2019年第二场SAT考试结束了，那么接下来跟着小编的步伐来回忆一下5月的SAT考情。
阅读篇
这次考试阅读整体难度中等偏上，预计评分曲线会比异常严厉的今年三月亚太更松（也即会有一定容错率）。文章次序也延续，在第二篇出现较难的历史单篇。亚太卷在经历三次科学对比后，仍然维持科学对比（放在第三篇）。
整体来看，整套题考点非常规整，均是常考知识点，比较有难度的是历史类文章观点的把握以及部分科学细节。这也提醒平时上课、练习和总结的重要性。题型方面，词汇、信息目的、逻辑推理、独立寻证、回应互联、图表题等常见题型均有考察。
其中，词汇题共9题，疑似重复考察3题，大部分语境提示信息都比较明显。按课上所教授的方法，基本能分析清楚，并迅速解题。部分选项的词汇难度偏高，体现了平时词汇积累的重要性。
信息目的题在各篇文章均有出现，解题的思路还有选项的设置都符合这类题型的固有规律。难点在于明确信息间的关系以及信息的目的，避免过度解读信息本身而选到干扰选项。假设题再次出现。
阅读第 1 篇文章概述
第一篇小说
标题 Mrs.Manstey’s View
作者 Edith Wharton
主要大意
这篇小说选段开篇介绍了一个人物的日常习惯和性格，Mrs. Mansley, 她平常不太闲着，喜欢看点书，但是不多，真正的爱好是养各种花花草草。看这这些鲜花，她就觉得很满足，都不屑于和别人交往。第二段开始讲一个比较specific的场景，在Mrs. Manstey赏花的时候她的女房东Mrs. Sampson出现了，Mrs. Manstey和她套近乎说今年的木兰开得比较早，但Mrs. Sampson不以为然，反而告诉Mrs. Manstey隔壁要重建房子。landlady不情愿地接受了这个事实，毕竟extension不违法；但是Mrs. Manstey非常失落，因为她觉得再也不能很好欣赏风景了。
演讲全文：
Mrs.Manstey, in the long hours which she spent at her window, was not idle. Sheread a little, and knitted numberless stockings; but the view surrounded andshaped her life as the sea does a lonely island. When her rare callers came itwas difficult for her to detach herself from the contemplation of the oppositewindow-washing, or the scrutiny of certain green points in a neighboringflower-bed which might, or might not, turn into hyacinths, while she feigned aninterest in her visitor’s anecdotes about some unknown grandchild. Mrs. Manstey’sreal friends were the denizens of the yards, the hyacinths, the magnolia, thegreen parrot, the maid who fed the cats, the doctor who studied late behind hismustard-colored curtains; and the confidant of her tenderer musings was thechurch-spire floating in the sunset.
One Aprilday, as she sat in her usual place, with knitting cast aside and eyes fixed onthe blue sky mottled with round clouds, a knock at the door announced theentrance of her landlady. Mrs. Manstey did not care for her landlady, but shesubmitted to her visits with ladylike resignation. To-day, however, it seemedharder than usual to turn from the blue sky and the blossoming magnolia to Mrs.Sampson’s unsuggestive face, and Mrs. Manstey was conscious of a distincteffort as she did so.
"Themagnolia is out earlier than usual this year, Mrs. Sampson," she remarked,yielding to a rare impulse, for she seldom alluded to the absorbing interest ofher life. In the first place it was a topic not likely to appeal to hervisitors and, besides, she lacked the power of expression and could not havegiven utterance to her feelings had she wished to.
"Thewhat, Mrs. Manstey?" inquired the landlady, glancing about the room as ifto find there the explanation of Mrs. Manstey’s statement.
"Themagnolia in the next yard -- in Mrs. Black’s yard," Mrs. Manstey repeated.
"Isit, indeed? I didn’t know there was a magnolia there," said Mrs. Sampson,carelessly. Mrs. Manstey looked at her; she did not know that there was amagnolia in the next yard!
"Bythe way," Mrs. Sampson continued, "speaking of Mrs. Black reminds methat the work on the extension is to begin next week."
"Thewhat?" it was Mrs. Manstey’s turn to ask.
"Theextension," said Mrs. Sampson, nodding her head in the direction of theignored magnolia. "You knew, of course, that Mrs. Black was going to buildan extension to her house? Yes, ma’am. I hear it is to run right back to theend of the yard. How she can afford to build an extension in these hard times Idon’t see; but she always was crazy about building. She used to keep aboarding-house in Seventeenth Street, and she nearly ruined herself then bysticking out bow-windows and what not; I should have thought that would havecured her of building, but I guess it’s a disease, like drink. Anyhow, the workis to begin on Monday."
Mrs.Manstey had grown pale. She always spoke slowly, so the landlady did not heedthe long pause which followed. At last Mrs. Manstey said: "Do you know howhigh the extension will be?"
"That’sthe most absurd part of it. The extension is to be built right up to the roofof the main building; now, did you ever?"
"Mrs.Manstey paused again. "Won’t it be a great annoyance to you, Mrs.Sampson?" she asked.
