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演讲全文：
Question number one: Put up your hands if you would like to see your marks or your grades at school improve at the moment? Who would like to see their marks or grades go up? Most of the students. Brilliant!
问题一：如果你想看到你的分数或你在学校的成绩提高，请举手。谁想看到自己的成绩提高？大部分学生。太棒了！
Now my next question is: What do you think is going to be most important in getting these marks to go up? So can I get a show of hands, who would say IQ is going to be the most important thing to get your marks to go up? Not many people, I guess. It’s good. I suppose the students for an hour yesterday we covered this side, you’re all fast lane, that’s good.
现在我的下一个问题是：你认为什么是最重要的获得这些分数上升？请举手表决，谁会说智商是让你的分数上升的最重要的因素呢？应该不是很多人吧。挺好的， 我想学生们昨天在这边呆了一个小时，你们都跑得很快，很好。
Who would say hard work is going to be most important in getting those marks to go up? We got about a third of the room, 40% maybe. Fantastic!
谁会说努力工作让分数上升是最重要的？我们有大约三分之一或可能40%的空间。太棒了！
Now these are the types of questions that my team and I at Elevate Education have spent the last 13 years researching. We started our journey to find out what the top students do to get the top results, because I think people have always had a range of explanations for why this happens.
这就是我和我的团队在过去的13年中研究的问题类型。我们开始了我们的旅程，以找出顶尖学生做了什么来获得最好的结果，因为我认为人们总是对为什么会发生这种情况有一系列的解释。
Lesson 1: Don’t worry about IQ
经验教训一：无需担心智商
Some people say that the top students get the top results because they’ve got higher IQs, that is they’re just smarter than anyone else. Some people say the top students get the top results because they work harder and the explanations go on and on. And so what we wanted to do was basically work out fact from fiction, what was true and what wasn’t. To do this we’ve spent the last 13 years benchmarking the habits, techniques and practices of literally tens of thousands of students across Australia, South Africa and the United Kingdom, and the US. And what we’ve learned in this time is basically three key things.
有些人说，优秀的学生得到最好的结果，因为他们有更高的智商，那就是他们只是比其他人更聪明。一些人说，优秀的学生得到了最好的结果，因为他们更加努力的学习，这种解释也一直存在。因此，我们要做的基本上弄清楚传说和事实，什么是真实的，什么不是。为此，我们花了13年的时间对澳大利亚，南非，英国和美国各地成千上万名学生的习惯，技巧和实践进行基准测试。而我们这次所学到的基本上是三件事。
First of all, the top students don’t necessarily get the top results because they’ve got higher IQs, or because they’re smarter than anyone else.
首先，优秀的学生不一定是因为他们的智商更高，或者因为他们比任何人都聪明而得到最好的结果。
Finding number two, we found that there’s a small set of skills that is statistically significant in explaining why the top students get the top marks. In other words, there’s a small set of things that the top students do that no one else does that explains why they get their results. And what’s interesting is that these are common across countries. So that is relevant for a student in Sydney, Australia where I’m from as they are for students in London, Cape Town, New York or talent for that matter.
结果二，我们发现在解释为什么顶尖学生获得高分的过程中，有一小套技能在统计上是很重要的。换句话说，顶尖学生所做的一小部分事情是其他人做不到的，这就解释了为什么他们会得到他们的结果。有趣的是，这些现象在各个国家都很常见。这一点和我出身的地方澳大利亚悉尼的一个学生和在伦敦，开普敦，纽约的学生们一样有关联或和这方面有关的人才有关联。
The third thing, and this is probably the most important finding in the context of today’s presentation, is that these skills can be both taught to and used by students to improve their results. And that’s what we do as a company. Today Elevate works with quarter of a million students across 12 hundred countries — 1200 schools, sorry, in four different countries in order to move up students’ results. And what I found across this time is these basically three things that any student needs to know if they’re looking to move up their marks right now.
