TED是一个致力于用简短演讲来传播科技，教育，娱乐等领域的新理念的非盈利组织。建立于1984年，TED最初是以会议的形式融合科技，娱乐和设计领域的话题。现在的TED演讲已经囊括了几乎所有领域，从科技到商业到全球议题，已经翻译成了100多种语言。TED讲师Chris Anderson在《哈佛商业评论》上分享了如何成为一名演讲杀手的方法，对学生和上班族都很有借鉴价值。
Frame Your Story
There’s no way you can give a good talk unless you have something worth talking about. Conceptualizing and framing what you want to say is the most vital part of preparation.
Find the Perfect Mix of Data and Narrative
We all know that humans are wired to listen to stories, and metaphors abound for the narrative structures that work best to engage people. When I think about compelling presentations, I think about taking an audience on a journey. A successful talk is a little miracle—people see the world differently afterward.
给你的故事定好框架
如果你没有值得谈论的话题就无法做出好的演讲。概念化和框架化你要说的内容是最关键的准备部分。
找到数据与故事的完美结合点
我们都知道人类都喜欢听故事，而有隐喻意味的故事最容易引人入胜。当我想到吸引人的演讲时，我想到的是带领观众们走上一段旅程。一场成功的演讲是一个小奇迹——人们听后会对世界有不同的看法。
The biggest problem I see in first drafts of presentations is that they try to cover too much ground. You can’t summarize an entire career in a single talk. If you try to cram in everything you know, you won’t have time to include key details, and your talk will disappear into abstract language that may make sense if your listeners are familiar with the subject matter but will be completely opaque if they’re new to it. You need specific examples to flesh out your ideas. So limit the scope of your talk to that which can be explained, and brought to life with examples, in the available time. Much of the early feedback we give aims to correct the impulse to sweep too broadly. Instead, go deeper. Give more detail. Don’t tell us about your entire field of study—tell us about your unique contribution.
在演讲初稿中我看到的最大的问题就是试图囊括太多的领域。你不能在一场演讲里总结一整个职业生涯。如果你试图把所有你知道的都包括进来，就没有时间说一些关键的细节了，而你的演讲可能变成抽象的语言，只有懂行的人听得懂而外行人却无法理解了。你需要具体的案例来让你的理念活灵活现。所以请把你的演讲限制在可以解释的范围内，然后用案例来让内容生动起来，用有限的时间完成。这些都是我们给很多初稿提出的修改目标。别说太广而是要深入，给出更多细节。别跟我们说你的整个研究领域——告诉我们你独特的贡献。
Many of the best talks have a narrative structure that loosely follows a detective story. The speaker starts out by presenting a problem and then describes the search for a solution. There’s an “aha” moment, and the audience’s perspective shifts in a meaningful way.
很多最好的演讲的故事结构都跟一个侦探故事有些类似。演讲人先提出一个问题开场，然后描述研究解决问题的方法。然后就有一个恍然大悟（灵感一闪）的瞬间，观众的视角就向有意义的方向进行了转移。
Plan Your Delivery
Once you’ve got the framing down, it’s time to focus on your delivery. There are three main ways to deliver a talk. You can read it directly off a script or a teleprompter. You can develop a set of bullet points that map out what you’re going to say in each section rather than scripting the whole thing word for word. Or you can memorize your talk, which entails rehearsing it to the point where you internalize every word—verbatim.
计划好如何表述
一旦故事框架定好了，就要集中在如何表述上。演讲主要有三种表述方法。你可以直接从稿子或提词器上读出来，也可以列出一些重点然后列一个分部分的大纲而不是逐字逐句写下来的稿子。或者你可以把演讲背下来，那就需要不断演练直到烂熟于心。
Many of our best and most popular TED Talks have been memorized word for word. If you’re giving an important talk and you have the time to do this, it’s the best way to go. But don’t underestimate the work involved. One of our most memorable speakers was Jill Bolte Taylor, a brain researcher who had suffered a stroke. She talked about what she learned during the eight years it took her to recover. After crafting her story and undertaking many hours of solo practice, she rehearsed her talk dozens of times in front of an audience to be sure she had it down.
很多最受欢迎的 TED演讲都是逐字逐句背下来的。如果你要做一个重要的演讲且有足够的时间准备，最好这么做。但别低估了这种方法所需要付出的努力。一个令我们印象深刻的演讲人之一就是Jill Bolte Taylor，一个中过风的大脑科学研究者。她的演讲是关于自己八年康复生涯的感悟。在写好她的故事以后，她自己练习了很多个小时，然后她又在一些观众面前练习了好多次直到她最终胸有成竹。
But if you don’t have time to learn a speech thoroughly and get past that awkward valley, don’t try. Go with bullet points on note cards. As long as you know what you want to say for each one, you’ll be fine. Focus on remembering the transitions from one bullet point to the next.
