听力部分
| Section | 版本号 | 场景 | 题型 |
| One | 咨询 | 填空10 |
1.Which room do they want to choose with color? There are red, blue, green; green room with large lounge
2.estimated number of people that would join in: 40
3.seat planning 3 long tables
4.layout should have background music, drinks and flowers
5.Which company held this party? Smith Brother's Engineer Company
6.postcode of company: S132RT
7.Contact: Collins
8.contact number: district number already given 0114-2531468
9.additional request: still need a big cake
10.the party is 28th June
| Section | 版本号 | 场景 | 题型 |
| Two | Introduction | 选择4， 填空 6 |
11~14 选择题
11. 体现环保的措施之一是：
A. do not use metal paint
B. not to buy too much paint
C. use up old paint
12. 回收垃圾的时间在哪里查询？
A. Customer Service Center
B. the lid of the bin
C. information board
13. 垃圾桶怎么放？
A. leave some space between the dustbins
B. parking lot
C. leave them on the sides of the road / street
14. 玻璃垃圾应该如何处理？ C. take the tops off
15-20 填空题
15. for paper and card
16. spare parts can be used
17. car batteries
18. colored
19. printer and ink cartridge
20. ink
| Section | 版本号 | 场景 | 题型 |
| Three | 讨论 | 选择2，配对8 |
21-22 选择题
21. C. the length of the time passed from the peak of oil production
22. C.
23-25 匹配题
G. price reduction due to pressure
D. adding water into oil
C. current level of oil
26-30 匹配题
26. can be continued to product oil
27. it is already in the oil peak
28. still have a long time to find alternative resources
29. impose the influence on stock market
30. it is too late to develop the alternative energy resources
| Section | 版本号 | 场景 | 题型 |
| four | Robot development and applications | 填空 |
31. present
32. exploring new facts
33. Ocean surface winds
34. future medicine
35. control of traffic
36. highest sales is toys
37. look like animals
38. tiny camera
39. surgery could be much faster and efficient
40. organize competitions
阅读部分
| Passage | 题材 | 题目 | 题型 |
| One | 人文学科 | Consecutive and Simultaneous Translation | 选择5，填空4，多选4 |
Consecutive and Simultaneous Translation
A When people are faced with a foreign-language barrier, the usual way round it is to find someone to interpret or translate for them. The term‘translation’, is the neutral term used for all tasks where the meaning or expressions in one language (the source language) is turned into the meaning of another (the ‘target’ language), whether the medium is spoken, written, or signed. In specific professional contexts, however, a distinction is drawn between people who work with the spoken or signed language (interpreters), and those who work with the written language (translators). There are certain tasks that blur this distinction, as when source speeches turned into target writing. But usually the two roles are seen as quite distinct, and it is unusual to find one person who is equally happy with both occupations. Some writers on translation, indeed, consider the interpreting task to be more suitable for extravert ( 外向的) personalities, and the translating task for introverts ( 内向的人).
B Interpreting is today widely known from its use in international political life.Then senior ministers from different language backgrounds meet, the television record invariably shows a pair of interpreters hovering in the background. At major conferences, such as the United Nations General Assembly, the presence of headphones is a clear indication that a major linguistic exercise is taking place. In everyday circumstances, too interpreters are frequently needed, especially in cosmopolitan societies formed by new reiterations ( 反复) of immigrants and Gastarbeiter ( 客籍工人) . Often, the business of law courts, hospitals, local health clinics, classrooms, or industrial tribunals cannot be carried on without the presence of an interpreter. Given the importance andfrequency of this task, therefore, it is remarkable that so little study has been made of what actually happens when interpreting takes place, and of how successful an exercise it is.
C There are two main kinds of oral translation consecutive( 连贯的) and simultaneous ( 同时的). In consecutive translation the translating starts after the original speech or some part of it has been completed. Here the interpreter’s strategy and the final results depend, to a great extent on the length of the segment to be translated. If the segment is just a sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech. As often as not, however, the interpreter is expected to translate a long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer. In this case he has to remember a great number of messages; and keep them in mind until he begins his translation. To make this possible the interpreter has to take notes of the original messages, various systems of notation having been suggested for the purpose. The study of, and practice in, such notation is the integral part of the interpreter’s training as are special exercises to develop his memory.
