NPDP 术语
Agile product development / 敏捷产品开发
Agile product development: an iterative approach to product development that is performed in a collaborative environment by self- organizing teams.
敏捷产品开发：由自组织团队在协作环境中执行的产品开发的迭代方法。
Alliance / 联盟
Alliance: Formal arrangement with a separate company for purposes of development, and involving exchange of information, hardware, intellectual property, or enabling technology. Alliances involve shared risk and reward (e.g., co-development projects). (See also Chapter 11 of The PDMA HandBook 2nd Edition).
联盟: 为了项目开发，与另一个独立公司达成正式协议，涉及信息、硬件、知识产权或其他技术的交流。联盟包括共担风险和分享利润(如共同开发项目 )。(见 PDMA 新产品开发手册第二版第十一章)。
Alpha Test / 阿尔法验证
Alpha Test: Pre-production product testing to find and eliminate the most obvious design defects or deficiencies, usually in a laboratory setting or in some part of the developing firm’s regular operations, although in some cases it may be done in controlled settings with lead customers. See also beta test and gamma test.
阿尔法验证: 在产品开始生产前，对样品进行测试，目的是发现并消除明显的设计缺陷与不足。测试通常在实验室或公司的常规运营环境中进行，有时也在控制条件下面向最初消费者展开。参加见“贝塔验证”和“伽马验证”。
Alpha Testing / 阿尔法测试
Alpha Testing: A crucial “first look” at the initial design, usually done in-house. The results of the Alpha test either confirm that the product performs according to its specifications or uncovers areas where the product is deficient. The testing environment should try to simulate the conditions under which the product will actually be used as closely as possible.
阿尔法测试:对原始设计的首次重要检查，通常在公司内完成。阿尔法测试的结果可证明产品是否按照规格设计，也可发现产品不足之处。测试环境应当尽可能模仿产品将来的实际使用环境。
Analyzer / 分析者
Analyzer: A firm that follows an imitative innovation strategy, where the goal is to get to market with an equivalent or slightly better product very quickly once someone else opens up the market, rather than to be first to market with new products or technologies.
Sometimes called an imitator or a “fast follower.”
分析者:采用模仿创新策略的公司，其目标是，对手产品一旦打开市场，他们就迅速向市场投放相似的或更好的产品，而不第一个推出新产品或新 技术。他们往往被称为模仿者或“快速跟随者”。
Applications Development / 应用开发
Applications Development: The iterative process through which software is designed and written to meet the needs and requirements of the user base or the process of enhancing or developing new products.
应用开发:为满足用户需求而不断设计和编写软件的过程，即改进和开发新产品的流程。
Architectural innovation / 架构创新
Architectural innovation: Combines technological and business disruptions. A well-quoted example is digital photography, which caused significant disruption for companies such as Kodak and Polaroid.
架构创新：结合技术和业务破坏。 一个引用很好的例子是数字摄影，这对柯达和宝丽来公司造成了严重影响。
Attribute Testing / 属性测试
Attribute Testing: A quantitative market research technique in which respondents are asked to rate a detailed list of product or category attributes on one or more types of scales such as relative importance, current performance, current satisfaction with a particular product or service, for the purpose of ascertaining customer preferences for some attributes over others, to help guide the design and development process. Great care and rigor should be taken in the development of the list of attributes, and it must be neither too long for the respondent to answer comfortably or too short such that it lumps too many ideas together at too high a level.
属性测试:一项定量市场研究方法，受访者就产品属性打分排序，如相对重要性、当前性能、对某产品或服务的满意度等，其目的是明确客户对产品属性的喜好，以指导设计和开发流程。在设计产品属性问卷时，必须格外小心，受访者回答问题时间不宜太长或太短，太长导致被访者不舒适，太短导致人们仓促归纳意见。
Audit / 审计
Audit: When applied to new product development, an audit is an appraisal of the effectiveness of the processes by which the new product was developed and brought to market.
审计:新产品开发流程中，针对新产品开发和市场发布流程的有效性评价。(参见 PDMA 工具书 1 第十四章)
Augmented Product / 延伸产品
Augmented Product: The Core Product, plus all other sources of product benefits, such as service, warranty, and image.
延伸产品 : 核心产品，可创造产品收益的其他因素，如服务、保修和形象等。
Autonomous Team / 自主型团队
Autonomous Team: A completely self-sufficient project team with very little, if any, link to the funding organization. Frequently used as an organizational model to bring a radical innovation to the marketplace. Sometimes called a “tiger” team.
