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SNN阅读：随着今年美国名人名校招生作弊丑闻的曝光，许多人对于孩子上大学这事有了全新的认识和许多疑问。来自USA TODAY的一篇调查数据文章，就是来解释其中一个疑问：美国富裕家庭为孩子上大学花了多少钱？
William "Rick" Singer is the accused "mastermind" of the college admissions scandal. But where did he come from and how did he get to this point?
USA TODAY
750位美国富翁调查 平均为孩子上大学只花了 不到1000美金 ？
文章说：平均来说，美国百万富翁——数据是那些拥有至少100万美元可投资资产的百万富翁——只有花了不到1000美元来增加他们孩子上大学的几率。（这个调查选项有点模糊，应该会被理解为不包含课外活动等费用支出）
调查说，富翁们最常见的努力不是花在SAT或ACT考试准备和辅导上，而是鼓励孩子（和孙子）参加体育、艺术或课外活动。
今年5月进行的一项新的CNBC百万富翁调查显示（调查对象包括750名代表富裕人口的美国人）：33%的富裕父母建议他们的孩子参加课外活动，以增加他们的入学机会，这比支付考试准备费和辅导费更受欢迎。
虽然升学中美元作用的迹象似乎很小，但研究表明，课外活动是广泛存在的社会和收入不平等的一种形式。《纽约时报》的人口与政治趋势作家托马斯·埃德萨尔（ThomasEdsall）最近利用教育案例来评价美国精英政治的理念。他指出，布鲁克林学院学术评估办公室的Freddie Deboer在2018年发表的一篇文章中指出，对大学申请者的“整体评估”，特别是课外活动和特殊技能和爱好，可能比考试结果更有利于富人：“这个学生是帆船队的队长，机器人俱乐部的主席，他花了一个夏天在全球南部建造房屋，可能比一个没有资源进行类似活动的穷学生看起来更有“整体”价值。谁更有可能成为一名明星小提琴手，或者在一家高档杂志完成暑期实习：一个穷学生还是一个富裕的学生？“
除了课外活动 富二代会读好学校 补习的投资回报率很低
虽然富豪们在孩子备考和家教方面支出较少可能意味着一个更公平的竞争环境，但许多富人可能会让孩子就读于最好的公立学校或私立学校。他们心里很清楚这些额外开支的局限性，或者潜在的投资回报很低。Deboer在他的工作中指出，虽然富裕的父母可以花更多的钱，但2013年的一项研究表明，“在标准化考试1600分的范围内进行辅导的效果大约是20分。”
Edsall在他最近对教育部门的评论中指出，国家公平与公开测试中心列出了335所大学，这些大学现在已经对申请人ACT和SAT的分数进行“低估”，降低了在录取中的重要性。他还指出，尽管这些学校中有许多不是精英大学，但一些顶尖学校也在采取类似的行动，如芝加哥大学。
年轻百万富翁愿意为孩子读大学花钱！超50000美元
然而，作为调查对象中最重要的部分，对于年轻的百万富翁和还在工作的百万富翁（最有可能有孩子上大学或将来上大学的人），这些花钱辅导孩子的策略更为普遍。他们更有可能雇用备考导师、特殊的大学招生顾问，并向学校捐款，希望这能帮助他们的孩子。
虽然大多数百万富翁花不到1000美元帮助一个孩子上大学，但20%的年轻百万富翁（55岁及以下）花了超过50000美元，希望这能帮助他们的孩子在自己选择的大学里获得一席之地。 调查中大多数年轻的百万富翁、女性百万富翁和工作中的百万富翁说，这些花钱的努力是有益的。
美国百万富翁普遍反对免费大学 年轻富翁认为花钱对上大学有效
所有年龄段的百万富翁都同意一件事：反对政府支付的免费大学。
调查发现，对资产超过5000万美元的美国人征收财富税有很大的支持率。但70%的人反对联邦政府资助的州立和公立学校的免费大学，这已成为一些民主*党**候选人的重要平台。近一半的百万富翁（49%）强烈反对这项政策，只有6%的人强烈支持这项政策。政治在这一结果中起了作用。89%的共和*党**人反对这个想法，而47%的民主*党**人反对。44%的民主*党**人支持这一政策构想（9%的人还没有决定）。
富裕程度对大学结果有没有影响？100万到500万美元的人和500万美元以上的人，他们的观点基本相同，总的来说，有一小部分百万富翁说他们认为这些努力没有效果——38%的人回答说他们“根本没有效果”，14%的人说他们“有些效率低下”。47%的百万富翁说这些努力是有效的，10%的人说这是“非常有效的”。但在55岁及55岁以下的年轻百万富翁中，64%的人认为这些努力是有效的，是目前为止年龄组中最高的。55岁至69岁和70岁及以上的百万富翁中，有50%以上的人称这一努力“无效”，而55岁及以下的富人中，这一比例下降至36%。
原文：
The recent celebrity college admissions cheating scandal meted out its first criminal sentence this week — one day of jail for a former Stanford University sailing coach, already dismissed as time served — but at a larger level, it has revealed the insane lengths the rich and well-connected will go to when it comes to their child’s chances of attending a top college or university.