"Ishould say it would. But there’s no help for it; if people have got a mind tobuild extensions there’s no law to prevent ’em, that I’m aware of." Mrs.Manstey, knowing this, was silent. "There is no help for it," Mrs.Sampson repeated, "but if I am a church member, Iwouldn’t be so sorry if it ruined Eliza Black. Well, good-day, Mrs. Manstey;I’m glad to find you so comfortable."
Socomfortable -- so comfortable! Left to herself the old woman turned once moreto the window. How lovely the view was that day! The blue sky with its roundclouds shed a brightness over everything; the ailanthus had put on a tinge ofyellow-green, the hyacinths were budding, the magnolia flowers looked more thanever like rosettes carved in alabaster. Soon the wistaria would bloom, then thehorse-chestnut; but not for her. Between her eyes and them a barrier of brickand mortar would swiftly rise; presently even the spire would disappear, andall her radiant world be blotted out. Mrs. Manstey sent away untouched thedinner-tray brought to her that evening. She lingered in the window until thewindy sunset died in bat-colored dusk; then, going to bed, she lay sleeplessall night.
阅读第 1 篇考题
Q1:词汇题，考察idle的意思
Q2: focus shift , 问在18行，小说出现了怎样的内容转变
Q3: 功能题， 询问Mrs. Mansley and Mrs. Sampson的对话起到什么作用
Q4: 词汇题，考察absorbing 的含义
Q5: 细节题，Mrs. Sampson 宣布了哪一个消息
Q6: 推断题，Mrs. Sampson没有发现Mrs. Mansley的那个反应
Q7：询证题，Mrs. Sampson对于邻居装修房子是什么态度
Q8: 询证题，四个证据
Q9: 询证题，Mrs. Mansley对于邻居装修房子的态度
Q10: 询证题，四个证据
阅读第 2 篇文章概述
第二篇历史
标题 The Man with theMuck-rake
作者 Theodore Roosevelt
主要大意
所谓“扒粪记者/扒粪运动”（muckraker），也称黑幕揭发记者/运动，是指美国19世纪末20世纪初掀起的一股新闻报道浪潮，一些记者和报刊致力于深入调查报道黑幕，揭发丑闻，对社会阴暗面进行揭示。其名称源于西奥多·罗斯福总统的一次演讲。此演讲中，罗斯福将20世纪初一批致力于揭丑、暴露、煽情等报道的记者，比作英国作家约翰·班扬小说《天路历程》中的一个反派人物，他从不仰望天空，只是手拿粪耙，埋头打扫地上的秽物。但是被批评的揭丑记者却不以为然，反而欣然接受这个称号。后来，人们便将这种新闻及报道这些新闻的记者和报刊称为扒粪运动、扒粪记者、扒粪报刊等
扒粪记者所掀起的黑幕揭发运动在美国历史上掀起了一次浪潮，被视为第四权利的重要体现。记者无冕之王的地位再次被巩固。在一定程度上对美国社会空气的净化起到了非常巨大而正面的影响。与此同时产生的连续性报道和深入报道在美国媒体上得到传承，其报道方式和关注点对美国新闻界影响巨大。
演讲全文：
In "Pilgrim’s Progress" the Man with the MuckRake is set forth as the example of him whose vision is fixed on carnal insteadof spiritual things. Yet he also typifies the man who in this life consistentlyrefuses to see aught that is lofty, and fixes his eyes with solemn intentnessonly on that which is vile and debasing.
Now, itis very necessary that we should not flinch from seeing what is vile anddebasing. There is filth on the floor, and it must be scraped up with the muckrake; and there are times and places where this service is the most needed ofall the services that can be performed. But the man who never does anythingelse, who never thinks or speaks or writes, save of his feats with the muckrake, speedily becomes, not a help but one of the most potent forces for evil.
There arein the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there isurgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentlessexposure of and attack upon every evil man, whether politician or business man,every evil practice, whether in politics, business, or social life. I hail as abenefactor every writer or speaker, every man who, on the platform or in abook, magazine, or newspaper, with merciless severity makes such attack,provided always that he in his turn remembers that the attack is of use only ifit is absolutely truthful.
The liar is no whit better than the thief, and if hismendacity takes the form of slander he may be worse than most thieves. It putsa premium upon knavery untruthfully to attack an honest man, or even withhysterical exaggeration to assail a bad man with untruth. An epidemic ofindiscriminate assault upon character does no good, but very great harm. Thesoul of every scoundrel is gladdened whenever an honest man is assailed, oreven when a scoundrel is untruthfully assailed.
Now, it is easy to twist out of shape what I have justsaid, easy to affect to misunderstand it, and if it is slurred over inrepetition not difficult really to misunderstand it. Some persons are sincerelyincapable of understanding that to denounce mud slinging does not mean the endorsementof whitewashing; and both the interested individuals who need whitewashing andthose others who practice mud slinging like to encourage such confusion ofideas.
One of the chief counts against those who makeindiscriminate assault upon men in business or men in public life is that theyinvite a reaction which is sure to tell powerfully in favor of the unscrupulousscoundrel who really ought to be attacked, who ought to be exposed, who ought,if possible, to be put in the penitentiary. If Aristides is praised overmuch asjust, people get tired of hearing it; and over-censure of the unjust finallyand from similar reasons results in their favor.