第三件事，这可能是今天演讲中最重要的发现，那就是这些技能可以被教授，也可以被学生用来提高他们的成绩。这就是我们作为一个公司所做的。今天，我们为1200个国家的25万学生提供服务。——抱歉是在四个不同的国家1200所学校提供服务以提高学生的成绩。我在这段时间里发现，如果学生想提高分数，他们需要知道这三件事。
The first one of these things is that you don’t need to worry about IQ. It’s been my experience far too many students worry about am I smart enough or do I have a high enough IQ to do well. As you said not many hands went up to that question today. However normally it’s about 50% to 90% of students will say IQ is being the biggest driver of their results. A great example of this: three years ago in Australia we interviewed 3000 students before their final high school exams and we asked these guys: What is going to be most important in impacting your results in your final exams? An overwhelming majority — and when I say overwhelming, I mean 90% of students came back and said IQ would be the number one factor.
首先，你不需要担心智商。根据我的经验，很多学生都担心我够聪明还是不够聪明？我的智商够高吗？正如你所说，今天没有多少人举手回答这个问题。然而，通常情况下，大约50%到90%的学生会说智商是他们成绩的最大驱动力。一个很好的例子是：三年前在澳大利亚，我们在期末考试前采访了3000名学生，我们问他们：在期末考试中影响你成绩的最重要的因素是什么？压倒性多数----当我说压倒性多数的时候，我的意思是90%的学生回来后说智商将是第一因素。
Now the good news is, is that these students and the vast majority of students drastically overestimate how important IQ is going to be. Indeed in our research we’ve found that IQ is not the number one predictor of how well a student will perform. In fact, we found 13 variables that were more effective in terms of predicting academic performance than simply IQ. One of these factors in particular we found to be multiple times more effective to predict academic performance and that was practice exams. We found the top students do more practice exams than anyone else.We found you can almost perfectly estimate a student’s results by looking at the number of practice exams they’ve done. And we also found that we could almost perfectly rank a class from first all the way down to last just given the amount of practice exams they would do across a year.
现在好消息是，这些学生和绝大多数学生大大高估了智商的重要性。事实上，在我们的研究中，我们发现智商并不是学生表现如何的首要预测因素。事实上，我们发现了13个变量，在预测学术表现方面比简单的智商更有效。我们发现其中一个因素对预测学术表现的效果要好好几倍，这就是实践考试。我们发现优秀的学生做的练习题比其他人都多。我们发现，通过观察学生所做的模拟考试的数量，你几乎可以很好地估计学生的成绩。我们还发现，我们几乎可以完美地将一个班级从第一排到最后，仅仅考虑到他们将在一年中做大量的练习考试。
Now the great thing about practice exams is that you don’t have to be a genius to do a practice exam. It is completely within your control, as are the other 12 variables.
练习考试的好处是你不必是天才也能做练习考试。它完全在你的控制之中，其他12个变量也是如此。
Now let’s take a step further though. Let’s think about if a student is going to work successfully across a year and do well, what do they need to do? Well, the first thing is they’re going to need to be able to self motivate, because they’re going to have to sit down, they’re going to need to work consistently across the year. They’re also going to need to be self-disciplined, because they’re going to have to cut out distractions like Facebook or watching six and a half hours of cat videos on YouTube. They’re going to have to sit down and cut out all these distractions.
现在让我们更进一步。让我们来思考一下，如果一个学生在一年内都能成功地学习并且表现出色，他们需要做什么？首先，他们需要有自我激励的能力，因为他们必须坐下来，他们需要全年持续工作。他们还需要自律，因为他们必须避免像脸谱网或观看6个半小时的猫咪视频这样的干扰。他们将不得不坐下来，消除所有这些干扰。
The third thing is they’re also going to need to be resilient, because the reality is that every student is going to lose marks across the year and when this happens, you’ve got to be able to pick yourself up and dust yourself off. Now it doesn’t matter how high a student’s IQ is, if you can’t do these three things you’re always going to be at a disadvantage. Indeed, research by two professors at the University of Pennsylvania: Martin Seligman and Angela Duckworth who many people know from their TED talks, they found in a range of areas, self-discipline trumps IQ. They found in terms of the classroom they found self-discipline was two times more effective in predicting academic results than IQ by itself.
