青铜器（Bronze Ware）在古时被称为“金”或“吉金”，是红铜与其他化学元素锡、铅等的合金，其铜锈呈青绿色。
青铜器的使用开始于新石器时代晚期的土耳其和伊拉克地区，及叙利亚古代TellRamad遗址出土的铜珠等 。中国青铜器开始于马家窑至秦汉时期，以商周时期的器物最为精美。 在中国仰韶文化早期和马家窑文化时期就已经出现。
中国最初出现的是小型工具或饰物。夏代始有青铜容器和兵器。商中期，青铜器品种已很丰富，并出现了铭文和精细的花纹。商晚期至西周早期，是青铜器发展的鼎盛时期，器型多种多样，浑厚凝重，铭文逐渐加长，花纹繁缛富丽。随后，青铜器胎体开始变薄，纹饰逐渐简化。春秋晚期至战国，由于铁器的推广使用，铜制工具越来越少。秦汉时期，随着陶器和漆器进入日常生活，铜制容器品种减少，装饰简单，多为素面，胎体也更为轻薄。
中国青铜器制作精美，在世界青铜器中享有极高的声誉和艺术价值，代表着中国5000多年青铜发展的高超技术与文化。
藏品介绍
中文名称：青铜双耳瓶
英文名称：Bronze amphoras
类别：杂项
规格：一件
品相：美品
瓶口微撇，上下旋纹分隔，把瓶身分隔成四段，四段表面浅浮雕云纹，瓶颈处双兽耳，整件器型十分规整，以前的老铜是无法仿制的，与现在的铜不同，这也是为什么仿制青铜器，还要去收购大量的铜钱来作为材料，熔化后再来仿制青铜器，此件铜器表面青灰，开门见老，是难得的馆藏级青铜器。
云纹，云形纹饰， 古代中国吉祥图案，象征高升和如意，应用较广。作为印染专业用语，是指不同深浅层次过渡自然的花纹，在铜辊雕刻年代，云纹是由带麻点的云纹钉敲打出来的，故此名沿用下来。
商周时期的青铜礼器又泛称彝器。
在先秦时期的中国礼学中，人们将世间的器物划分为祭器与养器（或用器）两个部分，这是基于神圣与世俗两重世界的理论；而将礼器分为祭器与明器两类，则是依照人与鬼神的两重世界的理礼器论。在随葬品中，周人兼用这两种器具，正是理智与情感之间矛盾的反映，礼的器具下蕴含着深刻的礼意。
在具体的礼典仪式中，礼器是构成践礼活动必不可少的要素。它以实物的形式，既构造了礼仪活动中的神圣氛围，也呈现出了行礼主体的身份地位，以及他们与之交往的对象（无论是人还是神）的特定感情。礼器作为展现礼意的工具，它无疑是属于礼的形式方面。在古代器物中，礼器与非礼器有其严格的区分，这种区分，既是礼器的象征作用及其神圣性的决定的，同时，也是礼器所具有的原始性与非功用性决定的。
礼器，是古代中国贵族在举行祭祀、宴飨、征伐及丧葬等礼仪活动中使用的器物。用来表明使用者的身份、等级与权力。礼器是在原始社会晚期随着氏族贵族的出现而产生的 。如在山西襄汾陶寺遗址的龙山文化大墓中，出土有彩绘龙盘及鼍鼓，在良渚文化的一些大墓中，出土有玉琮、玉璧等。进入商周社会后，礼器有了很大的发展，成为“礼治”的象征，用以调节王权内部的秩序，从而维护社会稳定。这时的礼器包括玉器、青铜器及服饰。玉礼器有璧、琮、圭、璋等。青铜礼器种类数量众多，工艺精美，最为重要，种类有食器（如煮肉盛肉的鼎、盛饭的簋）、酒器（如饮酒器爵，盛酒器尊、壶）、水器（如盥洗器盘、匜）、乐器（如钟、铙）和杂器（罐、箕形器、方形器）。进入秦汉社会后期，*会混社**乱，礼崩乐坏，礼仪文明难以为继，从而使青铜礼器逐渐淡出了历史舞台。
去锈与保护
青铜器大多数曾经地下埋藏，因而受到不同程度的腐蚀。作为腐蚀介质土壤的毛细管及孔隙被空气、水和电解液充满。青铜器埋于地下，在空气、水、电解液的作用下，自然形成各种不同色彩的腐蚀覆盖层，有黑色的氧化铜（CuO）、红色的氧化亚铜（Cu2O）、靛蓝色的硫酸铜（CuSO4）、蓝色的硫酸铜（CuSO4·5H2O）、绿色的碱式硫酸铜（CuSO4+3Ca（OH）2）、白色的氯化亚铜矿（CuCl）、白色的氧化锡（SnO2）等不同色彩。绝大多数属腐蚀产物，不仅没有破坏古代艺术作品，反而更增添了青铜器艺术效果。古色的腐蚀层，成为青铜器庄严古朴、年代久远的象征，锈层一般并未改变青铜器物的形态，而且铜锈的性质也较稳定，不致使器物破坏。所以这类腐蚀层应保留。但鉴于大多数出土青铜器基本上都是有土及锈包着，如要露出底色、花纹、图案、铭文，就必须除锈。但除锈又不能损伤铜器本胎，并要保留好的锈色。与基本除锈不同的是“粉状锈”的去除，青铜器锈蚀机理主要为氯离子的存在对青铜器的锈蚀影响最大，是产生“粉状锈”使青铜器遭到破坏的主要原因。要保护好青铜器，关键在于如何处理氯离子，怎样将氯离子从器物里层移出来加以除去，或者是把氯离子封闭、稳定在器物的内部，使之与氧气和水分隔绝，免受外界环境因素的影响。去除多余铜锈及“粉状锈”方法很多，采用何种方法除要视每件*物文**的具体情况而定，但总的有一条原则，必须保持器物的原貌，特别不能伤害器物的铭文、花纹和古斑。