自主型团队:一个自给自足的项目团队，很少与基金组织有关联。往往对市场进行突破型创新。有时称作“老虎”团队。
Awareness / 知名度
Awareness: A measure of the percent of target customers who are aware that the new product exists. Awareness is variously defined, including recall of brand, recognition of brand, recall of key features or positioning.
知名度:在目标客户群中，了解某新产品的客户比例。知名度的定义很广泛，包括品牌印象、品牌识别和对关键特征或定位的了解。
Balanced portfolio / 平衡组合
Balanced portfolio: a collection of projects where the proportion of projects in specific categories is directed according to strategic priorities.
平衡组合：一组项目，其*特中**定类别的项目比例根据战略优先顺序排列。
Benchmarking / 基准化分析法
Benchmarking: A process of collecting process performance data, generally in a confidential, blinded fashion, from a number of organizations to allow them to assess their performance individually and as a whole.
基准化分析法:从不同组织收集进程绩效用以评价个体绩效或整体绩效的过程。
Benefit / 利益
Benefit: A product attribute expressed in terms of what the user gets from the product rather than its physical characteristics or features. Benefits are often paired with specific features, but they need not be.
利益:产品的属性通过产品的使用价值体现出来，而不通过产品的物理特征或特性。效益经常与产品特性相关联，但并不是绝对。
Best Practice / 最佳实践
Best Practice: Methods, tools or techniques that are associated with improved performance. In new product development, no one tool or technique assures success; however, a number of them are associated with higher probabilities of achieving success. Best practices likely are at least somewhat context specific. Sometimes called “effective practice.”
最佳实践:应用方法、工具或技术用来提高绩效的活动。在新产品开发中，不能只用一种工具或技术来确保成功，而应综合系列方法以增加成功几 率。最佳实践方法还要依环境而定，有时被称为“有效实践”。
Best Practice Study / 最佳实践研究
Best Practice Study: A process of studying successful organizations and selecting the best of their actions or processes for emulation.
In new product development it means finding the best process practices, adapting them and adopting them for internal use. (See Chapter 36 in the PDMA HandBook 2nd Edition, Chapter 33 in The PDMA HandBook, Griffin, “PDMA Research on New Product Development Practices: Updating Trends and Benchmarking Best Practices,” JPIM, 14:6, 429-458, November, 1997, and “Drivers of NPD Success: The 1997 PDMA Report,” PDMA, October, 1997)
最佳实践研究:对成功机构进行分析、效仿的最佳实践法。在新产品的开发中， 这意味着寻找并调整最佳的过程实践法来加以利用。(参见 PDMA 新产品开发手册第二版第三十六章，PDMA 新产品开发手册第三十三章，Griffin, “基于新产品开发实践的新产品开发研究:日益更新的趋势和基准化分析最佳实
践”“JPIM, 14:6,429—458,11 月，1997，新产品开发成功的驱动者: 1997PDMA 报告”PDMA,10 月，1997)
Beta Testing / 贝塔测试
Beta Testing: A more extensive test than the Alpha, performed by real users and customers. The purpose of Beta testing is to determine how the product performs in an actual user environment. It is critical that real customers perform this evaluation, not the firm developing the product or a contracted testing company. As with the Alpha test, results of the Beta Test should be carefully evaluated with an eye toward any needed modifications or corrections.
贝塔测试:与阿尔法测试相比，是测试维度更为广泛的一种测试方法，由实际使用者和消费者来施行。其目的是判断在实际使用环境中产品的性能如何。其关键是，该项测试应由实际消费者来完成，而不是由公司开发团队或外包测试公司来完成。同阿尔法测试一样，必须认真对待贝塔测试的结果，从而找出产品所需的任何修正。
Big data / 大数据
Big data: extremely large data sets that may be analysed computationally to reveal patterns, trends, and associations, especially relating to human behaviour and interactions.
大数据：可以通过计算分析以显示模式，趋势和关联，特别是与人类行为和交互相关的极大数据集。
Bottom up portfolio selection / 自下而上的产品组合筛选
Bottom up portfolio selection: starts first with a list of individual projects and through a process of strict project evaluation and screening ends up with a portfolio of strategically aligned projects.
自下而上的产品组合筛选：首先从单个项目列表开始，通过严格的项目评估和筛选过程，结束一系列策略性项目。
Brainstorming / 头脑风暴法
Brainstorming: A group method of creative problem-solving frequently used in product concept generation. There are many modifications in format, each variation with its own name. The basis of all of these methods uses a group of people to creatively generate a list of ideas related to a particular topic. As many ideas as possible are listed before any critical evaluation is performed. (See Chapters 16 and 17 in The PDMA HandBook 2nd Edition.)