第三，他们也需要有弹性，因为现实是每个学生都会在这一年里失去分数，当这一切发生时，你必须能够重新振作起来，掸去身上的灰尘。现在，不管一个学生的智商有多高，如果你不能做到这三件事，你将永远处于劣势。事实上，宾夕法尼亚大学的两位教授——马丁·塞利格曼和安吉拉·达克沃思——的研究表明，很多人都知道他们在TED演讲中发现，自律比智商更重要。他们发现，就课堂而言，他们发现自律在预测学习成绩方面比智商本身要有效两倍。
The second lesson is: don’t aim to just work hard. And I’m going to emphasize the word ‘just’ there because normally when I say this, I look around there’s students whose eyes just opened up and because what they hear is don’t work hard and missing — I’m glad I came today. So that’s not the message. The message is don’t aim to just work hard, and the reason for that is in our research we found that hard work was a necessary condition but it wasn’t a sufficient condition for doing well. And I’ll explain what I mean by that.
经验教训第二是：不要只想着努力学习。我想强调一下“只是”这个词，因为通常当我这么说的时候，我环顾四周，有些学生的眼睛刚刚睁开，因为他们听到的不是努力学习，而是缺少了——我很高兴我今天来了。所以这不是信息。我们的信息是，不要只是努力学习，原因是在我们的研究中，我们发现努力学习是必要条件。但那不是 做好事情的充分条件。我会解释我的意思。
In our research we found very few students who did well that didn’t work hard. The reality is if you want to do well, you’ve got to work hard. The problem is, though, we found students who worked equally as hard as the top students and got worse results. We found students who even worked harder than the top students and end up getting poor results.
在我们的研究中，我们发现很少有学生做得很好却不努力。现实是，如果你想做好，你就必须努力学习。然而，问题是，我们发现那些和尖子生一样努力的学生，成绩更差。我们发现有些学生甚至比优等生更用功，结果成绩很差。
And if we think about it, it’s actually one of the number reasons for a student’s under-performance at school is because they simply aim to work hard. So all the time we find students who turn up for the new school year and they say something along these lines. They say ‘this year is going to be different’.
如果我们仔细想想，这实际上是学生在学校表现不佳的原因之一，因为他们只是想努力学习。所以我们一直都在寻找新学年的学生，他们会说一些类似的话。他们说“今年将会不同”。
They say, ‘This year I’m going to do better, I’m going to do some work. I’m going to hand my homework in on time, I am going to get my assignments in on time. I am even going to do more study for my exams.’ The problem is, though, is that then they go back out, they keep doing the same thing they were doing before, they just do more of it.
他们说，‘今年我要做得更好，我要学习学习。’我要按时交作业，我要按时完成任务。为了考试，我甚至还要多学习。问题是，他们会反悔，他们一直在做之前做的事情，他们只是做更多的事情。
And it was Michael Jordan who said it best that if you shoot ten thousand balls and you’ve got bad technique, all you’re going to do is you’re going to get really good at shooting really badly. And that’s the problem for these students. They go out, they take inadequate study skills and they simply use them more often and then they expect a different result at the end of it. The problem is all of a sudden they then go do an exam, they get their results back, it’s the same result as last time and at this point the cycle of disengagement begins, because these students say, ‘Look, I’ve done everything now. I’ve even worked hard. I’ve done every single thing there is. I simply can’t do it and I give up.’ So the thing is we don’t want to just aim to work hard, we want to work hard doing the right things.
迈克尔·乔丹说得最好，如果你投了一万个球，你的技术很差，你所技术做的是让自己擅长更差劲地投篮。这就是这些学生的问题。他们偏离轨道，获取的学习技能不足，他们只是更经常地使用它们不足的技能然后他们期望在最后得到不同的结果。问题是，他们突然就去考试，他们得到他们的成绩，这和上次是一样的结果，在这一点上脱离本意的循环开始了，因为这些学生说，‘看，我现在什么都做了。我甚至努力学习。我做了所有的事。我就是做不到，我放弃了。所以，我们不希望只是为了努力学习，我们想努力做正确的事情。
Lesson 3: Model the top students
经验教训三：模仿尖子生
Now the obvious question then is: Well, what are the right things? In our research, we found 13 factors or skills or habits or techniques that differentiated the top students from middle and low performing students. I want to touch upon two of these. The two I want to touch upon are: a) They’re probably two of the most important skills and then secondly they’re also great case studies in terms of illustrating what the top students do differently than the vast majority of students.