Anyexcess is almost sure to invite a reaction; and, unfortunately, the reactionsinstead of taking the form of punishment of those guilty of the excess, is aptto take the form either of punishment of the unoffending or of giving immunity,and even strength, to offenders. The effort to make financial or politicalprofit out of the destruction of character can only result in public calamity.Gross and reckless assaults on character, whether on the stump or in newspaper,magazine, or book, create a morbid and vicious public sentiment, and at thesame time act as a profound deterrent to able men of normal sensitiveness andtend to prevent them from entering the public service at any price.
As aninstance in point, I may mention that one serious difficulty encountered ingetting the right type of men to dig the Panama canal is the certainty thatthey will be exposed, both without, and, I am sorry to say, sometimes within,Congress, to utterly reckless assaults on their character and capacity.
At therisk of repetition let me say again that my plea is not for immunity to, butfor the most unsparing exposure of, the politician who betrays his trust, ofthe big business man who makes or spends his fortune in illegitimate or corruptways. There should be a resolute effort to hunt every such man out of theposition he has disgraced. Expose the crime, and hunt down the criminal; butremember that even in the case of crime, if it is attacked in sensational,lurid, and untruthful fashion, the attack may do more damage to the public mindthan the crime itself.
阅读第 2 篇考题
第一和第二题均为主旨题，第一题的选项均为抽象概括性描述，第二题要求给出罗斯福具体的central claim
第三题问开篇提到天路历程中的角色the man with the mud rake的用意，经典干扰选项提到了引述内容中的spiritualmatter
第四题词汇题问service，答案work
第五题问重复出现every这个措辞的作用
第六第七为配对寻证，问罗斯福的关键观点揭发丑闻必须注意哪个方面，答案要尊重事实
第八第九依旧为配对寻证，问罗斯福预见到自己的呼吁会被怎样错误运用
第十题为较难定位细节题，问揭发丑闻的人要承担怎样的社会责任
第十一题考查最后一段的段落大意
阅读第 3双篇文章概述
第三篇科学双篇
标题
passage 1 Pigment or Bacteria?Researchers Re-examine the Idea of ‘Color’ in Fossil Feathers
passage 2 The True Colors of AncientReptiles Revealed
作者
passage 1 Tracey Peake
passage 2 Sarah Fecht
主要大意
passage 1: 研究化石羽毛的古生物学家提出，羽毛内部某些微观结构的形状可以告诉我们古代鸟类的颜色。但是来自北卡罗来纳州立大学的最新研究表明，目前还不可能确定这些结构——被认为是黑素体——是它们看起来的样子，还是它们仅仅是古代细菌的残余物。研究人员通过使用鸡毛得出结论，如果没有更多的数据，就不可能确切地说出这些结构是什么。
passage 2:
许多化石都被勾勒出轮廓，或者被一层神秘的黑色沉积物覆盖。很长一段时间以来，科学家们无法确定这种物质是什么，或者它来自哪里。在显微镜下，这种物质包裹着微小的蛋形结构，看起来像黑素体——细胞器，它将色素分泌到动物的皮肤中。其他科学家认为这种结构可能是细菌。通过对颜料分子组成的研究，本研究中的科学家不仅得出了沉积物是颜料残留的结论，而且还确定了这些颜料是什么。也就是反驳了第一篇说不确定的论点。
演讲全文：
passage 1
Paleontologistsstudying fossilized feathers have proposed that the shapes of certainmicroscopic structures inside the feathers can tell us the color of ancientbirds. But new research from North Carolina State University demonstrates thatit is not yet possible to tell if these structures – thought to be melanosomes– are what they seem, or if they are merely the remnants of ancient bacteria.
Melanosomesare small, pigment-filled sacs located inside the cells of feathers and otherpigmented tissues of vertebrates. They contain melanin, which can give featherscolors ranging from brownish-red to gray to solid black. Melanosomes are eitheroblong or round in shape, and the identification of these small bodies inpreserved feathers has led to speculation about the physiology, habitats,coloration and lifestyles of the extinct animals, including dinosaurs, thatonce possessed them.
But melanosomes are not the only round and oblongmicroscopic structures that might show up in fossilized feathers. In fact, themicrobes that drove the decomposition of the animal prior to fossilizationshare the same size and shape as melanosomes, and they would also be present infeathers during decay.
Alison Moyer, a Ph.D. candidate in paleontology at NCState, wanted to find out whether these structures could be definitivelyidentified as either melanosome or microbe. Using black and brown chicken feathers– chickens are one of the closest living relatives to both dinosaurs andancient birds – Moyer grew bacteria over them to replicate what we see in thefossil record. She used three different types of microscopy to examine thepatterns of biofilm growth, and then compared those structures to melanosomesinside of chicken feathers that she had sliced open. Finally, shecompared both microbes and actual melanosomes to structures in a fossilizedfeather from Gansus yumenensis, an avian dinosaur that lived about 120 millionyears ago, and to published images of fossil “melanosomes” by others. Herfindings led to more questions.
