Dynamic thought
Freud was also influenced by the physiologist Ernst Brücke, who was one of the founders of the 19thcentury’s “new physiology,” which looked for mechanistic explanations for all organic phenomena. Brücke claimed that like every other living organism, the human being is essentially an energy system, and so must abide by the Principle of the Conservation of Energy. This law states that the total amount of energy in a system stays constant over time; it cannot be destroyed, only moved or transformed. Freud applied this thinking to mental processes, resulting in the idea of “psychic energy.” This energy, he said, can undergo modification, transmission, and conversion, but cannot be destroyed. So if we have a thought that the conscious mind finds unacceptable, the mind redirects it away from conscious thought into the unconscious, in a process Freud called “repression.” We may repress the memory of a childhood trauma (such as abuse or witnessing an accident), a desire we have judged as unacceptable (perhaps for your best friend’s partner), or ideas that otherwise threaten our well-being or way of life.
动态思考
弗洛伊德还受到生理学家恩斯特-布吕克的影响，他是19世纪 "新生理学 "的创始人之一，为所有有机现象寻找机械性的解释。布吕克声称，像其他所有的生物体一样，人在本质上是一个能量系统，因此必须遵守能量守恒原则。这一定律指出，一个系统中的能量总量随着时间的推移保持不变；它不能被破坏，只能被移动或转化。弗洛伊德将这种思想应用于心理过程，产生了 "精神能量 "的概念。他说，这种能量可以经历修改、传输和转换，但不能被破坏。因此，如果我们有一个思想，而意识到它是不可接受的，那么思想就会把它从意识中转移到无意识中，这个过程被弗洛伊德称为 "压抑"。我们可能会压抑童年创伤的记忆（如虐待或目睹事故），压抑我们判断为不可接受的欲望（也许是对你最好朋友的伴侣），或威胁到我们福祉或生活方式的想法。
In order to help an individual emerge from a repressed state and begin to consciously deal with the real issues that are affecting him or her, Freud believed that it is necessary to access repressed feelings. For example, if a man finds it difficult to confront others, he will choose to repress his feelings rather than deal with the confrontation. Over time, however, these repressed emotions build up and reveal themselves in other ways. Anger, anxiety, depression, drug and alcohol abuse, or eating disorders may all be the result of struggling to fend off feelings that have been repressed instead of being addressed. Unprocessed emotions, Freud asserts, are constantly threatening to break through, generating an increasingly uncomfortable tension and inciting more and more extreme measures to keep them down.
为了帮助一个人摆脱压抑状态，开始有意识地处理影响他或她的真正问题，弗洛伊德认为有必要接触被压抑的情感。例如，如果一个人觉得与他人对抗很困难，他就会选择压抑自己的感受，而不是处理对抗的问题。然而，随着时间的推移，这些被压抑的情绪会不断积累，并以其他方式表现出来。愤怒、焦虑、抑郁、吸毒和酗酒，或饮食失调，都可能是努力抵御被压抑而不被处理的情绪的结果。弗洛伊德断言，未处理的情绪不断威胁着要突破，产生越来越不舒服的紧张感，并激起越来越多的极端措施来压制它们。
Analysis allows trapped memories and feelings to emerge, and the patient is often surprised to feel the emotion that has been buried. It is not uncommon for patients to find themselves moved to tears by an issue from many years ago that they felt they had long since “got over.” This response demonstrates that the event and the emotion are still alive—still holding emotional energy—and have been repressed rather than dealt with. In Freudian terms, “catharsis” describes the act of releasing and feeling the deep emotions associated with repressed memories. If the significant event—such as the death of a parent—was not fully experienced at the time because it was too overwhelming, the difficulty and the energy remain, to be released at the moment of catharsis.
分析允许被困的记忆和感觉出现，病人常常惊讶地感受到被埋藏的情绪。病人发现自己被多年前的一个问题感动得流泪，而他们认为自己早已 "克服 "了，这种情况并不罕见。这种反应表明，该事件和情绪仍然存在--仍然拥有情感能量--被压抑而不是被处理。在弗洛伊德的术语中，"宣泄 "描述的是释放和感受与被压抑的记忆相关的深层情绪的行为。如果重大事件--如父母的死亡--在当时因为太过压抑而没有完全体验到，那么困难和能量仍然存在，将在宣泄的时刻被释放。
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