《孙子兵法》是中国现存最早的兵书，也是世界上最早的军事著作，被誉为“兵学圣典”。共有六千字左右，一共十三篇。（1 始计篇；2 作战篇；3 谋攻篇；4 军形篇；5 兵势篇；6 虚实篇；7 军争篇；8 九变篇；9 行军篇；10 地形篇；11 九地篇；12 火攻篇；13 用间篇）

1－3：战争准备；

4－6：用兵规则；

7－8：实战作业；

9－11：地形研判；

12－13：特种作战；

内容涵盖国家战略、军事战略、治军理念、战斗战术。

9 行军篇The Army on the March

孙子曰：凡处军相敌：绝山依谷，视生处高，战隆无登，此处山之军也。绝水必远水；客绝水而来，勿迎之于水内，令半济而击之，利；欲战者，无附于水而迎客；视生处高，无迎水流，此处水上之军也。绝斥泽，惟亟去无留；若交军于斥泽之中，必依水草而背众树，此处斥泽之军也。平陆处易，而右背高，前死后生，此处平陆之军也。凡此四军之利，黄帝之所以胜四帝也。

孙子说：凡*队军**行军作战和观察判断敌情，应该注意：在通过山地时要靠近有水草的谷地；驻止时，要选择“生地”，居高向阳；如果敌人占据高地，不要仰攻。这些是在山地行军作战的处置原则。横渡江河，要在离江河稍远的地方驻扎；如果敌军渡河前来进攻，不要在江河中迎击，而要乘它部分已渡、部分未渡半渡时予以攻击，这样比较有利；如果要与敌军交战，那就不要靠近江河迎击它；在江河地带驻扎，也要居高向阳，切勿在敌军下游低凹地驻扎或布阵。这些是在江河地带行军作战的处置原则。通过盐碱沼泽地带，要迅速离开，不宜停留；如在盐碱沼泽地带与敌军遭遇，那就要占领有水草而靠树林的地方。这些是在盐碱沼泽地带行军作战的处置原则。在平原地带驻军，要选择地势平坦的地方，最好背靠高处，前低后高。这些是平原地带行军作战的处置原则。以上四种“处军”原则的好处，是黄帝所以能够战胜“四帝”的重要原因。

Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighbourhood of valleys.

Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare.

After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.

When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver your attack.

If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.

Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.

In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without any delay.

If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in salt-marshes.

In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country.

These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.

凡军好高而恶下，贵阳而贱阴，养生而处实，军无百疾，是谓必胜。丘陵堤防，必处其阳，而右背之。此兵之利，地之助也。

大凡驻军，总是喜好干燥的高地而厌恶潮湿低洼的地方，要求向阳，回避阴湿，驻扎在便于生活和地势高的地方，将士就不至于发生各种疾病，这是*队军**致胜的一个重要条件。丘陵、堤防驻军，必须驻扎在向阳的一面，并且要背靠着它。这些对于用兵有利的措置是得自地形的辅助的。

All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark.

If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will be free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.

When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilise the natural advantages of the ground.

上雨，水沫至，欲涉者，待其定也。

河流上游下暴雨，看到水沫漂来，要等水势平稳以后再渡，以防山洪暴至。

When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides.

凡地有绝涧、天井、天牢、天罗、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。吾远之，敌近之；吾迎之，敌背之。

凡是遇到“绝涧”、“天井”、“天牢”、“天罗”、“天陷”、“天隙”等地形，必须迅速避开而不要靠近。我远离它，让敌军去接近它；我面向它，让敌军去背靠它。

Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not approached.

While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear.

军行有险阻、潢井、葭苇、山林、蘙荟者，必谨覆索之，此伏奸之所处也。

*队军**在山川险阻、芦苇丛生的低洼地，草木繁茂的山林地区行动，必须仔细反复地搜索，因为这些都是容易隐藏伏兵和奸细的地方。

If in the neighbourhood of your camp there should be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking.

敌近而静者，恃其险也；远而挑战者，欲人之进也；其所居易者，利也。

敌军离我很近而仍保持镇静的，是倚仗它据有险要的地形；敌军离我很远而又来挑战的，是企图诱我前进；敌军之所以不居险要而居平地，定有它的好处和用意。

When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the natural strength of his position.

When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the other side to advance.

If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait.