“These structures could be original to the bird, or theycould be a biofilm which has grown over and degraded the feather – if the latter,they would also produce round or elongated structures that are notmelanosomes,” Moyer says. “Melanosomes are embedded in keratin, which is a verytough protein, so they’re hard to see unless there’s been some degradation. Butthe bacteria are doing the degrading, and so that may be what we’re seeing,rather than the melanosome itself. It’s impossible to say with certainty whatthese structures are without more data, including fine scale chemical data.”
passage 2
Lots of fossils, such as the ichthyosaur shown here, areoutlined or shellacked with a mysterious dark deposit. For a long time,scientists couldn’t be sure what the material was or where it came from. Underthe microscope, the material housed tiny egg-shaped structures that looked likemelanosomes—the cell organelles that secrete pigments into an animal’s skin.Other scientists thought the structures might be bacteria.
By studying the molecular composition of the pigments, thescientists in this study not only concluded that the deposits are pigmentremains, but also determined what those pigments were. They say that threefossilized marine reptiles they studied—a 190-million-year-old ichthyosaur, an86-million-year-old mosasaur, and a 55-million-year-old leatherbackturtle—probably had blackish skin like the modern-day leatherback turtle.
Previous studies relied on a visual identification ofthose egg-shaped melanosomes. Lindgren’s team went a step further by analyzingthe chemistry of the structures and pigments in the samples. The molecule thatcauses black coloring, called eumelanin, had degraded over time but remainedlargely intact. It was enough to provide the first unequivocal evidence ofpigmentation in the skin of a fossilized animal, says Maria McNamara, apaleontologist with the University of Bristol who was not involved in thestudy.
"This is the first time that we’re reportingpigments, the animal’s own biomolecules from reptile skin," says JohanLindgren, a geologist at Lund University and the lead author on the new study.
Previous studies relied on a visual identification ofthose egg-shaped melanosomes. Lindgren’s team went a step further by analyzingthe chemistry of the structures and pigments in the samples. The molecule thatcauses black coloring, called eumelanin, had degraded over time but remainedlargely intact. It was enough to provide the first unequivocal evidence ofpigmentation in the skin of a fossilized animal, says Maria McNamara, apaleontologist with the University of Bristol who was not involved in the study.
To identify the dark deposits, Lindgren’s team fired abeam of ions at samples of the material. The ions broke up the material andsent fragments flying into a detector, which analyzed their chemicalcomposition and confirmed that the dark deposits were eumelanin. Under themicroscope, Lindgren’s team showed that concentrations of eumelanin peaked inareas with the highest density of the tiny egg-shaped structures—suggesting thestructures were indeed melanosomes, not bacterial cells.
Most studies up to now have tried to learn the colorationof ancient organisms by studying fossilized feathers, because feathers aretougher and more resistant to decay and their melanosomes are more denselypacked than in skin. Lindgren’s study opens the door to reconstruct colorationin a wider range of species, including nonfeathered dinosaurs.
That’s important because an animal’scolor can say a lot about its behavior. Color can be used as camouflage, tosignal to mates, or to flash a warning to potential aggressors. Lindgren’s teamhypothesizes that the black coloration helped ichthyosaurs, mosasaurs, andancient leatherback turtles to absorb extra heat. That would be helpful if,like modern-day leatherbacks, the large reptiles ranged into the icy waters ofthe Arctic Circle.
The distribution of dark pigmentaround the fossil ichthyosaur suggested the animal was uniformly dark-colored."That’s pretty neat, because most marine animals have a dark back and awhite belly," Lindgren says. "If you look at sperm whales today, theyhave a uniform coloration. Ichthyosaurs are also inferred deep divers, so it’san interesting similarity."
There appears to be a limit to howwell scientists can reconstruct ancient coloration. Some non-melanic pigments(which can be responsible for red, yellow, and blue coloration) don’t preserveas well as melanin-based pigments. Still, "the glass is half-full asopposed to half-empty," says Patrick Orr, who studies fossil preservationat University College Dublin. "We’re now getting data that, a decade ago,would have been impossible."
Orr predicts that this work is justthe tip of the iceberg for fossil pigmentation studies, which can now begin tolink coloration patterns with different ecologies and chart how reptile colorevolved over time.
Anne Schulp, who studies mosasaurs atthe Naturalis Biodiversity Center in the Netherlands, called the new researchexciting. "As a paleontologist at a museum, I’m always trying to take ourvisitors back on a trip through time, and the more details we have the betterthe story gets. We can now do a little paint job on the marine reptiles—a paintjob that’s actually based on real research."