但是如果你没有足够的时间去详细准备演讲和不断练习来跨过尴尬的鸿沟，那就别尝试了。用提示卡列出重点来。只要你知道每个重点要说什么就可以了。集中记住每个重点之间的转折。
Also pay attention to your tone. Some speakers may want to come across as authoritative or wise or powerful or passionate, but it’s usually much better to just sound conversational. Don’t force it. Don’t orate. Just be you.
还有要注意你的语调。有些演讲者想建立有权威或有智慧或有权力或有热情的形象，但是通常还是以谈话的语气演讲要好得多。别过于强势或大言不惭。做你自己就好。
Develop Stage Presence
For inexperienced speakers, the physical act of being onstage can be the most difficult part of giving a presentation—but people tend to overestimate its importance. Getting the words, story, and substance right is a much bigger determinant of success or failure than how you stand or whether you’re visibly nervous. And when it comes to stage presence, a little coaching can go a long way.
培养你的舞台魅力
对于没有经验的演讲者来说，在舞台上的表现力是演讲最难的一个部分了——但是人们有些过于强调它的重要性了。把语言，故事和内容准备好是决定成败的更大的一部分，而不是你的站姿或者你看起来是否紧张。如果要培养舞台表现力的话，一点点的培训就可以帮很大的忙了。
Perhaps the most important physical act onstage is making eye contact. Find five or six friendly-looking people in different parts of the audience and look them in the eye as you speak. Think of them as friends you haven’t seen in a year, whom you’re bringing up to date on your work. That eye contact is incredibly powerful, and it will do more than anything else to help your talk land. Even if you don’t have time to prepare fully and have to read from a script, looking up and making eye contact will make a huge difference.
台上最重要的肢体言语就是眼神交流。在观众席的不同位置找到5、6个面善的人，把他们当作你一年未见的朋友，跟他们交流你工作的近况。眼神的交流非常有影响力，它比其他任何事都能让你的演讲达到效果。即使你没有足够的时间准备还要读稿，抬头进行眼神交流可以让你的演讲更加吸引人。
Nerves are not a disaster. The audience expects you to be nervous.
紧张并不是大灾难。观众们知道你会紧张。
Plan the Multimedia
With so much technology at our disposal, it may feel almost mandatory to use, at a minimum, presentation slides. By now most people have heard the advice about PowerPoint: Keep it simple; don’t use a slide deck as a substitute for notes (by, say, listing the bullet points you’ll discuss—those are best put on note cards); and don’t repeat out loud words that are on the slide. Not only is reciting slides a variation of the teleprompter problem—“Oh, no, she’s reading to us, too!”—but information is interesting only once, and hearing and seeing the same words feels repetitive. That advice may seem universal by now, but go into any company and you’ll see presenters violating it every day.
计划好你的多媒体
现在有这么多的高科技触手可得，似乎在演讲中应用他们是理所当然的，至少也要一些幻灯片展示。现在应该很多人都听说过做PowerPoint的建议了：保持简洁；别把幻灯片当作笔记（就是说，列举出你要讨论的重点最好还是放在提示卡上）；别重复朗读幻灯片上已有的句子。背幻灯片不仅造成跟提词器一样的问题 —— “哦不，她还是在对我们朗读！” ——而且信息第一次看到时是有趣的，再重复地听到一次就感觉多此一举了。即使现在这样的建议非常普遍，很多公司里的演讲人还是会犯规。
Putting It Together
We start helping speakers prepare their talks six months (or more) in advance so that they’ll have plenty of time to practice. We want people’s talks to be in final form at least a month before the event. The more practice they can do in the final weeks, the better off they’ll be. Ideally, they’ll practice the talk on their own and in front of an audience.
整合最终稿
我们往往提前半年（或更早）开始帮演讲者们准备他们的演讲，这样他们就有足够的时间进行练习。我们希望他们至少在演讲的一个月前就定好最终稿。最后一周他们练习越多，演讲效果就越好。理想的情况是他们可以单独练习然后结合在观众面前练习。
Ultimately I learned firsthand what our speakers have been discovering for three decades: Presentations rise or fall on the quality of the idea, the narrative, and the passion of the speaker. It’s about substance, not speaking style or multimedia pyrotechnics. It’s fairly easy to “coach out” the problems in a talk, but there’s no way to “coach in” the basic story—the presenter has to have the raw material. If you have something to say, you can build a great talk. But if the central theme isn’t there, you’re better off not speaking. Decline the invitation. Go back to work, and wait until you have a compelling idea that’s really worth sharing.
最终，我通过亲身经历找到了三十多年来演讲者们发现的道理：演讲的好与坏决定于内容的质量，故事情节和演讲人的热情。这关乎真材实料，而不是演讲形式或者耀眼的多媒体技术。要把演讲中存在的问题纠正很容易，但是要指导演讲的内涵却几乎不可能——演讲人必须自己有好的原材料。如果你有实质内容，你就可以开始一个伟大的演讲。但是如果没有中心思想那你最好还是别说了。拒绝邀请吧。回到工作中去，慢慢发现让人兴奋的值得分享的观念吧。
原文：https://hbr.org/2013/06/how-to-give-a-killer-presentation