white, blue-and-white red, yellow-ground blue-and-white, blue-and-white and other derivative varieties.
The collection is introduced
Chinese name: Qing Kangxi year blue and white figure story picture olive bottle
Qing Kangxi Year Blue and white Figure story picture Olive Bottle
Category: Porcelain
Specification: one piece
Appearance: Beautiful
A style of bottle. An olive bottle with a full belly and a closed mouth, flat or round foot, shaped like an olive. Well - trained body and melon edge type of points. It was a popular utensil in The Qing Dynasty, which was founded in the Shunzhi Dynasty and was most common in Yongzheng and Qianlong. Neolithic pottery with sharp bottom is one of the most representative ware of the Banpo type of Yangshao culture.
This vase is handmade. It has a small straight mouth, a thin neck, a long round belly, a pointed bottom, and blue and white on the surface. Good sintering degree, solid texture. When drawing water, due to the action of gravity, the bottle mouth will naturally downward. When the water will be full, the bottle body will automatically reverse and the mouth will upward. It's amazing.
The blue and white is very bright blue, the typical blue and white color of kangxi era.
The Kangxi (1662-1722) Dynasty had a long time span, rich types of implements, and superb technological level. This period USES Zhe makings and bead bright makings, blue and white hair color early more gloomy, after the middle of the qing Youcui blue, bright bright. In the early stage, the painting method was dominated by single line and plain painting with bold momentum. After the middle period, it Outlines, paints, strokes and other USES, painting fine, and with the green color level (the so-called "blue and white colorful") and highly respected. Ornamentalthemes are various, such as landscape figures, dragons and phoenix flowers and birds, fish and insects and beasts, poems, and ancient books, etc., among which the most distinctive features of The Times are ice plum, plough and weave diagrams, sword and horse people, cupertino peony, etc. The white edge of the pattern is more obvious than the other. The embryo is dense and fine white, which is like glutinous rice cake. The glaze is hard, tightly bound to the tire, orange peel or brown eye, early white and medium green, bright white after middle. In addition to daily-use vessels, ornamental porcelain is abundant, typical vessels have a lid, phoenixes, gu, like leg bottle, pen container and so on. The bottom foot of the ware also has strong features of The Times: more than two layers of platform bottom; Pen holder with jade base; At the early stage of the circle foot, the sharp "Jiyu Bei" bottom was mostly cut obliquely on both sides, and after the middle stage, it was basically fruity "Loach beibei" bottom. Large class more than double circle bottom, this bottom appeared from the end of the Ming dynasty and shunzhi, popular to the middle kangxi. Various types of recognition, early multi-purpose money, years multi-purpose regular script, after the middle of the various types of name of the hall, the legend of the money, flower guard popular, and popular to Yongzheng. Imitation money, counterfeit money is also more common, especially the imitation jiajing money.
Kangxi blue and white porcelain is famous for its delicate glaze, bright blue and white, simple and primitive shapes, and beautiful ornamentals. During the Kangxi Dynasty (1662-1722 AD, the name of Emperor Aixinjueluo Xuanye) of the Qing Dynasty, the economy and trade were developed. In the 19th year of the Kangxi Reign, the imperial kiln factory was restored in Jingdezhen, and the blue and white porcelain made outstanding achievements.
The blue and white period of Kangxi was divided into three periods: the early period was from the first year of Kangxi to the nineteenth year of Kangxi. The middle period is the twenty years of Kangxi to the forty years of Kangxi; The late period is from the forty years of Kangxi to the end of Kangxi Dynasty, among which the blue and white porcelain in the middle period of Kangxi is the most prominent. Its shapes are also varied, including furnishings, daily life porcelain, sacrificial vessels, export porcelain and so on.
Kangxi's blue and white decoration has a wide range of themes, and the layout of the picture is clever and reasonable, which is organically combined with the modeling. Especially in the decorative aspect, the blue and white of the civilian kiln completely breaks through the constraints of the standardization of patterns of official kilns in previous dynasties, and appears more vivid, diversified and full of life atmosphere. This kind of natural folk kiln blue and white is of high aesthetic value. The blue and white of the imperial kiln represented the highest level of craftsmanship at that time.
