初高中英语复习资料总共分了七次为大家分享，内容比较多，家长只要让孩子读一遍就基本差不多了，然后把重点知识做成笔记，这样才能整合成为自己的知识点，后期会陆续为大家分享更多精彩知识点，感谢大家的支持和关注！
独立主格结构
第八章 独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（ Absolute Construction ）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
Such an able man to help you ， you will surely succeed sooner or later.
有这么能干的人来帮你 , 你迟早一定会成功的。（ such an able man 和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系）
= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（ seating himself at the desk 拥有了自己的逻辑主语 he ，注意是“主格”）
= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.
由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（ lost 的逻辑主语是 the key ， lost 也可以用完成式 having been lost ）
= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.
A． 不定式“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语 + 动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
1 ．动词不定式用主动的形式
在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
His mother to come tonight ， he is busy preparing the dinner.
他母亲今晚要来 , 他正在忙着准备饭菜。（ = As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner. ）
—— will you go to the comcert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？
——sorry.So many exerise-books to check,I rially can't afford any time.
对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。
（＝ Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really can't afford any time. ）
The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
（＝ The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book. ）
Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。 (=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)
B ． -ing 形式“独立主格结构”
动词的 -ing 形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
Being ill, he went home.
由于生病 , 他回家了。（ = As he was very ill, he went home. ）
Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.
在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（ = When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine. ）
1 ．表示时间的 -ing 形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.
每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句 When everyone was
ready)
The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.
每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句 after everyone was seated ）
2 ．表示原因的 -ing 形式作“独立主格结构”
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句 Because the boy led the way ）
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句 As many eyes were watching him ）
必背：
含有 being 的独立主格结构。
It being National Day today ， the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节 , 街上很拥挤。
= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.
3 ．表示条件的 -ing 形式作“独立主格结构”
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句 If time
permits)
My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句 If my health allows ）
4 ．表示方式的 -ing 形式作“独立主格结构”
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.
学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句 and each wears a card in front of his chest ）
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.
男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句 and his eyes were looking at the sky ）
C ． -ed 形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语 + 动词的 -ing 形式一样，如果 -ed 形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用 -ed 形式的独立主格结构。
The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.
该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。
= As the book was written in simple English ， English beginners were able to read it.
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.
The task completed,he had two months' leave.
任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（ =When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave. ）
比较：
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词 -ed 形式表示动作已经结束，动词 -ing 形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried ， many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急 , 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式 to settle ）
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词 -ed 形式 settled 表示动作已经结束）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）
一、 动词独立主格结构
“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。
A．逻辑主语+名词
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being）
注意：
独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being +名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。
B．逻辑主语+形容词
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being）
= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.
He stood there, his mouth wide open.
他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（his mouth和wide open之间省去了being）
= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.
C．逻辑主语+副词
School over, we all went home.
放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being）
= School was over, and we all went home.
He sat at his desk, his shoes off.
他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（his shoes和off之间省去了being）
= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.
D．逻辑主语+介词短语
He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.
他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。
= He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.
The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.
新老师面带微笑走了进来。
= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.
The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand.
老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。
= The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.
提示：
在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。
The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.
音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）
二、 withwithout 引导的独立主格结构
介词withwithout +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
A．with+名词代词+形容词
He doesn誸like to sleep with the windows open.
他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
= He doesn誸like to sleep when the windows are open.
He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.
他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。
= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.
注意：
在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn誸want to study.
父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。
B．with+名词代词+副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
= Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on.
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父亲在前，小孩在后走着。
= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.
C．with+名词代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或
He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或
Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.
文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。
= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.
D．with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
With the signal given, the train started.
信号发出了，火车开始起动了。
= After the signal was given, the train started.
I wouldn誸dare go home without the job finished.
工作还没完成，我不敢回家。
= I wouldn誸dare go home because the job was not finished.
E．with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。
= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。
= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.
F．with+名词代词+动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。
= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。
The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.
提示：
在withwithout的复合结构中，多数情况下with能省略，但without不能省略。
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再四 、 独立主格结构的句*功法**能
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
A．作状语
独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
1．表示时间
Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）
All the guests seated, they began their dinner.
所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。
（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）
With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.
所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。
（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）
2．表示原因
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。
（= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）
There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.
由于在半夜没有交通工具了，他只好步行回家。
(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)
3．表示条件
Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）
All the work done, you can have a rest.
所有工作做好后，你可以休息。
（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）
Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。
（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）
提示：
表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。
【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.