D Doubtless the recency ( 崭新) of developments in the field partly explains this neglect. One procedure, consecutive interpreting, is very old - and presumably dates from the Tower of Babel ！ Here, the interpreter translates after the speaker has finished speaking, This approach is widely practiced in informal situations, as well as in committees and small conferences. In larger and more formal settings, however, it has been generally replaced by simultaneous interpreting - a recent development that arose from the availability of modern audiological equipment and the advent of increased international interaction following the Second World War.
E Of the two procedures, it is the second that has attracted most interest, because of the complexity of the task and the remarkable skills required. In no other context of human communication is anyone routinely required to listen and speak at the same time, preserving an exact semantic ( 语义的) correspondence between the two modes. Moreover, there is invariably a delay of a few words between the stimulus and the response, because of the time it takes to assimilate ( 吸收) what is being said in the source language and to translate it into an acceptable form in the target language. This‘ ear-voice span’ is usually about 2 or 3 seconds, but it may be as much as 10 seconds or so, if the text is complex. The brain has to remember what has just been said, attend to what is currently being said, and anticipate the construction of what is about to be said. As you start a sentence you are taking a leap in the dark, you are mortgaging your grammatical future; the original sentence may suddenly be turned in such a way that your translation of its end cannot easily be reconciled ( 和解) with your translation of its start. Great nimbleness ( 聪明 ) is called for.
F How it is all done is not at all clear. That it is done at all is a source of some wonder, given the often lengthy periods of interpreting required, the confined environment of an interpreting booth , the presence of background noise, and the awareness that major decisions may depend upon the accuracy of the work.
Other consideration such as cultural background also makes it aim to pay full attention to the backgrounds of the authors and the recipients, and to take into account differences between source’ and target language.
G Research projects have now begun to look at these factors-to determine, for example, how far successful interpreting is affected by poor listening conditions, or the speed at which the source language is spoken. It seems that an input speed of between 100 and 120 words per minute is a comfortable rate for interpreting, with an upper limit of around 200 w.p.m. But even small increases in speed can dramatically affect the accuracy of output. In one controlled study, when speeds were gradually increased in a series of stages from 95 t0 164 w.p.m., the ear-voice span also increased with each stage, and the amount correctly interpreted showed a clear decline. Also, as the translating load increases, not only are there more errors of commission(mistranslations, cases of vagueness( 合糊其辞) replacing precision), there are also more errors of omission, as words and segments of meaning are filtered out. These are important findings, given the need for accuracy in international communication. What is needed is a more detailed identification of the problem areas, and of the strategies speakers, listeners, and interpreters use to solve them. There is urgent need to expand what has so far been one of the most neglected fields of communication research.
| Passage | 题材 | 题目 | 题型 |
| Two | 自然科学 | Health in the Wild | 判断4，填空9 |
Health in the Wild
A For the past decade Dr. Engel, a lecturer in environmental sciences at Britain's Open University, has been collating examples of self-medicating behavior in wild animals. She recently published a book on the subject. In a talk at the Edinburgh Science Festival earlier this month, she explained that the idea that animals can treat themselves has been regarded with some skepticism by her colleagues in the past. But a growing number of animal behaviourists now think that wild animals can and do deal with their own medical needs.
B One example of self-medication was discovered in 1987. Michael Huffman and Mohamedi Seifu, working in the Mahale, National Park in Tanzania, noticed that local chimpanzees suffering from intestinal worms would dose themselves with the pith of a plant called Veronia. This plant produces poisonous chemicals called terpenes. Its pith contains a strong enough concentration to kill gut parasites, but not so strong as to kill chimps (nor people, for that matter; locals use the pith for the same purpose). Given that the plant is known locally as "goat-killer", however, it seems that not all animals are as smart as chimps and humans.Some consume it indiscriminately and succumb.
C Since the Veronia-eating chimps were discovered, more evidence has emerged suggesting that animals often eat things for medical rather than nutritional reasons. Many species, for example, consume dirt-a behaviour known as geophagy. Historically, the preferred explanation was that soil supplies minerals such as salt. But geophagy occurs in areas where the earth is not a useful source of minerals, and also in places where minerals can be more easily obtained from certain plants that are known to be rich in them. Clearly, the animals must be getting something else out of eating earth.
D The current belief is that soil-and particularly the clay in it helps to detoxify the defensive poisons that some plants produce in an attempt to prevent themselves from being eaten.