现在最明显的问题是：什么是正确的事情？在我们的研究中，我们发现了13个因素或技能或习惯或技术，区分出了优等生和差生。我想谈谈其中的两个。我想说的两个方面是：1）他们可能是两个最重要的技能，其次，他们也是很好的案例研究，说明顶尖学生与绝大多数学生做的不同。
Now the first skill I want to talk about is one I’ve already touched upon today, which is practice exams. Now as I said before, we found that practice exams were the number one predictor of how well a student would do at school. Now to understand why, let’s take a step back and let’s think about what students are doing before exams. Now on the screen at the moment, I’ve got a group of year 11 students in the United Kingdom and let’s actually work through and let’s have a look at what the majority of these students are doing.
现在，我想谈的第一项技能是我今天已经谈到的一项技能，即练习考试。现在，正如我之前所说，我们发现练习考试是学生在学校学习成绩的头号预测指标。现在了解原因，让我们退后一步，考虑一下学生在考试前的表现。现在在屏幕上，我在英国有一群11年级的学生，让我们实际进行研究，让我们看看这些学生中大多数都在做什么。
Now at the top, we’ve got 15% of these students who are making their notes. In other words, these are the guys who have left the right to the last minute, they’re sitting down just trying to get the notes finished before the exams. We’ve got 5% of students who are rewriting their notes. So these are the guys who are now trying to basically learn them simply by writing them out over and over and over again. We’ve got the overwhelming majority here, it’s about 56% of students are reading over their notes. So in other words, they’re sitting there just reading the notes over and over and over again until it’s in their memory.
现在我们有15%的学生在做笔记。换句话说，他们是那些在考试前最后一分钟才离开的人，他们只是坐在那里，试图在考试前把笔记写完。我们有5%的学生在重写他们的笔记。所以这些人现在试图通过一遍又一遍地把笔记写出来用来学习。我们占了绝大多数，大约有56%的学生在阅读他们的笔记。换句话说，他们只是坐在那里一遍又一遍地读笔记，直到这些笔记在记忆中出现。
So in other words, we’ve got 76% of students who are spending the majority of their time simply memorizing their notes, either writing them out, rewriting them or reading them over and over again.
换句话说，我们有76%的学生把大部分时间都花在背笔记上，要么把笔记写出来，要么重写，要么一遍又一遍地读。
Now why do students do this? The reason the vast majority of students will do, this is very intuitive because if everyone in this room thinks back to what their number one fear was last exam, generally the number one fear is what if I forget something, what if I forget a date, a quote or facts, what’s going to happen? And as a result, these students go and they spend all of their time on memory based activities.
学生们为什么要这样做呢？绝大多数学生都会这么做，这是非常直观的，因为如果在座的每个人都回想起他们的头号恐惧是什么，通常第一个恐惧是如果我忘记了什么，如果我忘记了一个日期，引用或事实，怎么办？会发生什么？结果，这些学生就去把所有的时间都花在了基于记忆的活动上。
Now our top students on the other hand — our top students are in the minority, they are in this small group of 11% of students who are doing practice exams at the moment.
现在我们的尖子生在另一方面——我们的尖子生是少数，他们是目前在做实践考试的11%的学生中的一个。
Now why do the top students do practice exams? They do it because they realize something that the vast majority of students don’t realize. They realize that an exam is not a test of memory, an exam does not test you how much you can remember, it tests you how you use what you remember. So the top students can basically go one step further than the vast majority of students, whereas the majority of students can simply remember information, the top students can analyze, they can evaluate, they can develop arguments but they can give the examiner what the examiner wants when they get into the exam room, which is one of the large reasons they get the results they do.