阅读第 3 篇考题
Q1 词汇 drive 选cause（第二次考）
Q2 为什么用鸡来做实验（*亲近**）。
Q3 对应证据
Q4 词汇 determine 选establish（第N次考）
Q5 回应，第二篇文章对第一篇研究的态度。
Q6 第二篇主旨（实验根据，化学成分Eu***)
Q7 两篇主旨取同（实验和结果）
Q8 细节取同（都不否认有些microscopic有用）
Q9 关系取同
Q10 独立取证，第二篇对第一篇研究方法特点features的陈述。
阅读第 4篇文章概述
第四篇社科
标题 TheSurprising Benefits of Sarcasm
作者 FrancescaGino
主要大意
这篇社科主要讨论了讽刺的作用。尽管讽刺常用来幽默地表达含蓄的不赞成或轻蔑，但是文章指出讽刺很容易被误解，文章通过实验表明，那些进行讽刺谈话的人在创造性任务上表现得更好。发起和发表讽刺性评论的过程提高了评论者和接受者的创造力和认知功能。
演讲全文：
Sarcasminvolves constructing or exposing contradictions between intended meanings. Themost common form of verbal irony, sarcasm is often used to humorously conveythinly veiled disapproval or scorn. “Pat, don’t work so hard!”, a boss mightsay upon catching his assistant surfing the Internet. Early research on sarcasmexplored how people interpret statements and found that, as expected, sarcasmmakes a statement sound more critical. In one laboratory study, participantsread scenarios in which, for instance, (1) one person did something that couldbe viewed negatively, such as smoking, and (2) a second person commented on thebehavior to the first person, either literally (“I see you don’t have a healthyconcern for your lungs”) or sarcastically (“I see you have a healthy concernfor your lungs”). Participants rated sarcasm to be more condemning than literalstatements. In a similar study, participants were encouraged to empathizeeither with a person behaving in a way that could be construed as negative orwith a second person commenting on the first person’s behavior. Bothperspectives prompted participants to rate sarcastic comments by the secondperson as more impolite relative to literal comments.
Other research has show that sarcasm can be easily misinterpreted,particularly when communicated electronically. In one study, 30 pairs ofuniversity students were given a list of statements to communicate, half ofwhich were sarcastic and half of which were serious. Some students communicatedtheir messages via e-mail and others via voice recordings. Participants whoreceived the voice messages accurately gleaned the sarcasm (or lack thereof) 73percent of the time, but those who received the statements via e-mail did soonly 56 percent of the time, hardly better than chance. By comparison, thee-mailers had anticipated that 78 percent of participants would pick up on thesarcasm inherent in their sarcastic statements. That is, they badlyoverestimated their ability to communicate the tenor of their sarcastic statementsvia e-mail. What’s more, the recipients of the sarcastic e-mails were alsodecidedly overconfident. They guessed they would correctly interpret the toneof the e-mails they received about 90 percent of the time. They wereconsiderably less overconfident about their ability to interpret voicemessages.
In recent research, my colleagues and I discovered anupside to this otherwise gloomy picture of sarcasm. In one study, we assignedsome participants to engage in either simulated sarcastic, sincere, or neutraldialogues by choosing from pre-written responses on a sheet of paper. Otherswere recipients of these different types of messages from others. Immediatelyafter participants engaged in these “conversations,” we presented them with taskstesting their creativity. Not surprisingly, the participants exposed to sarcasmreported more interpersonal conflict than those in other groups. Moreinterestingly, those who engaged in a sarcastic conversation fared better oncreativity tasks. The processes involved in initiating and delivering asarcastic comment improved the creativity and cognitive functioning of both thecommenter and the recipient. This creativity effect only emerged whenrecipients picked up on the sarcasm behind the expresser’s message rather thantaking mean comments at face value.
Why mightsarcasm enhance creativity? Because the brain must think creatively tounderstand or convey a sarcastic comment, sarcasm may lead to clearer and morecreative thinking. To either create or understand sarcasm, tone must overcomethe contradiction between the literal and actual meanings of the sarcasticexpressions. This is a process that activates, and is facilitated by,abstraction, which in turn promotes creative thinking. Consider the followingexample, which comes from a conversation one of my co-authors on the research(Adam Galinsky, of Columbia) had a few weeks before getting married. Hisfiancée woke him up as he was soundly asleep at night to tell him about somenew ideas she has for their upcoming wedding next month –many of which werequite expensive. Adam responded with some ideas of his own: “Why don’t we getPaul McCartney to sing, Barack Obama to give a benediction and Amy Schumer toentertain people.” His comment required his fiancée to recognize that there isa distinction between the surface level meaning of the sentence (actuallysigning up these people to perform) and the meaning that was intended.
This is not the first set of studies showing thatcreativity can be boosted by things that would commonly be consideredcreativity killers. In one series of studies, for example, researchers foundthat moderate noise can be an untapped source of creativity, providing awelcome distraction that helps the brain make disparate associations. Inaddition, alcohol is believed to aid creativity, up to a point, by reducingfocus and relaxing the mind.
Sarcasm can be interpreted negatively, and thus causerelationship costs. So, how do we harness its creative benefits withoutcreating the type of conflict that can damage a relationship? It comes down totrust. Our studies show that, given the same content and tone, sarcasmexpressed toward or received from someone we trust is less conflict provokingthan sarcasm expressed toward or received from someone we distrust. Of course,if we were to vary the tone and content, it would make a difference too – givenan extremely harsh tone and critical content, even trust might not be enough.