除锈方法
主要处理方法有三类：即机械法、化学法和电化还原法。三类方法上相互配合使用。
一、机械方法：分为手工操作和机械操作。手工操作：多用于已暴露在青铜器表面上的粉状锈。可以用各种工具，如不锈钢针、锤子雕刻刀、凿子、錾子、不锈钢手术刀、多功能刻字笔、洁牙机等，直接在器物上操作，细心地将粉状锈剔除。在粉状锈去除后，往往会发现一层很薄的铜，这并不 青铜器的铜体，而是氯化铜水解过程中产生的铜。它的下面常掩盖着许多灰白色的氯化亚铜，因此，用钢针刺穿薄层铜质后，发现确系氯化物可将其去除，直至见到铜体为止。机械方法包括青铜器：挖剔、削切、刮磨、锯解、扫刷、吹扫、打磨等。机械操作有：喷砂机：可用于清除金属表面上的锈蚀和腐蚀产生，它的去锈原理是利用气压喷射金属微粒，锈会被迅速去除。该方法一是快速，二方便，三去锈面积可大可小，这一段比激光器去锈、超声波去锈有更大优势，四有些洞隙深处的锈也能去除。激光去锈：采用激光对青铜器孔洞状深部病灶中氯化物的去除具有准确、易行的特点。主要利用激励出的巨大光能，瞬时作用在表面锈层上，使表面温度迅速上升，利用激光束同物质相互作用时产生的光热、光化、光压等光学效应。由于锈层结构疏松，对该能量的吸收能力强，因而将锈蚀层迅速烧熔，汽化与本体分离，他能够快速、高效、无污染地清除掉青铜器表面的绿色有害粉状锈，从而达到延长青铜器寿命、有效保护*物文**的目的。这种方法不适用于大面积有害锈的去除。超声波去锈法：超声波清洗器，是采用超声波微机械振荡波，无论在固相、还是气相介质中均可以波的方式传播。其机理：借空泡作用，而发生高频冲击及振动液体，在超声波的一个周期中的某个时间受到负压，液体在液固界面被引开使那里成为真空，产生空化气泡，在另一时期，又因承受正压而空泡形成至破裂过程，以高频反复进行，对被清洗物品上的污垢进行周期性的强力冲击，而使之脱离物品，而污垢物品表面的空化气泡的剧烈振荡作用，更促使污垢自物品剥离，故超声波能达到极好的清洗效果。也可加入倍半碳酸钠溶液浸泡通过超声波加速反应，在很短的时间内达到长时间的浸泡处理效果。另外，还可以用超声波洁牙机、刻字笔等。
二、化学法用化学试剂配制除锈液，除锈液配方较多。
1、 用5%－10%柠檬酸、5%－10%氢氧化铵、碱性酒石酸钾钠，可直接将青铜器置于除锈液中浸泡，也可以用脱脂棉蘸除锈液，再敷于生锈的部位。
2、倍半碳酸钠法：倍半碳酸钠亦称碱浴浸泡法，所用化学剂为碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠，配制成碳酸氢三钠溶液，将含氯化物的青铜器浸入1%或5%的倍半碳酸钠（Na2C03·NaHC03·2H20）溶液中浸泡，浸泡时最好加热，使液温白天保持在40℃左右。晚上自行冷却。溶液中，至该溶液中无氯离子出现为止。然后再将器物用蒸馏水浸泡冲洗，将锈蚀的青铜器放入溶液开始每周换一次，几周后可半个月或更长一点时间换，浸泡至少要三个月，直至氯离子浓度达4PPm以下为止，这是一种沿用很久的方法，缺点是极其费时。这种方法，通过浸泡腐蚀产物与倍半碳酸钠发生作用，而使氯离子进入溶液中，对保存绿色的铜锈有利，当需要保留铭文、花纹和古斑时，用本法比较合适，所以直至今日还被广泛采用。但是从除去氯离子的效率来看，它不是特别好，这是因为青铜器表面腐蚀层受许多因素的影响，是一个由扩散控制的动力学过程。只有多次更换浸泡液，才能使氯离子继续扩散出来。为了提高除锈的效果，需要延长浸泡的时间。如果倍半碳酸钠的浓度采用5%。不但释放出的氯离子多，而且速度也快，但是对铜的消耗也相应增加，故不宜采用过浓的倍半碳酸钠溶液。
3、苯并三氮唑（BTA）法：BTA法系国内外用来保护铜及铜合金常用的很有效的青铜缓蚀剂，用于古青铜器的保护，取得了良好的效果。苯骈三氮唑是白色到奶油色的粉末结晶，能溶于乙醇、苯等有机溶剂中，关于BTA抑制铜腐蚀的机理主要有两种，即吸附理论和成膜理论。吸附理论认为，BTA吸附于铜器表面后，改变了金属与溶液的界面结构，并使阳极反应的活化能显著升高，从而降低了铜本身的反应能力。而成膜理论认为，BTA对铜的保护与Cu20膜的存在有关，能形成Cu（I）-BTA配合物保护膜，也能在Cu0表面上形成Cu（I）-BTA配合物保护膜，这种膜覆盖性能良好；紧贴在金属的外部，把金属表面与腐蚀介质隔开，形成不溶于水及部分有机溶剂的透明覆盖膜，生成膜比较牢固，使金属的溶解或离子化程度大大降低，起到了保护金属的作用。例如BTA与芐胺混合，不仅加快了成膜速度，而且也提高了缓蚀能力。BTA与钼酸盐混合使用，其缓蚀效果加倍。