那么，为什么优秀的学生要做实践考试呢？他们这么做是因为他们意识到了大多数学生没有意识到的东西。他们意识到考试不是对记忆的测试，考试不是测试你能记住多少。考试测试的是你如何使用你记得的东西。因此，优秀的学生基本上可以比绝大多数学生走得更远，而大多数学生可以简单地记住信息，除了可以给主考官们进入考场时想要的东西，优秀的学生可以分析，他们可以评估，他们可以提出论点，这也是他们获得成绩的主要原因之一。
Now the second skill or before we get to the second skill, I might just to — in order to show you how similar these are across countries, I put up a group of year 11 students in Australia and what you’ve got to notice is it is almost identical to our UK students. In fact, the percentage of students, again that gold bar there, the percentage of students who are doing practice exams is actually exactly the same as our case study in Australia. We’ve got 11% of students in Australia who are doing practice exams but again it’s within this minority where we find our top students.
现在是第二个技能，或者在我们学习第二个技能之前，我想，为了向你们展示这些技能在各个国家是多么的相似。在澳大利亚，我组织了一个11年级的学生，你会注意到的是，它和我们英国的学生几乎是一样的。事实上，学生的百分比，也就是那里的金条，参加实践考试的学生的百分比，实际上和我们在澳大利亚的案例研究是完全一样的。我们有11%的澳大利亚学生在做实践考试，但同样的，我们发现我们的尖子生也是少数。
Now let’s look at the second skill — and this skill — also this relates back to something I’ve also touched upon today, which is the concept of self-discipline and the research by Seligman and Duckworth. Now a student’s number one tool when it comes to self-discipline is the study timetable. The big problem is the vast majority of students will create a study timetable and then the vast majority of them will throw it out within the next week or so. And can I get a show of hands, in the life of students who has done that before, who has created a timetable only to throw it out very quickly? OK. Get a lot of students.
现在让我们来看看第二个技能——这个技能——也与我今天提到的东西有关，那就是自律的概念，以及塞利格曼和达克沃斯的研究。现在学生在自律方面的首要工具是学习时间表。最大的问题是，绝大多数学生都会制定一个学习时间表，然后他们中的绝大多数会在下周左右就把它扔掉。我可以让你们举手表决一下，在学生的生活中，谁曾经这样做过，谁创造了时间表的目的只是把它扔得很快？好吧 有很多学生。
And the good news is that you’re not in the minority. If we look at this is a group of year 11 students in the United Kingdom over 50% of these students have thrown out their timetable within a week. A quarter of them have thrown it out within a couple of days and then the other quarter have thrown it out or more than a quarter have thrown it out within the week.
好消息是您不在少数。如果我们看一下这是一群来自英国的11年级学生，那么这些学生中有50％以上在一周之内就放弃了时间表。他们中有四分之一在几天之内就将其丢弃，然后另一季度又将其丢弃了，或者超过四分之一的周内已将其丢弃了。
Now again to understand why this is the case, let’s have a look, because we do have a small group of students who stick to work for longer than a month, who stick to it for months on end all the way up to a year and again these are where our top students are. But to understand why let’s look at what the majority of students do differently than the top students.
现在再来理解为什么会这样，让我们来看看，因为我们确实有一小群学生坚持学习超过一个月，那些坚持了几个月，一直坚持到一年都是我们的尖子生。为了理解为什么，让我们来看看大多数学生做的和优秀学生不一样。
Now on this slide, I’ve got a group of year 11 students and we’re having a look at what students put into their timetable first. So what we find the vast majority of students will do is they’ll go out, they’ll get a piece of paper and they’ll roll this thing out: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, all the way through to Sunday .And then the very first thing they put into their study timetable is when they’re going to study, which again is fairly intuitive, right? It’s called a study timetable, so you think you put the study in first.