阅读第 4 篇考题
1. 细节题，sarcasm的定义
2. 词汇题，serious。该词是和sarcastic形成反义词，选direct
3. 词汇题 badly
4. 细节题，2015年的实验之前的细节内容
5. 单一循证题，下面哪个证据能支持原文所说的实验中not surprising的部分
6. 7 双询题，考的是实验研究的结果
8. 段落目的题，考最后一段的作用
9和10为图表题，比较简单，分别选B和A
阅读第 5篇文章概述
第五篇科学
标题 CityRabbits, Like Humans, Live in Smaller Homes
作者 ElizabethPreston
主要大意
尽管狩猎、栖息地丧失和疾病已经使西欧国家的欧洲野兔数量减少。然而，德国一些城市的兔子种群却在跳跃。法兰克福大学的研究人员想知道兔子是如何利用城市地区的。他们选择了法兰克福，至少从1930年起，欧洲兔子就和人类住在一起。研究表明欧洲的兔子以同样的方式--在城市的中心地带房子缩成了小公寓--建造它们的家园，由于这些动物正在农村消失，了解它们的城市规划策略对人类保护它们很重要。
演讲全文：
Imagine you’re on a particularly boring leg of a road tripand you start counting houses. You pass through long stretches of countrywithout counting anything. When you do see houses, they’re clustered intotowns, and may have spacious yards with tire swings. As you approach a city(finally!), rows of houses appear at regular intervals instead of clumping. Andin the heart of the city they shrink into little apartments that go by too fastfor you to count. European rabbits, it turns out, build their homes in asimilar way—and since these animals are disappearing in the countryside,understanding their urban planning strategy matters to humans trying toconserve them.
Hunting,habitat loss, and disease have driven down populations of European rabbits(Oryctolagus cuniculus) in the countrysides of western Europe. Yet rabbitpopulations in some German cities are, well, hopping. Madlen Ziege, a graduatestudent at the University of Frankfurt, and her coauthors wanted to know howrabbits are taking advantage of urban areas. They chose the city of Frankfurt,where European rabbits have lived alongside humans since at least 1930.
Theresearchers scoured nine city parks in Frankfurt for rabbit burrows, along withfour more suburban parks and three nearby rural sites. In all, they found 191burrows. Then they rated each site for its “urbanity,” a measure that includedthree variables: How many people live within half a kilometer of the burrowsite? How many pedestrians, bikers, or dogs pass by at dawn and dusk, whenrabbits are most active? And how much of the ground is covered by somethingartificial, such as pavement or playground turf?
Like census-takers, albeit with a serious languagebarrier, the researchers tried to count how many rabbits lived in each burrow.For a few dozen burrows, they did this by tagging along with a regular huntinggroup that flushed the rabbits from their holes with trained ferrets. At othersites, the researchers staked out burrows at dawn and dusk and tallied how manyrabbits came and went. They also counted burrow entrances to estimate how big eachhome was.
As “urbanity” increased—as sites became less ruraland more city-like—rabbit burrows became more common. Urban burrows weresmaller and simpler, like studio apartments compared to country estates. Andwhile rural burrows were spread out and clumped, like the rural houses on ourimaginary road trip, urban burrows were spaced out more evenly.
Ziege writes that the results could easily havebeen the opposite. Since cities cover up more ground up with pavement andbuildings, breaking potential habitat into fragments, city rabbits might end upclustered into big burrows like they do in the countryside. Instead, they’respread out into small homes.
One reason might beheat. Big groups of rabbits keep their burrows toastier in the winter—butcities are a little warmer to begin with, so living with a lot of warm bodiesmight not be as important. In the countryside, large burrows with manyentrances and escape routes also help protect rabbits from predators. But inthe city, there are fewer predators.
Finally, rabbits tendto live in large groups when their resources are limited. In German cities,they may be spreading out because there’s no shortage of food or burrowingspace. Country life may mean hunger and hunting ferrets, but for urban rabbits,life is (so far) good.
