排序、逗号缺陷铁律、句子梯队性是解决长难句复杂句中定位主句及修饰句子的主谓宾的法宝—享有著作权（如同专利中的新颖性、创造性及实用性）。
•非常规排序理论：以谓语动词或者谓语系动词为参照物。真正的排序涵盖但远远大于主谓宾及倒装这几类排序。
•主谓宾、 宾主谓、宾谓主、、、、
in particular,to regulate planting and harvesting.
what with all the hullabaloo they are having over there about Fort Sumter,
only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal
The two ships becalmed on a torpid sea, I believed to be marine phantom。
A pain slashed at her heart as savagely as a wild animal’s fangs
Basic to success is your sth,which is so good.
We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house
The news will come to the mother of her death during the war。
Whatever you do,do with your heart.
“I can’t think of anything. Besides, when Scarlett gets mad, everybody knows it. She don’t hold herself in like some girls do.”
a wide black cravat set off his frilled shirt to perfection。
The dress set off to perfection the seventeen-inch waist，the smallest in three counties，and the tightly fitting basque showed breasts well matured for her sixteen years
set off：PHRASAL VERB 衬托;(通常指通过对比)使显得更漂亮
A little aloof, as became an aristocrat, lay a black-spotted carriage dog, muzzle on paws, patiently waiting for the boys to go home to supper.
Accompanying him also were the smells of chewing tobacco, well-oiled leather and horses—a combination of odors that she always associated with her father and instinctively liked in other men.
The Licensee（被授权人） shall not divulge（泄露） to any third person any trade secret having to do with the business of the Licensor（授权人） that shall come to the knowledge of the Licensee by reason of this Agreement , during the term of this Agreement and for three years after the termination of this Agreement.
Verb
外国人表达逻辑：先给出一个概念，然后对其解释。
•二、句子的梯队性即阶级性（句子必要条件）：不应该叫主语从句或者宾语从句（错就错在这个“从”字），其准确称谓为句子作主语，句子作宾语。想想为什么？用批判性逻辑思维考虑。（这个是精髓）。一个完整的句子中要学会分梯队，第一梯队为主句的主语或者主语从句、谓语动词或者谓语系动词、宾语或者宾语从句及表语（何谓表语，即那些本属于第二梯队的成分给提上第一梯队）或者表语从句。上面这些成分是句子结构的主要矛盾，借用数学概念，是必要条件。除此之外的成分都为第二梯队，如定语从句、状语从句等等，只是出于修饰作用，从形式上讲可以完全去除，去除也不会影响主句的完整性。而第一梯队的成分一般不能少，少了就是错句子了。
•梯度性理论可以告诉你谓语系动词是怎么来的。（通过谓语系动词让原本处于第二梯度的成分有机会上升到第一梯度，但是只限于到主语与与宾语类似的表语。
•梯度性理论可以告诉你名词性从句的由来。
•定理：第二梯队的成分永远不能上升到第一梯队作谓语。
•如：The said Eliza, John, and Georgiana were now clustered round their mama in the drawing-room：she lay reclined on a sofa by the fireside, and with her darlings about her （for the time neither quarrelling nor crying） looked perfectly happy.
怎么用句子梯度性来找宾语从句，主语从句
We don't have good solid information on where the people are
我们还没有得到关于大家现在所处位置的确切消息。
《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》
where
noun
\ ˈ(h)wer \
Definition of where (Entry 3 of 3)
1: PLACE, LOCATIONthe where and the how of the accident
2: what place, source, or cause
I know where that comes from
where it's at
1a: a place of central interest or activity
b: something (such as a topic or field of interest) of primary concern or importance
education is where it's at
2: the true nature of things
where one is at
: one's true position, state, or nature
Where are you from？
I like the place you are from where.（这个句子值得探讨，from which？？）
I like the place which you are from
•I paly the football on where you are from.（这个句子值得探讨，from which？？）
•I put on what you like
Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off
•The way：1、如果不考虑省略，则为成分连词，I hate the way you talked to me（实际为by which的省略）；2、连接词：I like you the way you like him.类似的有the day ，the moment等
•“whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.”为名词性从句，作介词in的宾语。
•The moist hungry earth, waiting excited for the cottonseeds, showed pinkish on the sandy tops of furrows, vermilion and scarlet and maroon where shadows lay along the sides of the trenches.
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•I lay excited on the ground.
