瓷胎画珐琅是清代皇室自用瓷器中最具特色，釉上彩瓷中最为精美的彩瓷器。从康熙的色浓庄重至雍正的清淡素雅，到乾隆时的精密繁复的雍容华贵，使珐琅，这一洋味十足的彩料在瓷器上得到淋漓尽致的发挥。集中西风韵于一身，画尽了皇家身份的高贵与荣华。乾隆珐琅彩瓷是清代康，雍，乾三代珐琅彩瓷中最为精美的巅峰之作，具有古典美的乾隆仕女游园罐是其代表。
珐琅彩绘采用的画珐的制作技法起源于15世纪中叶欧洲比利时、法国、荷兰三国交界的佛朗德斯地区。15世纪末，法国中西部的里摩居，以其制作内填珐琅工艺为基础，发展成画珐琅的重镇，初期制作以宗教为主题的器物，后来逐渐制做成装饰性的工艺品。随着东西贸易交往的频繁，尤其自清康熙二十三年（1684年）清廷平定台湾以后，禁海开放，西洋制品开始涌入，西洋珐琅便由广州等港口传入中国，并就地设厂研制，称之为洋瓷，宫中则称其为广珐琅。当时，广州的产品多保留着西方文化的韵味，由于烧造技术不高，釉料呈色不稳定。康熙五十八年（1719年），聘请法兰西画珐琅艺人陈忠信来京，在内廷珐琅处指导烧造画珐琅器。其式样、图案主要是中国风格，少有西方画珐琅的特点。
藏品介绍
中文名称：.清官密雍正御制珐琅彩豇红釉地开光花鸟纹八棱出戟耳双蒜头扁瓶
题款：雍正御制（青花四字楷书）
英文名称：Official secret yongzheng Jiang red enamel glaze medallion flower-and-bird grain eight arrises out halberd ear double flat bottles of garlic
类别：瓷器
规格：一件
尺寸：通高 30cm上口径17cm x 6cm圈足径18cm x 7cm
品相：美品
此处开窗花鸟纹，花卉颜色绚烂多彩，颜色丰富，白色为地显得艳丽无比，枝头鸟头微微上台，尾巴打开，是春天鸟儿求偶的形态，目光向上与之呼应，极其生动。
戟耳有两种，一种如同方天画戟的一半，器颈部横出两个柱状体，在两个柱状体头上连有月牙刀；另一种是半月形，与器壁单柱相连，与月牙耳的区别在于月牙耳正面略宽，没有凸棱，戟耳边上有凸棱，与器壁连接的扁柱体比月牙耳窄
蒜头瓶是西汉时期的一种瓶式样。这件双蒜头扁瓶器型独特，制作极其困难。
雍正时期，雍正皇帝对珐琅彩瓷器的生产给予了更多的关心，并提出颇为严格的要求。雍正元年（1723年），随着宫廷造办处人员的扩充，以及在雍正帝最信赖的怡亲王（雍正帝的十三弟允祥）的主持下，珐琅彩瓷器的生产在造办处珐琅作积极展开。但从清代档案记载看，雍正六年以前珐琅彩瓷器的生产进展缓慢，雍正帝对此也不甚满意。究其原因，可能是因珐琅彩料需依赖西洋进口，数量有限，必须谨慎使用，不得有误损所致。如清雍正《广东通志》卷五十八记载：“西洋国……雍正四年五月复遣使进贡……各色珐琅彩料十四块。”又如《活计档·清档·雍正记事杂录》载：“雍正二年二月四日，怡亲王交填白脱胎酒杯五件，内二件有暗龙。奉旨：此杯烧珐琅。钦此。于二月二十三日烧破二件，总管太监启知怡亲王。奉王谕：其余三件尔等小心烧造。遵此。于五月十八日做得白瓷画珐琅酒杯三件，怡亲王呈进。”
从雍正皇帝的贵戚重臣年羹尧的奏折中，也可了解此时珐琅彩瓷器的烧造情况。如“雍正二年二月初九日，由驿斋到御赐新制珐琅管双眼翎二支，单眼翎十支……”。对这些翎管，年羹尧在二月十二日的谢折里称：“……臣伏覩珐琅翎管，制作精致，颜色娇丽，不胜爱羡，谨缮摺恭谢天恩，更恳圣慈，如有新制珐琅物件，赏赐一、二，以满臣之贪念。臣无任悚惶之至。雍正二年二月十二日具。”在年羹尧的折子上，雍正皇帝在“以满臣之贪念”这句话的“贪”字旁朱笔画圈，在折尾空白处，雍正帝的朱批曰：“珐琅之物尚无暇精致，将来必造可观。今将现有数件赐你，但你若不用此一‘贪’字，一件也不给你，得此数物，皆此一字之力也。”其中“珐琅之物尚无暇精致，将来必造可观”这句话，说明雍正帝对珐琅彩瓷器的发展充满信心。