4、过氧化氢法：用过氧化氢作为氧化剂将氯离子氧青铜器化除去，所用的浓度，视锈蚀情况而定，剩余的过氧化氢稍微加热即可全部分解，对器物不会产生任何影响。本法与倍半碳酸钠浸泡法比较：处理的时间短，除去氯离子比较彻底。与局部电蚀法、氧化银封闭法比较，过氧化氢法对面积大小不同的粉状锈，对深浅不同的粉状锈都可清除，使用面宽而且处理比较简便。
5、乙睛法：用50%、5%*腈乙**、5%乙醇加水至10O%。这种溶液中的*腈乙**与亚铜离子形成稳定的碱式氯化铜，这种溶液效果较差，不能在短时间内起作用。本法的不足之处在于浸泡时间长了会导致绿色铜锈变黑，而且因乙睛蒸气有中等程度的毒性，浸泡时需要良好的通风环境或密封措施。
6、氧化银保护法：此法适用于斑点状“粉状锈”局部腐蚀的器物。它是利用氧化银与氯化亚铜接触后，在空气中水蒸气的作用下，形成角银膜的办法，封闭氯化亚铜的暴露面，以达到控制青铜器腐蚀的目的。首先用机械方法将产生“粉状锈”的根源一灰白色腊状物的氯化亚铜剔除，直到看见新鲜铜质为止，用*酮丙**将腐蚀区擦干净，然后用乙醇将氧化银调成糊状填充剔除部分，使未剔净的氯化亚铜与氧化银接触进行反应，形成角银膜而阻止氯离子的作用，使铜器趋于稳定。但此法经填充后的凹坑表面形成棕褐色斑点，还要作随色处理。
7、去离子水法：对于一般青铜器的清洗可采用40℃一60℃的去离子水或蒸馏水反复多次漂洗腐蚀的青铜器，可以洗去氯离子而不会改变青铜器的绿锈。
8、柠檬酸和硫脲混合溶液法：5%柠檬酸、1%硫脲的水溶液（PH=O.95）清除局部有害锈，然后用l%NaHco3水溶液中和残留试剂。本法对大件青铜*物文**，特别是需要揭示表面铭文和花纹图案时，可显出很好的效果。
9、碱性连二亚硫酸钠法：将器物用5%连二亚硫酸钠水溶液浸泡24小时，再运用碱性连二亚硫酸钠溶液去除硫酸根。在运用碱性连二硫酸钠溶液去除氯化物时，应注意控制溶液的PH值于13以下。用此法处理后，还要在蒸馏水中清洗48小时，以除去残留的腐蚀性溶液。连二亚硫酸钠具有强烈的刺激性恶臭气味，处理必须在密闭容器中进行。
这件双耳瓶无残缺，没有磕碰，变形，品相完好，表面青铜锈有如一层青灰覆盖，古韵十足，青铜器是继字画瓷器以前文化的最好载体，具有极高的历史研究价值，一件经济收藏价值。
英文翻译：Bronze Ware, called "gold" or "Bronze gold" in ancient times, was an alloy of red copper with other chemical elements, such as tin and lead. Its Bronze rust was bluish green.
The use of bronzes began in the late Neolithic period in Turkey and Iraq, and the ancient TellRamad site in Syria unearthed copper beads, etc. Chinese bronzes started from Majiayao to the Qin and Han dynasties, and the most exquisite ones are from the Shang and Zhou dynasties. It appeared in early Yangshao culture and Majiayao culture in China.