Just how far and how wide do these tactics extend throughout the corridors of affluence in America? There is good and bad news from a new CNBC survey of America’s millionaire population. Many wealthy Americans remain sane when it comes to helping their kids get into a good university or college, spending relatively small sums of money on the effort. But the signs of privilege in accessing elite educational opportunities are reflected in the results.
On average, American millionaires — those with at least $1 million of investable assets — spent less than $1,000 to increase their child’s college entrance odds.
The most common effort made was not spending on SAT or ACT test prep and tutoring, but encouraging children (and grandchildren) to participate in athletics, arts or extracurricular activities.
Thirty-three percent of affluent parents recommend that their children get involved with extracurricular activities to increase their admissions chances, according to the new CNBC Millionaire Survey, conducted in May and which included 750 Americans representative of the affluent population. That was much more popular than paying for test prep and tutors.
While the dollar signs may seem small, research suggests that extracurricular activities represent a form of widespread social and income inequality. The New York Times’ demographic and politics trends writer Thomas Edsall recently used the case of education as a way to evaluate the idea of meritocracy in America. He pointed to a 2018 article by Freddie deBoer, of the Office of Academic Assessment at Brooklyn College, that “holistic assessments” of college applicants, particularly of extracurricular activities and special skills and hobbies, are likely to favor the rich even more than test results:
“The student who is captain of the sailing team, president of the robotics club, and who spent a summer building houses in the Global South will likely look more ‘holistically’ valuable than a poorer student who has not had the resources to do similar activities. Who is more likely to be a star violin player or to have completed a summer internship at a fancy magazine: a poor student or an affluent one?”
Test prep has low return on investment
While the lack of spending on test prep and tutors may point to a more level playing field, many wealthy may have children enrolled at the best public schools or private schools. And they may be well aware of the limitations, or potential return on investment, from spending on these extras.
DeBoer noted in his work that while affluent parents can spend more, a major 2013 study showed that the “effect of coaching on a 1600-point scale was about 20 points.”
Edsall noted in his recent review of the education sector that the National Center for Fair & Open Testing lists 335 colleges that now “deemphasize” applicant scores on the ACT and SAT test. And he noted that while many of those schools are not elite universities, some top schools are making similar moves, such as the University of Chicago.
Among the most important part of the survey audience, though, these tactics are more prevalent. Younger millionaires and working millionaires (the ones most likely to have children in college or going to college in the future) are much more likely to hire test preparation tutors, special college admissions counselors and donate money to schools in hopes it will help their child.
While most millionaires spend less than $1,000 to help a child get into college, 20% of younger millionaires (those 55 and under) spent in excess of $50,000 in hopes it would help their kid land a spot at a college of their choice.
All of these college-spending decisions are not likely to change: the majority of young millionaires, female millionaires and working millionaires say the efforts were helpful.
Widespread opposition to free college
Millionaires of all ages agreed on one thing: no free college paid for by the government.
The survey found significant support for a wealth tax on Americans with $50 million or more in assets. And it uncovered a few potential 2020 matchups versus President Trump where Democrats are ahead (Biden and Buttigieg). But 70% oppose tuition-free college at state and public schools paid for by the federal government, which has become an important platform position for some Democratic candidates.
Almost half of millionaires (49%) strongly oppose the policy, and only 6% strongly support it. Politics played a role in this result.
Eighty-nine percent of Republicans oppose the idea versus 47% of Democrats. Forty-four percent of Democrats support the policy idea (9% were undecided).
Level of affluence did not influence results: Those with $1 million to $5 million, and those with over $5 million, have almost the same views, percentage-wise.
Here’s what millionaires think about taxing the rich
The CNBC Millionaire Survey audience included 39% of millionaires who have children in college or already attended college, but only 5% of respondents will have children attending college in the next five years. Nineteen percent have grandchildren who will soon be applying to schools, and another 14% percent have grandchildren who attended college or are currently in school. Forty-five percent of the total Millionaire Survey audience does not have a child or grandchild in college or close to attending college.
A slim majority of millionaires overall said they thought these efforts were not effective — 38% responding they were “not at all effective” and 14% saying their were “somewhat ineffective.
Forty-seven percent of millionaires said the efforts were effective, with 10% describing it as “very effective.”
But among the younger millionaires, age 55 and under, 64% describe the efforts as effective, by far the highest among age groups. While more than 50% of millionaires age 55–69 and 70 and over described the efforts as “ineffective,” that drops to 36% among the wealthy age 55 and under.
Disclosure: NBCUniversal and Comcast Ventures are investors in Acorns.
© CNBC is a USA TODAY content partner offering financial news and commentary. Its content is produced independently of USA TODAY.
https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/06/14/college-admissions-scandal-how-much-do-rich-families-pay-get-in/1457838001/
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