从造办处档案记载看，雍正三年至五年，画珐琅人有宋三吉，是景德镇画瓷器的工匠。还有张琦、邝丽南，是广东画铜胎珐琅器的工匠。而从雍正六年开始，即有贺金昆、戴恒、邹文玉、汤振基、谭荣等一批画院画家参与瓷胎画珐琅工作，其中画得好的曾多次得到雍正皇帝的赏赐。如“雍正十年十月二十八日，司库常保、首领李明久奉旨：珐琅画青山水甚好。钦此。于十二月二十八日，柏唐阿邓八格、宋七格来说，内大臣海望谕：邹文玉所画珐琅，数次皇上夸好，应遵旨用本造办处库银赏给十两。遵此。”从造办处档案记载看，雍正皇帝十分欣赏用单一料彩绘制的水墨及蓝色山水两个珐琅彩品种。至于为珐琅彩瓷器书写底款者，从档案记载来看，应是原武英殿修书处的写字人，后调到造办处效力的徐同正。而雍正珐琅彩瓷器上的诗句，多为戴临题写。戴临为武英殿待诏，档案记载雍正皇帝多次降旨，命戴临在珐琅彩瓷器上题写诗句。如“雍正九年四月十七日，内务府总管海望持出白磁碗一对，奉旨：着将此碗上多半面画绿竹，少半面着戴临选诗句题写，地章或本色配绿竹，或淡红色、或何色酌量配合烧珐琅。钦此。于八月十四日画得有诗句绿竹碗。”值得一提的是乾隆八年唐英奉旨所编《陶冶图编次》（凡二十则）上的文字说明，也是由戴临书写的。
唐英到景德镇御窑厂后，除了向造办处提供白瓷以外，还推荐画画人到造办处供职。如“雍正七年闰七月初九日，据圆明园来帖内称：怡亲王交年希尧送来画珐琅人周岳、吴士琦二名……于本月初十日将年希尧送来画珐琅人所食工银一事，郎中海望启怡亲王。奉王谕：暂且着年希尧家养着，俟试准时再定。钦此。”当时负责淮安关税务的年希尧只是遥领景德镇窑务，这些画画人名义上是年希尧送来的，实际上是由唐英挑选的。唐英本人就是画家，经他挑选的画画人，善画是一方面，更重要的是具备在瓷器上绘画的丰富经验，这些人进入造办处后，经与宫廷画家切磋配合，使珐琅彩瓷器的生产日趋精进。
这件珐琅彩胎底细腻，中间印章款，雍正御制，款型非常正，字迹清晰如初，这件瓷器品相十分完美，无任何磕缺损毁，穿线等现象是不可多得的馆藏级藏品。
雍正珐琅彩瓷器在图案装饰方面，一改康熙珐琅彩只绘花卉，有花无鸟的单调局面，大量出现描绘院画风格的花鸟、花卉、竹石、山水等图案，画面空白处题以书法极精、内容文雅的相应诗句，而且诗文的引首都有一方朱文闲章，句末则有或两方皆朱文、或上为白文下为朱文的闲章。雍正珐琅彩瓷器真正成为制瓷工艺与诗、书、画、印相结合的艺术珍品。
英文翻译：Enamel for painting on porcelain is the most distinctive among the self-use porcelains of the qing dynasty and the most exquisite among the colored porcelains on glaze. From kangxi's deep and solemn color to yong zheng's light but elegant, to qianlong's delicate and complicated elegant, so that enamel, the full color of the foreign taste in the porcelain to get the most incisive play. Concentrated western charm in a suit, painting the royal status of the nobility and glory. Qianlong enamel color porcelain is the most exquisite peak of three generations of enamel color porcelain in the qing dynasty, kang, yong and gan.