China began with small tools or accessories. Bronze vessels and weapons began to appear in the Xia Dynasty. In the middle Period of Shang Dynasty, bronze ware was abundant with inscriptions and fine patterns. From the late Shang dynasty to the early Western Zhou Dynasty, bronze ware reached its peak, with various forms, vigorous and dignified, gradually lengthening inscriptions, and splendid patterns. Subsequently, bronze body began to thin, the decorative pattern gradually simplified. From the late Spring and Autumn period to the Warring States Period, there were fewer and fewer copper tools because of the widespread use of iron. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, with the introduction of pottery and lacquer into daily life, the variety of copper containers was reduced, the decoration was simple, the surface was mostly plain, and the body was lighter.
Chinese bronzes are exquisitely made and enjoy a high reputation and artistic value among the world's bronzes, representing the superb technology and culture of China's bronze development over 5,000 years.
The collection is introduced
Chinese name: Bronze vase with two ears
Bronze Amphoras
Category: Miscellaneous
Specification: one piece
Appearance: Beautiful
Bottle left, up and down spin grain separation, dividing the body into four, four surface bas-relief moire, the neck of the double beast ear, whole shape is very neat, the previous old copper cannot be copied, and now the copper is different, this is why the imitation bronze, even to buy a lot of copper wire as material, after melting imitation bronze ware, the bronze its surface, open the door to me, is a rare bronze collection level.
Moire, cloud shape decoration, ancient Chinese auspicious patterns, symbol of high and wishful, widely used. As a professional term for printing and dyeing, it refers to the pattern with different shades and layers. In the age of copper roller engraving, moire was hammered out by moire nails with pitted spots, so the name has been used since then.