在这张幻灯片上，有一组11年级的学生，我们先来看看学生们在课程表上写了些什么。我们发现绝大多数学生都会这样做，他们会出去得到一张纸，他们会把这个东西滚出来：周一，周二，周三，周四，一直滚到周日。然后他们在学习时间表上做的第一件事就是什么时候学习，这也是很直观的，对吧？这叫做学习时间表，所以你认为你把学习放在第一位。
So we’ve got — it’s about 22% of students who will put in their homework or when they’re going to do ‘study’. In other words, they’re putting in their workload for that week. But we’ve got again now overwhelming majority, 63% of students in this case who are putting in specific subjects. So the very first thing they might do is on a Monday afternoon they’ll put in an hour of French homework and presumably that’s because I had French that day and they’re going to do homework and study for it.
所以我们有--大约有22%的学生会写作业，或者什么时候去“学习”。换句话说，他们在那一周里投入了大量的工作量。但是我们现在又得到了压倒性的多数，在这种情况，有63%投入于特定科目的学生。所以他们做的第一件事可能是在星期一的下午他们会做一个小时的法语作业，大概那是因为那天我上了法语课。因此他们要做功课并为之学习。
So again we’ve got about 85% of students who put study in as the very first thing into their timetable. Now the problem with that is that these guys have the highest likelihood of throwing out the timetable as we’ve already seen within a matter of days or within a week. And the reason for it is, is because they go absolutely gung ho. They just put in study all over the place and they forget about the things they love doing. So 3 days into it or three weeks into it, or however long these guys are sitting down going, I’m not doing anything I love doing, I am bored, I hate this and as a result they throw the timetable out.
所以我们再次看到，85%的学生把学习作为他们课程表中的第一件事。现在的问题是，正如我们已经看到，会在几天或一个星期内这些家伙有很大的可能性抛开时间表。原因是，他们绝对是很卖力的。他们把所有的地方都放在书房里，忘记了他们喜欢做的事情。所以3天后或者3周后，或者不管这些家伙坐了多久，我没有做我喜欢做的事情，我很无聊我讨厌这样，结果他们把时间表扔了。
Now again our top students are in the minority on this graph as well. These are the guys who when they sit down to create a timetable, they do what every other student does in terms of they get their piece of paper and they roll it up Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday all the way through to Sunday. But instead of putting in study first, these guys do something very different: they put it as you can see there, they put in when they’re not going to study. So the first thing to go into these timetables are things like socializing, hobbies, sports, if someone’s got a job they might put in the job as well, and it’s only once they’ve got these activities in, they then come back and they begin to feel the study around it.
现在我们的优等生在这张图表上也是少数。这些家伙，当他们坐下来创建一个时间表，他们做其他每个学生在他们得到一张纸后安排的周一，周二，周三，周四一直到周日要做的事。但是这些人并没有首先学习，而是做了一些非常不同的事情：他们按照你在那里看到的那样，在不学习的时候输入。所以在这些时间表中首先要考虑的是社交，爱好，运动，如果有人找到了工作，他们可能也会从事这份工作，只有当他们参加了这些活动之后，他们才会回来，并开始感受周围的学习。
The big thing for the top students though is all of a sudden because they’ve got all of these activities in their timetables, it means every day they’re doing something that they love to do. As a result, they’re happy and because they’re happy they’re balanced. And it’s that sense of being balanced, that then lays the foundation to be productive for the rest of the year.
对于尖子生来说，最重要的事情是他们突然之间就有了这些活动，这意味着他们每天都在做自己喜欢做的事情。结果是，他们很快乐，因为他们很快乐，他们是平衡的。正是这种平衡感为今年馀下的时间奠定了基础。
So for any student in the room right now who is looking to move up their marks, there’s three things you all need to consider.
所以对于任何一个在教室里想要提高分数的学生来说，有三件事你们都需要考虑。
Number one, as we’ve already said, don’t overestimate the importance of IQ or just don’t worry about it, it’s out of your control.
第一，正如我们已经说过的，不要高估智商的重要性，也不要太担心它，它不在你的控制范围内。
Number two: don’t aim to just work hard but instead work hard doing the right things.
第二：不要只是努力学习，而是努力做正确的事情。
Aim to model what the top students are doing because the thing is if you get the process right, then the marks or the grades or the results in school are going to take care of themselves.
以模仿顶尖学生正在做的事情为目标，因为如果你的过程是正确的，那么成绩或学校的成绩将照顾到他们自己。
Thanks a lot.