In terms of painting techniques, Kangxi blue and white changed the traditional method of painting blue and white in Ming Dynasty, i.e. single line and flat painting. Instead, he used rendering techniques to paint on porcelain billets. A color can show many different shades, and at most eight or nine color levels can be distinguished.
Kangxi's blue and white figures are the most typical embodiment of the landscape, style imitating famous painters, strong sense of three-dimensional painting, fine painting, color separation layer bright, appropriate shade. The picture effect pays attention to the artistic conception beauty, the whole gives a person the feeling of being slack. Among the characters, the most representative are the plowing and weaving pictures and the fishing music pictures. It is also a characteristic of Kangxi's blue and white flowers to be decorated with long poems.
This blue and white, blue and white gall bladder bottom foot double circle six qing emperor kangxi years, beautifully written, dated neat, are the typical characteristics of imperial wares, ring foot is very exquisite, is one of the few glutinous rice, the first called "sticky rice juice" is describe the texture of body image, like rice milk that glutinous rice after water outflow is exquisite and smooth. Called glutinous rice, after the child is very exquisite, is China stone some acura after many refined extremely delicate porcelain body, the porcelain body light sweet crisp, TaiZhi closely, more like porcelain higher hardness, heat from the cold resistance is strong, a lot of China experienced hundreds of years to naturally weather-shack, we become Yin crack phenomenon, unlike kiln crack, late is formed, and glutinous rice porcelain will not appear this kind of problem, because China clay is extremely delicate, also won't appear the phenomenon of brown eyes, is one of the important elements of the porcelain.
The blue and white porcelain of Qianlong imperial kiln is not only different from the tranquil Kangxi blue and white, but also different from the elegant Yongzheng blue and white. It is characterized by dense decoration, neat dyeing and novel modeling. The folk kiln blue and white is rich in variety, bright in color, varied in picture and novel in shape.
In addition to the traditional white ground blue, the qianlong dynasty blue and white or derived a lot of new varieties, the original traditional technology to improve to a new stage. In the 60 years of Qianlong's reign of qing Dynasty, the development of feudal society reached its heyday. Porcelain production achieved unprecedented prosperity, and blue and white porcelain also reached its peak. At this time, jingdezhen Royal kiln factory had a large scale. Under the management of the pottery supervisor, every year more than hundreds of thousands of porcelains were fired, and the porcelains burned had reached the acme of perfection in both craft skills and decorative arts.
The collection is introduced
Chinese name: Qianlong qing dynasty blue and white vase with lotus pattern
Qianlong Qing Dynasty Blue and White Vase with Lotus pattern
Category: Porcelain
Specification: one piece
Appearance: Beautiful
This flask, bottle water ripple, with blue and white painting is round, the ancients thought that day since ancient times in circles for days, the water ripples in the bottle, for seawater is linked together with day, direct the sky, a banana, painted the neck with a circle back to form lines apart, bottle shoulder painting bound branch lines, as well as the peacock, meaning auspicious, painters elegant, very beautiful.
The qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty (1736-1795, the year of Aixinjueluo Hongli, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty) was the heyday of the feudal society in the Qing Dynasty, during which the production of porcelain reached an unprecedented prosperity, and the blue and white porcelain also reached its peak. "Ancient Bronze Ware Examination" praised the porcelain industry at that time is "since there is pottery, there is no today's beauty". The porcelain industry gathers the great achievements of the famous kilns of the previous dynasties in China, and produces many exquisite porcelains. Not only the official kilns have made remarkable achievements, but also the private kilns have flourished. At this time, jingdezhen Royal kiln factory had a large scale. Under the management of the pottery supervisor, more than hundreds of thousands of porcelain were fired every year. When they were sent to the palace, the porcelain they fired had reached the acme of perfection in both craft skills and decorative arts. Xu Zhiheng of the Qing Dynasty described the porcelain at that time in "Drink flow zhai said porcelain", "to the Qianlong, exquisite, almost extraordinary workmanship".