The Bronze ritual vessels of the Shang and Zhou dynasties were also popularly known as yi Zi.
In Chinese ritual studies in the pre-Qin period, people divided worldly utensils into sacrificial vessels and nourishing vessels (or using vessels), which was based on the theory of the sacred and secular worlds. The classification of ritual ware into sacrificial vessels and funerary vessels is based on the theory of ritual ware in the two worlds of human beings and spirits. In the funerary articles, zhou people used these two kinds of instruments simultaneously, which reflected the contradiction between reason and emotion.
In the specific ritual ceremony, ritual apparatus is an essential element of ritual practice. In the form of real objects, it not only constructs the sacred atmosphere in ritual activities, but also presents the status of ritual subjects and the specific feelings of the objects they interact with (whether human or god). As a tool to show ritual, ritual utensils undoubtedly belong to the formal aspect of ritual. In ancient ware, ritual ware and non-ritual ware have their strict distinction, which is not only determined by the symbolic function and the sacredness of ritual ware, but also determined by the primitive and non-functional nature of ritual ware.
Ritual ware was used by the ancient Chinese aristocrats in ceremonial activities such as sacrificial ceremony, banquet, expedition and funeral. Used to indicate the identity, rank, and power of the user. Sacrificial vessels were produced in the late primitive society with the appearance of the clan nobility. For example, painted dragon plates, Chinese characters, and Chinese characters, and Chinese characters, and Chinese characters, and Chinese characters, are found in the large tombs of Longshan Culture at the ruins of Xiangfen Pottery Temple in Shanxi Province. After entering the Shang and Zhou dynasties, ritual ware developed greatly and became a symbol of "rule of etiquette", which was used to regulate the internal order of the royal power and maintain social stability. At this time, including jade articles, bronze articles and clothing. The jade articles are bi, cong, GUI and Zhang, etc. Types of bronze ritual vessels are numerous, exquisite technology, the most important types of food (such as the boiling pot of meat, the rice bowl of GUI jie), wine (such as drinking wine, wine sheng chun, pot), water (such as lavatory pan, yi), Musical Instruments (e.g., bells, cymbals) and mixed (pot, basket shape, square). In the late period of Qin and Han dynasties, the society was in chaos, etiquette and music collapsed, and etiquette civilization could not be sustained, so that bronze ritual ware gradually faded out of the historical stage.
Rust and protection
Most of the bronzes had been buried underground, and were corroded to varying degrees. The capillaries and pores of the soil as a corrosive medium are filled with air, water and electrolyte. Bronze ware buried under the action of air, water, electrolyte, naturally formed various corrosion layer of different colour, with a black cupric oxide (CuO), red cuprous oxide (Cu2O), copper sulfate (CuSO4) of indigo blue, blue copper sulfate (CuSO4 · 5 h2o), green alkali type copper sulfate (CuSO4 + 3 ca (OH) 2), white and copper chloride (CuCl), white tin oxide (SnO2) and so on different color. The vast majority are corrosion products, not only did not destroy the ancient works of art, but also added to the bronze artistic effect. The corroded layer of ancient color has become the symbol of the solemn and simple bronze ware and the long time. The rust layer has not changed the form of bronze ware in general, and the property of copper rust is stable, which will not cause damage to the ware. So this type of corrosion layer should be retained. However, as most of the unearthed bronzes are basically covered with soil and rust, rust must be removed if background color, patterns, designs and inscriptions are to be revealed. But the rust should not damage the original copper, and to retain the good rust color. What is different from the basic rust removal is the removal of "powder rust". The main mechanism of bronze ware rust is that the presence of chloride ion has the greatest influence on the corrosion of bronze ware, which is the main reason for the destruction of bronze ware caused by "powder rust". To protect the bronze ware, the key lies in how to deal with the chlorine ions, how to remove them from the inside layer of the ware, or how to seal the chlorine ions and stabilize them inside the ware, so that they are isolated from oxygen and water, and from the influence of external environmental factors. There are many ways to remove excess copper rust and "powdery rust". The method of removal depends on the specific situation of each cultural relic, but there is a general principle that the original appearance of the object must be kept, especially the inscriptions, patterns and ancient spots of the object should not be harmed.