The painting technique of enamel painting originated from the Flanders region at the border of Belgium, France and the Netherlands in the middle of the 15th century. At the end of the 15th century, the limoire in the middle west of France developed into an important town of painting enamel based on its enamel-filling process. At the beginning, religious objects were made, and then decorative arts and crafts were gradually made. With the frequent trade exchanges between the east and the west, especially after the qing government pacified Taiwan in the 23rd year of the reign of emperor kangxi (1684), the sea was closed to the outside world and western products began to pour in. Western enamel was introduced to China from ports such as guangzhou and was developed by local factories, which were called "foreign porcelain" and "Canton enamel" in the palace. At that time, the products in guangzhou mostly retained the charm of western culture, because the firing technology is not high, the glaze color is not stable. In the 58th year of the reign of emperor kangxi (1719), Chen zhongxin, a French artist of painting and enamel, was hired to come to Beijing to direct the production of painting and enamel in the enamel department of the inner court. Its style, design is mainly Chinese style, few western painting enamel features.
The collection is introduced
Chinese name: official close yongzheng Jiang red enamel glaze medallion flower-and-bird grain eight arrises out halberd ear double flat bottles of garlic
Item: yongzheng imperial system (four-character regular script in blue and white)
English name: Official secret yongzheng Jiang red enamel glaze medallion flower - and - bird grain eight arrises out halberd ear double flat bottles of garlic
Category: porcelain
Specification: one piece
Size: full height: 30cm, upper diameter: 17cm x 6cm circle, foot diameter: 18cm x 7cm
Appearance: beautiful
Here open the window flower and bird grain, flowers color gorgeous, rich in color, white for the ground appears gorgeous, the branches of the bird head slightly on the stage, the tail open, is the form of spring bird courtship, the eye up with its echo, extremely vivid.
There are two kinds of halberd ears. One is like half of the halberd painted in the same square, with two cylinders protruding from its neck and a crescent knife attached to its two cylinder heads. The other is a half moon shape, which is connected with a single column on the organ wall. The difference between it and the ear of the crescent moon lies in that the front of the ear of the crescent moon is a little wider without convex edges, and there are convex edges on the ear of the halberd. The flat cylinder connected with the organ wall is narrower than the ear of the crescent moon
Garlic bottle was a bottle style in the western han dynasty. This double garlic flat bottle is unique in shape and extremely difficult to make.
During the yongzheng period, emperor yongzheng paid more attention to the production of enamel porcelain and put forward quite strict requirements. In the first year of the reign of emperor yongzheng (1723), with the expansion of the staff of the palace building office and under the supervision of prince yi (yongzheng emperor's 13th younger brother yunxiang), the production of enamel color porcelain was actively carried out in the building office. However, according to the records of the qing dynasty, the production of enamel porcelain was slow six years ago and emperor yongzheng was not satisfied with it. The reason may be that the enamel material needs to be imported from the west, and the quantity is limited, so it must be used carefully and not damaged. Such as qing yongzheng "guangdong tongzhi" volume 58 records: "western countries...... Yongzheng sent envoys to pay tribute... Fourteen pieces of enamel." Another example is "work file · qing file · yongzheng records miscellaneous records" : "yongzheng February 4, yi prince hand in five filled white degestating wine glasses, two of which have dark dragon. Order: this cup is burnt enamel. Qin here. On February 23, burned two pieces, the main eunuch qi yi prince. By the king's command: the other three pieces shall be carefully burned. According to this. On May 18, I made three pieces of enamel wine glasses for white porcelain painting.
From the emperor yongzheng's relatives and important officials of the Spring Festival gala, you can also understand the situation of enamel porcelain production. For example, "on the 9th day of February, yongzheng year 2000, two new enamel tubes for eyes and ten for one eye were given from the stage room to the imperial palace..." . To these quills, the New Year's feast yao said in thanks on the twelfth of February: "... I v 覩 enamel feathered pipe, elaborate, color JiaoLi, be love envy, we would like to fold ready and Xie Tianen, more heartfelt kindness, if there are any new system enamel objects, reward one, two, with full I greed. I felt every tremor. Yongzheng February 12, 2000." On the folding of New Year's feast yao, yongzheng emperor drew a circle in zhu pen beside the word "greedy", which means "greedy". In the blank space of the folding end, yongzheng emperor zhu said: "the enameled things have no time to be exquisite, and they will be made in the future. I am giving you the few things I have, but if you do not use the word "greed" and do not give you any of them, you will have the power of this word." One of the words, "the enamel is not exquisite, will be built in the future", shows that emperor yongzheng was full of confidence in the development of enamel porcelain.