阅读第 5 篇考题
第一题段落功能题，询问第一段的写作目的
第二题词汇题，regular的意思
第三题细节题，询问研究意义，问什么要研究兔子窝
第四题独立询证题，问哪一个句子可以支持一个观点，即，研究城市中的兔子窝比研究乡村的兔子窝容易
第五题词汇问artificial 答案synthetic
第六和第七配对寻证问实验者收集数据的方式说明了什么，答案兔子洞的外观可以说明兔子洞的尺寸
第八题问了关于居住地环境温度和食物的细节
第九第十题均为跟文章无关的图表题，倒数第二道读Y轴即可。最后一道urbanization没有超过一个具体的数。
文法篇
这次语法整体难度中等。综合来看，语法考点符合官方考查思路，题型和选项设置思路比较常规，与老师上课分析的考点和强调的重难点一致，这充分说明了做题和反思总结错题的重要性。
这次考试基础语法部分所涉及到的重难点及易错考点主要有run-onsentence, logical comparison, verb usage之时态和主谓一致, 句中标点之逗号/分号/冒号/破折号/撇号的考查，以及标点符号中相对比较难的一个点即限定修饰和非限定修饰的标点的判断（which的指代）。这部分的题目如果同学们基础用法掌握扎实，做题时遵循严谨的做题流程(如分析句子结构/看完全句)，细心认真点基本不会有问题。
语篇修辞这部分相对而言重难点和易错点主要有主旨题，材料增删题，逻辑排序题，过渡词选择题，过渡句，篇章结尾句以及语境用词题等。这部分题目需要同学们在做题时大概理解原文内容的基础上，注意审题并合理定位需要联系的上下文信息，再充分运用课堂上老师总结的做题方法和规律基本可以胜任。过渡词选择题和语境词汇题一直是我们同学的软肋，这两种题型均涉及句义的把握和对选项中过渡词/词汇用法的掌握，所以平时多储备并推敲精确的用法至关重要。这次考试过渡词难度中等，涉及到的主要有however。词汇考察难度中等。
文法第一篇
标题：Movable books: Precursor for Pop-ups
中世纪晚期，很多新颖的发明出现。movable books就是比较出彩的发明之一。比如，有些打开书之后有小窗能看到隐藏的插画等。有位德国的插画家做了一本书，书中会跳出一只纸质的小狮子提醒孩子们读书时要特别小心，不要破坏书中的各种小机关。一按书中的小标签等就会出现可活动的插画和场景。书里面有八首诗，对应八种不同的可移动设计。这位德国插画家会把详细的操作指南写出来指导制作，由于这个过程需要很高的技术水平，所以这种书当时仅限于富人阶层，但是由于因特网的盛行，现在人们可以从网上看到了。
语法第 1 篇考题
1.段落主旨题，问哪句符合这个段落的大意
2. 考察连接词while
3. 形式上是一个平行结构，但主要考查哪个选项的内容和前两个例子属于同一个类别
4. 主谓一致题，one of 。。。考查动词是否要加s
5. 句子插入题，问给出的句子（和科技有关）是否能放入段落之中
6. 考查名词是否要加‘s 以及动词是否要加s（主谓一致）
7. 标点符号题，涉及到了逗号，破折号，句号
8. 连接词
9. 标点符号，涉及到了逗号，分号
10. 时态题，主要是判断文章是现在时和过去时
11. 段落总结题，大致是说现在科技进步了，internet等也能保留这种丰富阅读的方式
文法第二篇
标题：Monopolizing: theLandlord Board Game
1935年monopoly（地产大亨或大富翁）游戏发明以后，就深受大家喜爱，这种游戏中，人们进行买卖挣钱，并付房租等交易活动，赢家获得一切，这种反映了资本主义经济中的残酷的竞争。伊丽莎白麦基对这种游戏不太认同，因为她认为这游戏体现了公共财产（比如土地）私有化的罪恶，少数人获取大量利益，大部分人只能分得少量。她改进设计了landlord board game，比如允许分享财产，并允许玩家根据自己兴趣形成自己的游戏版本。这时一位叫Charles的年轻人抓住机会，在此基础上建立一套标准的游戏模式，被原发明收购版权，两者获得百万利润，而这件事正好体现了麦基所反对的资本主义的少数者拥有大量财富。
语法第 2 篇考题
1. 考查标点符号，前半句是with连接的结构和一个修饰成分，考查用逗号，句号还是其他符号
2. 词汇题，考查哪个词汇最符合上下文意思，有enrichment这个选项
3. 连接词eventually等哪个最符合两句话的衔接
4. 句意考查，问哪句话符合段落想表达的意思
5. 段落承接句考查，涉及到最能引出下一段的句子
6. although连接的从句，考查主句部分but是否需要
7. ‘s的考查，名词是否需要加’s
8. 考查句子的保留删减，这里符合上下文的内容，可以保留
9. 这道题考查了句子的合并，与此同时还涉及到平行结构的识别，和哪部分作为修饰成分的判断
10. 标点符号题
11. 文风题，考查四个选项哪个用词最贴合原文风格
文法第三篇
标题：The insulation work isheating up
这是一篇职业类型的文章。隔热层能够节省一部分能量，insulation成为大家比较热衷的新兴产业，并且大家喜欢的是环境友好，并且摒弃了不可持续的一种foam材料，用了环保的物质，可持续的隔层材料，而这样的材料的应用是labor-consuming的，于是两种insulating workers(一种是家用的隔热材料安装的工人，一种是商业的隔热材料安装工人)的职业前景无比光明，在2020 年前的需求都有大量增长。
语法第 3 篇考题
1. 标点符号题。先判断句子成分，考察分号何逗号的区别。
2. 句子题。考察句子成分的并列，注意看前面的名词。
3. 语言表达题。根据全文感情色彩选择合适用词。
4. 表格题。注意根据表格判断上升和下降趋势。
5. 表格题。注意根据表格判断工作种类。
6. 表达用法题。考察连词的使用，前后的转折关系。
7. 词汇题。注意区分各词表“合适的”之义的区别。
8. 篇章结构题。注意根据上下文判断逻辑关系和主语。
9. 标点符号题。先判断句子成分，考察分号何逗号的区别。
10. 篇章结构题。注意根据下文意思选择，应强调该新材料的特点。
11. 表达用法题。考察句子同位语用法，注意介绍个人身份时逗号的使用。
第四篇
Neither wind nor ice nor gloom of the night
这篇是关于在mountain Washington 一次自然天气事件记录的文章。由于大西洋的高压系统和五大湖的低压系统在华盛顿山这里聚集，造成了打风暴雪天气。在附近的观测台的检测设备开始被暴风雪损坏，后来安装好新的之后，监测到风速136m/h，一名叫Stephenson的工作人员，看到数据后，根据窗外的风速看，风速应比监测数据要大，于是他自己到户外用传统仪器测到了164m/h的分速。最后最高风速有213m/h。这是人工检测的最高时速。
语法第 4 篇考题
1. 标点符号题。先判断句子成分，考察分号何逗号的区别。
2. 表达用法题。考察代词的使用，注意单复数的区别。
3. 篇章结构题。注意根据上下文判断逻辑关系和主语。
4. 句子题。考察非谓语的使用，注意找出句子的逻辑主语。
5. 篇章结构题。注意根据上下文判断逻辑关系和主语。
6. 语言表达题。考察简洁性的使用，注意排除啰嗦赘余成分。
7. 句子题。考察句子成分的并列，注意看前面的名词。
8. 句子题。考察句子成分的并列，注意看前面的名词。
9. 句子排序题。注意根据前面主语（科学家的名字）选择。
10. 语言表达题。考察简洁性的使用，注意排除啰嗦赘余成分。
11. 表达用法题。考察连词的使用，前后的转折关系。
写作篇
Adaptedfrom Joanne Lipman “Let’s Expose the Gender Pay Gap” © 2015 The New York TimesCompany. Originally published Aug. 13, 2015