众树动者，来也；众草多障者，疑也；鸟起者，伏也；兽骇者，覆也；尘高而锐者，车来也；卑而广者，徒来也；散而条达者，樵采也；少而往来者，营军也。

树林里很多树木摇动的，是敌军向我袭来；在草丛中设有许多遮蔽物的，是敌人企图迷惑我；鸟儿突然飞起，是下面有伏兵；走兽受惊猛跑，是敌人大举来袭。飞尘高而尖的，是敌人战车向我开来；飞尘低而广的，是敌人步卒向我开来；飞尘分散而细长的，是敌人在打柴；飞尘少而时起时落的，是敌军察看地形，准备设营。

Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious.

The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming.

When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping.

辞卑而益备者，进也；辞强而进驱者，退也；轻车先出居其侧者，陈也；无约而请和者，谋也；奔走而陈兵车者，期也；半进半退者，诱也。

敌方使者言词谦卑而实际上又在加紧战备的，是要向我进攻；敌方使者育词强硬而*队军**又向我进逼的，是准备撤退；敌战车先出并占据侧翼的，是布列阵势，准备作战；敌方没有预先约定而突然来请求议和的，其中必有阴谋；敌方急速奔走并展开兵车的，是期求与我交战；敌军半进半退的，可能是伪装混乱来引诱我。

Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he will retreat.

When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.

Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot.

When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has come.

When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.

杖而立者，饥也；汲而先饮者，渴也；见利而不进者，劳也；鸟集者，虚也；夜呼者，恐也；军扰者，将不重也；旌旗动者，乱也；吏怒者，倦也；粟马肉食，军无悬缻，不返其舍者，穷寇也；谆谆翕翕，徐与人言者，失众也；数赏者，窘也；数罚者，困也；先暴而后畏其众者，不精之至也；来委谢者，欲休息也。兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必谨察之。

敌兵倚仗手中的兵器站立的，是饥饿缺粮；敌兵从井里打水而急于先饮的，是于渴缺水；敌人见利而不前进的，是由于疲劳过度。敌方营寨上有飞鸟停集的，说明营寨已空虚无人；敌营夜间有人惊呼的，说明敌军心里恐惧；敌营纷扰无秩序的，是其将帅没有威严；敌营旌旗乱动的，是其阵形混乱；敌官吏急躁易怒，是敌军过度困倦。敌人用粮食喂马，杀牲口吃，收起炊具，不返回营寨的，是“穷寇”；敌兵聚集一起私下低声议论，是其将领不得众心；再三犒赏士卒的。说明敌军已没有别的办法；一再重罚部属的，是敌军陷于困境；将帅先对士卒凶暴后又畏惧士卒的，说明其太不精明了；敌人借故派使者来谈判的，是想休兵息战。敌军盛怒前来，但久不接战，又不离去，必须谨慎观察其企图。

When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want of food.

If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst.

If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted.

If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamour by night betokens nervousness.

If there is disturbance in the camp, the general's authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If the officers are angry, it means that the men are weary.

When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined to fight to the death.

The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.

Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources; too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress.

To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy's numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence.

When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce.

If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.

兵非益多也，惟无武进，足以并力、料敌、取人而已。夫惟无虑而易敌者，必擒于人。

打仗不在于兵力愈多愈好，只要不轻敌冒进，并能集中兵力，判明敌情，也就足以战胜敌人了。那种无深谋远虑而又轻敌妄动的人，势必成为敌人的俘虏。

If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements.

He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to be captured by them.

卒未亲附而罚之，则不服，不服则难用也。卒已亲附而罚不行，则不可用也。故令之以文，齐之以武，是谓必取。令素行以教其民，*民则**服；令不素行以教其民，*民则**不服。令素行者，与众相得也。

将帅在士卒尚未亲近依附时，就贸然处罚士卒，那士卒一定不服，这样就难以使用他们去打仗了；如果士卒对将帅已经亲近依附，仍不执行军纪军法，这样的*队军**也是不能打仗的。所以，要用“文”的手段即用政治道义教育士卒，用“武”的方法即用军纪军法来统一步调，这样的*队军**打起仗来就必定胜利。平素能认真执行命令、教育士卒，士卒就能养成服从的习惯；平素不认真执行命令、教育士卒，士卒就会养成不服从的习惯。平素所以能认真执行命令，是由于将帅与士卒相互取得信任的缘故。

If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, they will be practically useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not enforced, they will still be useless.

Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity, but kept under control by means of iron discipline. This is a certain road to victory.

If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad.

If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.

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