After receiving this reward, on the 30th of February, on the 3rd of march, on the 11th of April, on the 22nd of April, the emperor was rewarded with enamel porcelain in succession. For example, on April 24, 2000, nian said in his memorial in shangshu, "on April 22, [yongzheng year], I went from the stage to the two boxes of enameled teacups that the imperial officials gave to me, and I only received my kow-toes. Fu 覩 such wares, color qingli, fine elegant, real to let the former generation of multicoloured also! On April 15, yue zhongqi led an army to suppress the thieves, and when they returned to peace, the minister should order a reward to be given to the four special thanks. We would like to extend our gratitude to them. Yongzheng April 24, 2000." Emperor yongzheng was not satisfied with the production of enameled porcelain until four years after the reign of emperor yongzheng. Such as the qing dynasty archives records, "yongzheng four years on August 19, lang zhonghai wang mandate: at this time of the fire of enamel work rough, decorative pattern is also vulgar, later you must be fine. Qin here."
Six years later, under the direct intervention of emperor yongzheng, the production of enameled porcelain developed rapidly with the success of making self-made enamel materials and the participation of more and more court painters and calligraphers in the painting and writing of enameled porcelain. According to the records in the archives of the office at that time, in the sixth year of the reign of emperor yongzheng, nine colors of enamel were made in the office, including moon white, white, yellow, light green, bright green, blue, pine green, bright green and black. The newly added enamel materials are soft white, fragrant, light pine yellow, pinkish pink, light green, caramel, dark grape, bronze, pine yellow, etc., a total of nine. The success of our own enamel production has not only freed us from the embarrassment of having to rely on imported materials, but also made it easier for people to paint our enamel. According to the records of the office, song qi ge was in charge of all the work of refining materials, deng ba ge is specific operation, hu dayyou is blowing glaze, wu shu is a technical personnel. In addition, yiqin wang yunxiang, lang zhonghai wang, shen yu and tang ying are mainly responsible for the management. It is especially worth mentioning among them tang ying, according to the records, yongzheng six years at the beginning of the first nine days, the office of the internal affairs office to recruit 13 artisans, shen yu, prince tang ying kai yi, to each month two silver. Then "is on February 22, six years, bai tang song qige and other happy prince: burning enamel. According to this. Shen yu, tang ying said: 'this is yi prince trying to burn the enamel material with the money grain material, another gear, to be burned, and then go into the file. 'today, send it to potang asong seven." Yongzheng six years in July, for painting enamel Tang Yingzeng Lin Chaojie job because of illness can't speak, prince, namely "July 11, six years of yongzheng, YuanWaiLang Tang Yingqi prince of grace, for lang shining disciple Lin Chaojie body consumption, already receive an accusation against an elder except on passing several times, and back to guangdong aftercare, course of disease, and in Beijing, this disease gradually to heavy, unable to walk a cop, etc. By the king's command: take him and return." In August of 2006, tang ying was sent to jingdezhen imperial kiln factory to assist in pottery business. As tang ying had rich experience in the production of enameled porcelain for many years while working for the ministry of internal affairs, he was also familiar with the aesthetic taste of emperor yongzheng and what kind of white porcelain was needed for the production of enameled porcelain in the palace. Therefore, after he came to jingdezhen, he provided a large number of white porcelain for the production of enameled porcelain.