1 HOW serious are we, really, about tacklingincome equality? . . .
2 More than a half-century after PresidentJohn F. Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the gap between what men andwomen earn has defied every effort to close it. And it can’t be explained awayas a statistical glitch, a function of women preferring lower-paying industriesor choosing to take time off for kids.
3 Claudia Goldin, a labor economist atHarvard, has crunched the numbers and found that the gap persists for identicaljobs, even after controlling for hours, education, race and age. Female doctorsand surgeons, for example, earn 71 percent of what their male colleagues make,while female financial specialists are paid just 66 percent as much ascomparable men. Other researchers have calculated that women one year out ofcollege earn 6.6 percent less than men after controlling for occupation andhours, and that female M.B.A. graduates earn on average $4,600 less than theirmale classmates for their first jobs.
4 It’s not that men are intentionallydiscriminating against women—far from it. I’ve spent the past year interviewingmale executives for a book about men and women in the workplace. A vastmajority of them are fair-minded guys who want women to succeed. They’reabsolutely certain that they don’t have a gender problem themselves; it must besome other guys who do. Yet they’re leaders of companies that pay men more thanwomen for the same jobs.
5 Women are trying mightily to close thatchasm on their own. Linda Babcock, an economist at Carnegie Mellon andco-author of the book “Women Don’t Ask,” has found that one reason for thedisparity is that men are four times more likely to ask for a raise than womenare, and that when women do ask, we ask for 30 percent less. And so women aretold we need to lean in, to demand to be paid what we’re worth. It’s excellentadvice—except it isn’t enough.
6 There is an antidote to the problem.Britain recently introduced a plan requiring companies with 250 employees ormore to publicly report their own gender pay gap. It joins a handful of othercountries, including Austria and Belgium, that have introduced similar rules.(In the United States, President Obama last year signed a presidentialmemorandum instructing federal contractors to report wage information by genderand race to the Department of Labor.) The disclosures “will cast sunlight onthe discrepancies and create the pressure we need for change, driving women’swages up,” Prime Minister David Cameron said last month.
7 Critics of the British plan protest thatit’s too expensive and complex. Some contend that it doesn’t address the rootof the problem: systemic issues that block women from higher-paying industries,and social issues like unconscious bias.
8 But real-world results suggest otherwise.Last year, the consulting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers voluntarily released itsgender pay gap in Britain, one of five firms in the country, includingAstraZeneca, to do so. Simply saying the number out loud “created much moremomentum internally” to close it, Sarah Churchman, who runs the firm’s Britishdiversity and inclusion efforts, told me.
9 Pricewater house Coopers’s analysisshowed that most of its 15.1 percent pay disparity (compared with aBritain-wide gap of more than 19 percent) reflected a lack of women in seniorjobs. So the firm focused on whether it was promoting fairly. In 2013, thegrade just below partner was 30 percent female, yet only 16 percent of thosepromoted to partner were women. A year later, the percentage of women promotedto partner had more than doubled.
10 The potential cost savings of publishingthe gender wage gap are enormous. About 20 percent of large companies now trainemployees to recognize unconscious bias, spending billions of dollars to try tostamp out unintentional discrimination. Paying for a salary analysis is cheaperand potentially more effective. Evidence also suggests that less secrecy aboutpay results in greater employee loyalty and lower turnover.
11 Political realities being what they are,the chances of achieving [full] transparency are slim; even the tepid C.E.O.pay gap rule took the S.E.C. five years to push through, in the face of fierceindustry opposition.
12 But why would we not want a measure thatwill settle the controversy over the pay gap with quantifiable facts? Shiningsome much-needed sunlight on the gender wage gap will make a difference forevery one of us, men and women, right now.