Here is the detailed picture of water ripple, white implied meaning of the sea spray, with a circle of blue and white apart, draw a circle of ruyi grain, meaning good luck, fine and ingenious painting.
This is a banana and detail of branch lines, you can see the blue and white less LanYan than kangxi, qianlong's color will be slightly lighter, more exquisite shading effect, banana leaf color shades, shading is very natural, can see wind branch lines have obvious phenomenon of a brown eyes, this is due to the high temperature, in a molecule of water in the porcelain body benefits, left by the trace, to open the door the characteristics of the old China, the electric kiln is not the existence of the problem.
Peony wealth: "Peony is a flower that is well known for its elegance, wealth, prosperity, pride, hope and the meaning of beauty and beauty. You can give the peony to the woman to praise her amazing beauty or elegant and noble temperament, or you can give it to a friend, hoping that the other side can have a smooth career, wealth and good fortune." Peony for China's national flower, since ancient times implied wealth, you can see peony and flower leaves with rain points cun ornament, color transition natural ornament is just right, like a peony, very beautiful.
The bottom money falls off six character seal character qianlong system of qing Dynasty, the ending is correct, the writing is exquisite, the circle foot is also a glutinous rice embryo, the bottom of the bottle and the shoulder of the bottle echo, there is also a picture of peacock's opening screen pattern, peacock's opening screen has a variety of implied meaning, for example: peacock's opening screen implies good luck. The beauty of the peacock lies in the moment when it opens its screen. In ancient times, people believed that the peacock opened its screen was a sign of good luck, bringing us good luck. The peacock's screen symbolizes a bright future. In ancient times, people's clothes and robes were embroidered with animals as patterns.
Here is a close-up of a typical round foot in Qianlong period, with obvious marks of tire repair. Both sides of the plane are polished to form an inverted trapezoid without edges and corners.
The blue and white porcelain of Qianlong imperial kiln is not only different from the tranquil Kangxi blue and white, but also different from the elegant Yongzheng blue and white. It is characterized by dense decoration, neat dyeing and novel modeling. The folk kiln has rich varieties of blue and white flowers, bright colors, diverse pictures, novel shapes, and great differences between fine porcelain and coarse porcelain.
The fetal soil of middle and high grade porcelain in official and civilian kilns was carefully washed, and there were no uncrushed porcelain stone particles in the fetal bones of medium and small wares. Fetal bone white dense, fetal enamel junction without flint red. The wall is slightly thicker than yongzheng.
The medium and high-grade porcelain glaze color is white and bluish, with small bubbles, bright and clean glaze and embellish. There are also some works that are not successful enough, and the glaze is white and grey-blue. Some of the official and civilian kiln porcelain ring foot daub with a layer of protective glaze, most are black, there are also maotan, brown and so on. After Qianlong, the phenomenon of glaze coating on the circle foot is relatively rare.
There are many kinds of circle feet for middle and high grade porcelains in official kilns and civilian kilns. Generally speaking, round logues are still used to circle feet in the plates and bowls. However, the ground is slightly wider than that of Yongzheng. There is an obvious ground in the ring of the vase and the two sides of the plane are polished to form an inverted trapezoid without edges and corners. The round foot of the altar pot is inverted trapezoid with rough grinding.
This flask 40 cm high, just reached the standard of large objects, and general blue price much higher, two blue screen color shades, blue and white halo powder, picture extremely vivid and natural, no matter from any Angle to appreciate is a sensibility, blue and white porcelain is the best performance splash-ink landscape painting of China, it is the other porcelain can't do, so most Chinese wind of blue and white porcelain, most can reflect the best carrier of Chinese landscape painting art, China this word is the meaning of the Chinese is known to all, but the meaning of this word is the earliest porcelain, because the country is referred to as Chinese porcelain, It can be seen that The influence of China's porcelain has become an art card to the outside world. At that time, the most exported porcelain was blue and white porcelain. This blue and white porcelain was old, beautifully painted, with an original cover and the back of a loach.