【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom.下课了，学生都离开了教室。
【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way.
【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way.月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。
4．表示伴随情况或补充说明
The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.
那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。
（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.
杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。
（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。
（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）
B．作定语
独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with的复合结构作定语,修饰the student)
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.
You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle)
你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。
= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。(without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road )
= He was walking along the road that didn誸have any street lights on its both sides.
提示：
在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是，不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。
If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful.
如果你站在山顶上,公园看上去更美。（不要改为独立主格结构）
If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.
如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不要改为独立主格结构）
说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）
名词性从句
第九章 名词性从句
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。名词性从句在复合句中起名词的作用，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四大类，在句中分别用作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。
一、 一 、 引导名词性从句的关联词
A．that
连词that本身没有意义，在从句中不担任任何句子成分，在宾语从句中有时可省略。
I hear (that) he has joined the football club. 我听说他已经加入了足球俱乐部。
That light travels in straight line is known to all. 众所周知，光是以直线传播的。
It so happens that I know the man. 碰巧我认识那个。
Is it certain that they will win 他们一定会赢吗
B．whether和if
连词whether和if本身有意义（解释是否），在从句中不可省略。
1．whether可以连接所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句。
I didn't know whether he would attend the concert. 我并不知道他是否参加音乐会。（宾语从句，可用if代替whether）
The question is whether it s worth trying. 问题是值不值得试一试。（表语从句，不可用if代替whether）
Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 她来不来都没有关系。（主语从句，不可用if代替whether）
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。（同位语从句，不可用if代替whether）
2．whether引导的宾语从句可作介的宾语，而if则不能。
It all depends on whether they will support us. 这完全取决于他们是否支持我们。(不用if)
Ryan was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings. 瑞恩担心是否伤害了她的感情。
3．if既可引导语从句，也可引导宾语从句。如果用if会引起歧义，应避免使用if，而用whether。
Please let me know if you want to join us. 请告诉我你是否想加入我们。（if引导的从句可被看成是宾语从句，if表示是否）
Please let me know if you want to join us. 如果你想加入我们的话，请告诉我一声。（if引导的从句可被看成是条件状语从句，if表示如果）
Please let me know whether you want t join us. 请告诉我你是否想加入我们。（为避免引起歧义，可用whether表示是否）
C．who, whom, whose, what, which
连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等在从句中既起连接作用，同时又担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。
No one knows who he was waiting for. 没人知道他当时在等谁。
We are worrying about what we should do next. 我们正在为下一步该怎么办而烦恼。
Tell me whos house it is. 告诉我这是谁的家。
Let me know which train you will be arriving on. 告诉我你将乘哪列火车到达。
D．where, when, how, why
连接副词where, when, how, why等在从句中既是连接词，又作状语。
I don't know where we are going to have the meeting.我不知道我们将在哪儿开会。
She always thinks of how shecan work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
What I am anxious to know is when we can visit the museum. 我急于知道我们什么时候能参观博物馆。
比较：
when引导的时间状语从句和名词性从句中的不同时态。
Please lt me know when you arrive. 你到的时候，请告诉我一声。（when引导的是时间状语从句，从句中用一般现在时来表示将来。）
Please let me know when you will arrive. 请告诉我你什么时候到。（when引导的是宾语从句，从句中用一般将来时。）
E．whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, whosever
连接代词whoever = anyone who任何人, 无论谁；whatever =anything that凡是...，无论什么；whichever = anything that无论那一个, 任何一个；whomever = anyone whom （whoever的宾格形式）。
Whoever comes to the club is welcome. 不论谁来参加这个俱乐部都欢迎。
Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡是值得做的就值得做好。
They ate whatever they could find o the deserted island. 他们在荒岛找到什么就吃什么。
You may do whatever you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
I'll take whichever book interests me.我愿买任何让我感兴趣的书。
Whosever book is overdue will be fined. 不管谁的书过期未还都要被罚款。
比较 ：
连接代词whoever在宾语从句中作主语，whomever作宾语从句中宾语。
You may offer he book to whoever wants it. 你可把这本书给任何想要的人。（此句中不能使用whomever，因为whoever在宾语从句中作wants it的主语）
You may offer the book to whomever you like.你可把这本书给任何你喜欢的人。（whomever在宾语从句中作you like的宾语）
一、 表语从句
表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。
A．可接表语从句的连系动词
可接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。
China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。
The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 问题还是他们能否帮我们。
Itappears that he has a taste for music.看来他对音乐有一定的鉴赏力.