头脑风暴法:经常在新产品概念生成阶段应用的创造性解决问题的多种方法。方法形式各异，各有称谓。共同点是让人们在决定性评估前提出尽可 能多的创意。(参见 PDMA 指导手册第 12 和 13 章)
Brand / 品牌
Brand: A name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller’s good or service as distinct from those of other sellers. The legal term for brand is trademark. A brand may identify one item, a family of items, or all items of that seller.
品牌:使生产商或服务商区别于他人的名称、称呼、设计、符号或其他任何特征。品牌的合法形式是商标。品牌可以代表一种、一系列或一个生产商的所有产品。
Break-even Point / 盈亏平衡点
Break-even Point: The point in the commercial life of a product when cumulative development costs are recovered through accrued profits from sales.
盈亏平衡点:在产品商业周期中，累计开发成本和销售利润的交叉点。
Break-even Point / 盈亏平衡点
Break-even Point: The point in the commercial life of a product when cumulative development costs are recovered through accrued profits from sales.
盈亏平衡点:在产品商业周期中，累计开发成本和销售利润的交叉点。
Breakthrough projects / 突破性项目
Breakthrough projects (sometimes referred to as radical or disruptive). These projects strive to bring a new product to the market with new technologies; depart significantly from existing organizational practices; and have a high level of risk.
突破性项目（有时被称为激进或破坏性项目）。 这些项目致力于用新技术将新产品推向市场; 明显偏离现有的组织惯例; 并具有高水平的风险。
Business Analysis / 商业分析
Business Analysis: An analysis of the business situation surrounding a proposed project. Usually includes financial forecasts in terms of discounted cash flows, net present values or internal rates of returns.
商业分析:对某项目的商业环境分析，通常包括折现现金流、净现值或内部收益率的财务预测。
Business Case / 商业案例
Business Case: The results of the market, technical and financial analyses, or up-front homework. Ideally defined just prior to the “go to development” decision (gate), the case defines the product and project, including the project justification and the action or business plan. (See Chapter 21 of The PDMA HandBook 2nd Edition).
商业案例:市场技术和财务分析的结果，理论上应在“开发”决策之前执行。它具体定义了产品和项目，包括项目合理性，行动或商业计划。(参见 PDMA 新产品开发手册第二版第 21 章)
Business-to-Business / 企业对企业模式
Business-to-Business: Transactions with non-consumer purchasers such as manufacturers, resellers (distributors, wholesalers, jobbers and retailers, for example) institutional, professional and governmental organizations. Frequently referred to as “industrial” businesses in the past.
企业对企业模式:与非消费者，如制造商、销售商(分销商、批发商、临时商和零售商)、专业或政府组织发生的商业关系。过去常常指工业企业 。
Buyer / 买方
Buyer: The purchaser of a product, whether or not he or she will be the ultimate user. Especially in business-to-business markets, a purchasing agent may contract for the actual purchase of a good or service, yet never benefit from the function(s) purchased.
买方:产品的购买者，但不一定是最终消费者。尤其是在企业对企业模式市场， 购买机构可能签订实际购买产品或服务的合同，但并不使用购买的 产品或服务。
Cannibalization / 抢食效应
Cannibalization: That portion of the demand for a new product that comes from the erosion of the demand for (sales of) a current product the firm markets. (See Chapter 34 in The PDMA HandBook 2nd Edition).
抢食效应:因放弃现有产品而转向新产品的需求比重。(参见 PDMA 新产品开发手册第二版第 34 章)
Capacity Planning / 能力规划
Capacity Planning: A forward-looking activity that monitors the skill sets and effective resource capacity of the organization. For product development, the objective is to manage the flow of projects through development such that none of the functions (skill sets) creates a bottleneck to timely completion. Necessary in optimizing the project portfolio.
能力规划:监督组织技术行为和有效资源容量的前瞻性活动。新产品开发目的是确保新产品开发流程中所有技术不会成为阻碍项目顺利完成的瓶颈。这对于优化项目组合是必要的。
Carbon credits / 碳信用
Carbon credits: By a simple Cost of Goods calculation the indirect cost from Externalities (effects of a product or service on other people than the producer and user) are not reflected. This can be CO2, but also social impact. Integrating all externalities in your (shadow) price gives the “Real Price”.
碳信用：通过简单的货物成本计算，外部因素的间接成本（产品或服务对生产者和用户以外的其他人的影响）没有反映。 这可以是二氧化碳，但也有社会影响。 在你的（阴影）价格中整合所有外部性给出了“实际价格”。