According to the records in the archives of the office, yongzheng painted enamel in three to five years, including song sanji, a craftsman who painted porcelain in jingdezhen. There are also zhang qi, kuang linan, is the guangdong painting of bronze enamel artisans. Since the beginning of the sixth year of the reign of emperor yongzheng, he jinkun, dai heng, zou wenyu, tang zhenji, tan rong and a number of other artists in the academy have participated in the work of enamel painting on porcelain, among which good paintings have been awarded by the emperor yongzheng for many times. For example, on the 28th of October in the 10th year of the reign of emperor yongzheng, the treasurer, chang bao, and the chief, li mingjiu, gave an order that the enamel painting of the green mountains and waters was very good. Qin here. On December 28, bai tang, deng ba ge, song qi ge said, the minister of the interior, hai wang, that the emperor had praised the enamel painted by zou wenyu several times, and that he should reward him with the silver from the Treasury according to his order. According to this." From the records of the office of making records, yongzheng emperor very appreciate the use of a single material color painting ink and blue landscape two enamel color varieties. As for the bottom of the enamel porcelain money, from the records, should be the original hall of martial valor repair office of the writer, after the transfer to the office of the effectiveness of xu tongzheng. And yongzheng enamel color porcelain poetry, mostly for dai Lin inscription. Dai Lin for wuying palace servant zhao, records yongzheng emperor issued a decree many times, ordered dai Lin to write poetry on the enamel porcelain. For example, "yongzheng, April 17, 2009, the general manager of the internal affairs office hai wang held a white magnetic bowl on a pair of orders: the bowl will be painted on most of the side of green bamboo, less than half of the side of dai Lin selected poems inscribed, the chapter or color with green bamboo, or light red, or what color with enamel. Qin here. On August 14, a bowl of green bamboo was painted with verse." It is worth mentioning that in the eighth year of the reign of emperor qianlong, tang ying was ordered to compile the compilation of edifying maps (where 20), which was also written by dai Lin.
When tang ying arrived at jingdezhen imperial kiln factory, she not only provided white porcelain to the office, but also recommended the painters to work in the office. Such as "yongzheng seven years leap July 9, according to the old Summer Palace post said: yi prince jiaonian xiyao sent painting enamel people zhou yue, wu shiqi two...... On the 10th of the beginning of this month will be sent to the painting enamel people eat industrial silver, the sea wang prince. According to the king's order: keep the house of xi yao for a year, and then make the appointment on time. Qin here." < / p > < p > at that time in charge of the huai 'an pass tax liaoyao just remote jingdezhen kiln, these painting people nominally sent by li xiyao, in fact, tang ying was selected. Tang ying himself was a painter. He had selected painters who were good at painting, but more importantly, they had rich experience in painting on porcelain. After entering the building office, they cooperated with the court painters and made the production of enameled porcelain more and more advanced.
From the point of view of the inherited products, the enamel color porcelain of the yongzheng period, except for a few such as the kangxi dynasty enamel color porcelain decorated with color, were mostly painted directly on the glaze as white as snow. Utensil modelling has bottle, bowl, dish, dish, cup, all meaningful and elegant, the embryo body is light and light, some achieve the degree of semi - detoxification. Except for the Ming yongle white porcelain collected by the qing palace, most of these white porcelain were provided by jingdezhen yuyao kiln factory at that time. Among them yongzheng seven years once to provide four hundred and sixty pieces, is in all previous times most one batch, this is the archives record "yongzheng seven years February 19, yi prince hand in glaze water porcelain four hundred and sixty pieces, the year xi yao fire. The sea in the hope of the king: pack up. According to this. Four hundred and sixty pieces of porcelain are to be handed in this day. On 14 August 2007, he made three pairs of enamel bowls, two pairs of enamel dishes and four pairs of enamel wine circles. On the sixth day of the ninth month, I made two enamel bowls..." .
Yongzheng colored enamel porcelain in terms of design adornment, change kangxi colored enamel painted flowers, only have the flower without a bird, a large number of depicting YuanHua style of flowers and birds, flowers, bamboo, stone, landscape pattern, such as screen space problem with calligraphy is very fine, elegant corresponding contents, poetry, and poetry of the capital one base on an unofficial personal seal, is the end of a sentence or two parties are on the base, or for Bai Wen to base on an unofficial personal seal. Yongzheng enamel color porcelain has truly become an art treasure combining porcelain making process with poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing.
Yongzheng enamel color porcelain outsides are issued year, with blue color "yongzheng system" four-character double line song chisel body seal style style style is the most common, money to the two sides of the outer frame, the frame line outside the thick, thin, very neat, it is like a good seal engraved on. There are also a few articles in the same style as the above, but no side columns. Yongzheng enamel color porcelain also has blue and white, see "yongzheng imperial system" four word double line two sides of the outer frame and "qing yongzheng system" six word double line outside double circle. Blue and white patterns can only be painted on porcelain before glazing. In 2002, Christie's Hong Kong auctioned a yongzheng blue enamel color floral pattern "wanshou changchun" shallow bowl, four words were inscribed on the outer wall of the center of the four flowers, on the outer bottom of both sides of the column "yongzheng imperial system" four words double line.