E Evidence for the detoxifying nature of clay came in 1999, from an experiment carried out on macaws by James Gilardi and his colleagues at the University of California, Davis. Macaws eat seeds containing allcaloids, a group of chemicals that has some notoriously toxic members, such as strychnine. In the wild, the birds are frequently seen perched on eroding riverbanks eating clay. Dr Gilardi fed one group of macaws a mixture of a harmless alkaloid and clay, and a second group just the alkaloid. Several hours later, the macaws that had eaten the clay had 60% less alkaloid in their bloodstreams than those that had not, suggesting that the hypothesis is correct.
F Other observations also support the idea that clay is detoxifying. Towards the tropics the amount of toxic compounds in plants increases-and so does the amount of earth eaten by herbivores. Elephants lick clay from mud holes all year round, except in September when they are bingeing on fruit which, because it has evolved to be eaten, is not toxic. And the addition of clay to the diets of domestic cattle increases the amount of nutrients that they can absorb from their food by 10-20%.
G A third instance of animal self-medication is the use of mechanical scours to get rid of gut parasites. In 1972 Richard Wrangham, a researcher at the Gombe Stream Reserve in Tanzania, noticed that chimpanzees were eating the leaves of a tree called Aspilia. The chimps chose the leaves carefully by testing them in their mouths. Having chosen a leaf, a chimp would fold it into a fan and swallow it. Some of the chimps were noticed wrinkling their noses as they swallowed these leaves, suggesting the experience was unpleasant. Later, undigested leaves were found on the forest floor.
H Dr. Wrangham rightly guessed that the leaves indeed, one of the earliest interpretations of a had a medicinal purpose-this was. However, he guessed wrong about what the behavior mechanism pattern as self-medication was. His (and everybody else's) assumption was that Aspilia contained a drug, and this sparked more than two decades of phytochemical research to try to find out what chemical the chimps were after. But by the 1990s, chimps across Africa had been seen swallowing the leaves of 19 different species that seemed to have few suitable chemicals in common. The drug hypothesis was looking more and more dubious.
It was Dr. Huffman who got to the bottom of the problem He did so by watching what came out of the chimps, rather than concentrating on what went in. He found that the egested leaves were full of intestinal worms. The factor common to all 19 species of leaves swallowed by the chimps was that they were covered with microscopic hooks. These caught the worms and dragged them from their lodgings.
I Following that observation, Dr. Engel is now particularly excited about how knowledge of the way that animals look after themselves could be used to improve the health of livestock. People might also be able to learn a thing or two-and may, indeed, already have done so. Geophagy, for example, is a common behaviour in many parts of the world. The medical stalls in African markets frequently sell tablets made of different sorts of clays, appropriate to different medical conditions.
J Africans brought to the Americas as slaves continued this tradition, which gave their owners one more excuse to affect to despise them. Yet, as Dr. Engel points out, Rwandan mountain gorillas eat a type of clay rather similar to kaolinite-the main ingredient of many patent medicines sold over the counter in the West for digestive complaints. Dirt can sometimes be good for you, and to be "as sick as a parrot" may, after all, be a state to be desired.
14.T
15.NG
16.F
17.F
5-9. 待回忆
18.G
19.D
20.E
21.C
| Passage | 题材 | 题目 | 题型 |
| Three | 科技类 | The History of Building Telegraph lines | 判断6，简答8 |
The History of Building Telegraph lines
A The idea of electrical communication seems to have begun as long ago as 1746, when about 200 monks at monastery in Paris arranged themselves in a line over a mile long, each holding ends of 25 ft iron wires. The abbot, also a scientist, discharged a primitive electrical battery into the wire, giving all the monks a simultaneous electrical shock. "This all sounds very silly, but is in fact extremely important because, firstly, they all said 'ow' which showed that you were sending a signal right along the line; and, secondly, they all said 'ow' at the same time, and that meant that you were sending the signal very quickly, "explains Tom Standage, author of the Victorian Internet and technology editor at the Economist. Given a more humane detection system, this could be a way of signaling over long distances.
B With wars in Europe and colonies beyond, such a signalling system was urgently needed. All sorts of electrical possibilities were proposed, some of them quite ridiculous. Two Englishmen, William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone came up with a system in which dials were made to point at different letters, but that involved five wires and would have been expensive to construct.
C Much simpler was that of an American, Samuel Morse, whose system only required a single wire to send a code of dots and dashes. At first, it was imagined that only a few highly skilled encoders would be able to use it but it soon became clear that many people could become proficient in Morse code. A system of lines strung on telegraph poles began to spread in Europe and America.