At that time, it seemed as if I couldn' t think of the right word anyhow. 当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
B．as, as ifthough引导的表语从句
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
It sounds as ifsomeone is knocking at the door. 听起来好像有人在敲门。
C．because, why引导的表语从句
I think it is because you are talking too much. 我想这是因为你话说得太多。
That's because he didn't understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。（That's because
三 同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句一般由that引导，但也可以由whether 以及连接代词和连接副词引导。
A．同位语从句一般跟在名词fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, rule等的面。
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come 你在哪儿听说我不能来？
I have no idea whether he'll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going t spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
There is no doubt that we will win. 毫无疑问我们会赢的。
注意：
当含有同位语从句的主句谓语部分过短时，可以把谓语动词提前，使同位语从句与名词隔开，以避免头重脚轻的现象。
Word came that Mr President would come and inspect ourschool himself. 有消息说总统先生将亲自来视察我们学校。
B．使用虚拟语气的同位语从句
在一些表示建议、命令、要求的名词后的同位语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形表示，should可省略。
This is our only request that this (hould) be settled as soon as possible. 尽快解决这个问题，这是我们唯一的请求。
He made the suggestion that we go by train. 他建议我们坐火车去。
第10章 定语从句
第10章 定语从句
在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词主要有 who, whom, whose, which, that 等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。
A ． who
指人，在定语从句中作主语。
What was the name of the man who lent you the money
借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？（定语从句修饰先行词 the man ）
He who laughs lst laughs best.
谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。（定语从句修饰先行词 he ）
The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right.
会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。（定语从句修饰先行词 the chairman ）
B ． whom
指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中， whom 可省略或可用 who 来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用 whom 。
There are some people (whomwho)we like and others (whomwho) we dislike.
有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。（定语从句分别修饰先行词 people, others ）
The people whomwho I work with are all friendly.
和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定语从句修饰先行词 the people ）
Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in or plan.
昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过，他对我们的计划很感兴趣。（非限制性定语从句中不能用 who 代替 whom ）
Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.
两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。（在介词后面不用 who ）
C ． whose
通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。
There are some people whose faces you can nevr forget.
有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。（定语从句修饰先行词 people ）
I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air.
我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。（定语从句修饰行词 trees ）
D ． which
1 ．指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。
English is a language which is easy to learn.
英语是一门容易学的语言。（ which 在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）
This is a folk song which is now very popular.
这是目前非常流行的一首民谣（ which 在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）
The river which flows through London is the Thames.
流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。（ which 在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）
The children like cookies (which) my wife makes.
孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。 ( 关系代词 which 作 makes 的宾语，可以省略 )
2 ． which 引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于 and this 。
Jim passedhis driving test, which surprised everybody.
吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是 the driving test ）
Sheila couldn't come to the party, which was a pity.
希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是 the party ）
3 ． which 在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。
John stayed here for a week, dring which time we visited the West Lake together.
约翰在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖。
It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Beijing.
周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。
E ． that
指人时，相当于 who 或 whom ；指物时，相当于 which 。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）。
He is the man that lives next door.
他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词 the man ，作主语）
I don't like stories that have unhappy endings.
我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。（定语从句修饰先行词 stories ，作主语）
The dress (that) Ann boughtdoesn't fit her very well.
安买的衣服不太合身。（定语从句修饰先行词 the dress ， that 作宾语可省略）
Is there anything (that) I can do for you
有我能为你效劳的事吗？（定语从句修饰先行词 anything ， that 作宾语，可省略）
提示：
在口语中， that 有时还可以作关系副词，相当于 when 或介词 +which 结构。
We left the day (that) he arrived. 他来的那一天，我们就走了。（ that 替 when ）
He doesn't see things the way (that) we see them. 他看问题的方法和我们不一样。（ that 代替 in which ）
Imagine the speed (that) he drives his car! 很难想象，他开车的速度那么快！（ that 代替 at which ）
F ．其他关系代词
as 和 but 也可作关系代词，引导定语从句。
1 ． as
as 可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。
①在限制性定语从句中， as 可跟在由 suc, so, the same 修饰的先行词之后。
Such men as heard him were deeply moved.
听过他说话的人，都会深受感动。（ as 在定语从句中作 heard 的主语）
I've never heard such stories as he tells.
我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。（ as 在定语从句中作 tell 的宾语）
He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift.
他搬起别人都搬不起的大石头。（ as 在定语从句中 lift 的宾语）
比较：