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•1、谓语没有从句，这反映了什么？
•2、句子结构中的逗号缺陷铁律（或者表达为“一山不能容二虎”）到底反映了什么问题？
•3、非谓语动词过去分词接在谓语系动词后面，此时非谓语动词过去分词是表语（红花成分）；非谓语动词过去分词接在谓语动词（尤其是谓语不及物动词）后面时，非谓语动词过去分词只能是状语（绿叶成分）。这反映了什么？
•4、第二梯度的修饰语无论怎么想当红花，想当必要条件，死活当不了谓语。这反映了什么？
•5、主系表到底是反映了什么？
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•三、逗号缺陷铁律即一山不能容二虎（插入语、少量变形的宾补、小说情感语言可以稍微突破这个规律，但几乎可以省略）：逗号铁律可以将逗号、连词（and、although、when、as、the way、every moment、as...as等，这里有些词为什么不说是副词了？？）、连接成分词（which、who、where、when、what、whom等，这些词为什么不说是关系词了？）、非谓语动词现在分词（与谓语动词现在进行时态以及动名词稍微区分下）、非谓语动词过去分词（与谓语动词过去时态、动词完成时态等区分下）等统一起来。想想为什么？
If you make a fire, do so downwind of your shelter.
2019高考改错真题：All the football players on the playground cheered loudly， said that I had a talent for football.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need In 1931,Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
You must know the knowledge of which one is good.
The two ships becalmed on a torpid sea, I believed to be marine phantom。
Whatever you do,do with your heart.
Perfume is to flower what character is to man.
I will do whatever the opposite is you are saying.
I will do whatever you do you are proud of .
•
•例子：In response to biologists who question how organisms presumably working for their own selfish ends could have evolved to behave in a way that benefits not only the planet but the organisms as well, cooling benefits the algae, which remain at the ocean surface, because it allows the cooled upper layers of the ocean to sink, and then the circulating water carries nutrients upward from the depths below.
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These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake,and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding,a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.
The Company shall have a first and paramount lien and charge on all shares (whether fully paid-up or not) registered in the name of a Member (whether solely or jointly with others) for all debts, liabilities or engagements to or with the Company (whether presently payable or not) by such Member or his estate, either alone or jointly with any other person, whether a Member or not, but the Directors may at any time declare any share to be wholly or in part exempt from the provisions of this Article. The registration of a transfer of any such share shall operate as a waiver of the Company’s lien (if any) thereon. The Company’s lien (if any) on a share shall extend to all dividends or other monies payable in respect thereof.
五、再思考：this is a book,to which I give name.
能否用this is a book,which I give name.代替。（上面是经常高考考的，标准的是第一种说法，第二种说法对不对呢？）因为有this is a book, I give which name。
•过去分词作后置定语时能否再接宾语？
•思考下过去分词后置定语的本质是什么？这是解决上面问题的思考方向。
•以上问题都是告诉你学习英语不仅要知其然还要知其所以然，要用批判性逻辑思维去思考语法现象。
•阅读材料的选择：原版小说，先不要看新闻。
•动名词与非谓语动词现在分词
•借助非谓语动词过去分词的功能来区分。
•单独出现都很好区分：动名词主要功能是主语、宾语、表语（有些说有补语功能）。
•非谓语动词现在分词的功能是除了主语、宾语外的定、状、补及表语及接of
•Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions.
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•不单独出现时即接有成分时如何区分
•"Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on Chinese traditions. Many people tend to talk about traditions without knowing what they really are, "
•Reading books is good.
•A killed man was here.
•A man called a hero is me
•九、
the orchestral piano was virtually inaudible to audiences at eighteenth-century concerts and was dropped as musically unnecessary
2020/9/25：For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC.
And there they sit reading and dreaming the dear God knows what , when they’d be better spending their time hunting and playing poker as proper men should.”
A new law limits exploration to an area south of the southern end of the long coastline
The effects of the oil industry would not be limited to the north, however
The best marriages are when the parents choose for the girl.
Thanks to digital technology and the widely available Internet, Turin notes, the endangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities.
while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best, the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information
All you need to do is focus on one thing
Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people.
张道真《现代英语用法词典》(2009年7月1版P.118)有如下解释：
before作连词“在......之前”
△before前有时可加一个状语：
They arrived at the station twenty minutes before the train was due. 他们在火车发车前20分钟到达车站。
△before间或可引起一个定语或表语从句：
You remember that fellow who came up the evening before you left us? 你还记得那天晚上你离开我们之前来到我们跟前的那个家伙吗？
That was (long) before I came. 那是我来以前很久的事了。
The people's liberty consists not in their original responsibility for what exists, but merely in the faculty they have acquired of abolishing any detail that may distress or wound them, and of imposing any new measure, which, seen against the background of existing laws, may commend itself from time to time to their instinct and mind.
As always, she wondered how her loud, insensitive father had managed to marry a woman like her mother, for never were two people further apart in birth, breeding and habits of mind.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”
The students benefitting most from college are those 9who are totally engaged（参与）in academic life, taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources（资源）. S
As a child, she often had crept to the door and, peeping through the tiniest crack, had seen Ellen emerge from the dark room, where Gerald’s snores were rhythmic and untroubled, into the flickering light of an upheld candle, her medicine case under her arm, her hair smoothed neatly place, and no button on her basque unlooped.
Most of our volunteers are aged 17-24.
he knew that it was no less than a miracle that he, an Irishman with nothing of family and wealth to recommend him, should win the daughter of one of the wealthiest and proudest families on the Coast.