D The next problem was to cross the sea. Britain, as an island with an empire, led the way. Any such cable had to be insulated and the first breakthrough came with the discovery that a rubber-like latex from a tropical tree on the Malay peninsula could do the trick. It was called gutta percha. The first attempt at a cross channel cable came in 1850. With thin wire and thick installation, it floated and had to be weighed down with lead pipe.
E It never worked well as the effect of water on its electrical properties was not understood, and it is reputed that a French fishermen hooked out a section and took it home as a strange new form of seaweed The cable was too big for a single boat so two had to start in the middle of the Atlantic, join their cables and sail in opposite directions. Amazingly, they succeeded in 1858, and this enabled Queen Victoria to send a telegraph message to President Buchanan. However, the 98-word message took more than 19 hours to send and a misguided attempt to increase the speed by increasing the voltage resulted in failure of the line a week later.
F By 1870, a submarine cable was heading towards Australia. It seemed likely that it would come ashore at the northern port of Darwin from where it might connect around the coast to Queensland and New South Wales. It was an undertaking more ambitious than spanning an ocean. Flocks of sheep had to be driven with the 400 workers to provide food. They needed horses and bullock carts and, for the parched interior, camels. In the north, tropical rains left the teams flooded. In the centre, it seemed that they would die of thirst. One critical section in the red heart of Australia involved finding a route through the McDonnell mountain range and then finding water on the other side.
G The water was not only essential for the construction team. There had to be telegraph repeater stations every few hundred miles to boost the signal and the staff obviously had to have a supply of water, lust as one mapping team was about to give up and resort to drinking brackish water, some aboriginals took pity on them. Altogether, 40, 000telegraph poles were used in the Australian overland wire. Some were cut from trees. Where there were no trees, or where termites ate the wood, steel poles were imported.
H On Thursday, August 22, 1872, the overland line was completed and the first messages could be sent across the continent; and within a few months, Australia was at last in direct contact with England via the submarine cable, too. The line remained in service to bring news of the Japanese attack on Darwin in 1942. it could cost several pounds to send a message and it might take several hours for it to reach its destination on the other side of the globe, but the world would never be same again. Governments could be in touch with their colonies. Traders could send cargoes based on demand and the latest prices. Newspapers could publish news that had just happened and was not many months old.
Questions 1-6
1 In the research of French scientists, the metal lines were used to send message
2 Abbots gave the monks an electrical shock at the same time, which constitutes the exploration on the long-distance signaling.
3 Using Morse Code to send message need to simplify the message firstly
4 Morse was a famous inventor before he invented the code
5 The water is significant to early telegraph repeater on continent.
6 US Government offered fund to the 1st overland line across the continent
Questions 7-14
Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND / OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7-14 on your answer sheet.
7. Why is the disadvantage for the Charles Wheatstone's telegraph system to fail in the beginning?
8. What material was used for insulating cable across the sea?
9. What was used by British pioneers to increase the weight of the cable in the sea?
10. What did Fisherman mistakenly take the cable as?
11. Who was the message firstly sent to across the Atlantic by the Queen?
12. What giant animals were used to carry the cable through desert?
13. What weather condition did it delay the construction in north Australia?
14. How long did it take to send a telegraph message from Australia to England?
27.T
28.T
29.F
30.T
31.T
32.NG
33.Expensive
34.Latex
35.Lead ripe
36.Unusual seaweed
37.President Buchanan
38.Camels
39.Tropical rain
40.Several hours
写作部分
| Task | 图表类型 | 题目 |
| One | 饼图 | The pie charts below compare the change of the numbers of people per household in a European country in 1995 and 2005. |
| Task | 题型类别 | 作文话题 | 题目 | |
| Two | 观点类 | 环保类 | Some people think they have the right to use as much fresh water as they want,while others believe governments should tightly control the use of fresh water as it is a limited resource. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. |
旧题：2013.09.28
Some people think they have the right to use as much fresh water as they want; however, others believe governments should control the use of fresh water as it is limited resource. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
百度搜索“启德都能帮”，专家帮你规划出国留学方案！
如果大家想了解更多的留学教育、考试培训、海外学游的资讯，欢迎关注启德官网和“启德留学微服务”微信号（qidelx），我们的专业顾问团队为您解答各类问题。