Cleaning method
There are three main treatments: mechanical, chemical and electrochemical reduction. The three methods are used together.
I. Mechanical method: divided into manual operation and mechanical operation. Manual operation: mostly used for powder rust that has been exposed on the surface of bronzes. Can use all sorts of tools, be like stainless steel needle, hammer carve knife, chisel, chisel, stainless steel scalpel, multi-function lettering pen, clean tooth machine to wait, operate directly on the implement, remove powdery rust carefully. After the powder rust is removed, a very thin layer of copper is often found. This is not the copper body of the bronze ware, but the copper produced during the hydrolysis of copper chloride. It often conceals a great deal of pale cuprous chloride under it, so that when a thin layer of copper is pierced with a steel needle, it is found that chlorides can remove it until the copper body is seen. Mechanical methods include bronze ware: digging, cutting, scraping, sawing, brushing, blowing, polishing, etc. Mechanical operation: sandblasting machine: can be used to remove corrosion and corrosion on the surface of the metal, its rust principle is to use air pressure jet metal particles, rust will be quickly removed. The method is fast, convenient, and the rust removal area can be large or small. This section has greater advantages than laser and ultrasonic rust removal, and some deep holes can also be removed rust. Laser derusting: It is accurate and easy to remove chloride in deep cavity lesions of bronze ware. It mainly USES the huge light energy stimulated by the laser to instantly act on the surface rust layer to make the surface temperature rise rapidly. It also USES the optical effects such as photothermal, photochemical and photopressing generated when the laser beam interacts with the material. Due to the loose structure of the rust layer and its strong ability to absorb the energy, the rust layer is quickly melted, vaporized and separated from the body. It can quickly, efficiently and pollution-free clean the green and harmful powder rust on the surface of the bronze ware, so as to extend the life of the bronze ware and effectively protect the cultural relics. This method is not suitable for the removal of large areas of harmful rust. Ultrasonic rust removal method: ultrasonic cleaning device, is the use of ultrasonic micro-mechanical oscillation wave, whether in the solid phase, or gas phase medium can be wave propagation. By cavitation effect, its mechanism, high frequency shock and vibration liquid, at some time of one cycle of ultrasonic under negative pressure, the liquid in the liquid-solid interface is away to make there vacuum cavitation bubble, in another era, and because under positive pressure and cavity formation to rupture process, with high frequency repeated, the dirt on the items to be cleaned periodically to shock, and make it out of items, and dirt on the surface of the items of cavitation bubbles violent oscillation effect, more prompt dirt items, so the ultrasonic can achieve excellent cleaning effect. It is also possible to immerse sodium bicarbonate solution and accelerate the reaction by ultrasonic wave, so as to achieve long-term soaking treatment effect in a very short time. In addition, you can also use ultrasonic teeth cleaning machine, lettering pen, etc.
Chemical method USES chemical reagents to prepare the derusting liquid, the derusting liquid formula is more.
1. With 5%-10% citric acid, 5%-10% ammonium hydroxide and sodium potassium tartrate, the bronze ware can be directly soaked in the derusting liquid, or dipped in the derusting liquid with absorbent cotton, and then applied to the rusty part.
2. Sodium bicarbonate method: Sodium bicarbonate method is also called alkali bath immersion method. The chemical agents are sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, which are prepared into sodium bicarbonate solution. Self-cooling at night. In a solution until no chloride ions are present in the solution. After a few weeks, it can be changed for half a month or a little longer. Soaking for at least three months until the chloride ion concentration reaches 4PPm. This is a method that has been used for a long time. This method, by soaking the corrosion products and sodium bicarbonate, allows chloride ions to enter the solution, which is beneficial to the preservation of green copper rust. When inscriptions, patterns and ancient spots need to be preserved, this method is more appropriate, so it is still widely used today. However, from the point of view of the efficiency of chloride ion removal, it is not particularly good, because the surface corrosion layer of bronze ware is affected by many factors and is a dynamic process controlled by diffusion. Only by changing the immersion solution several times can the chloride ions continue to diffuse out. In order to improve the effect of derusting, it is necessary to extend the soaking time. If the concentration of sodium bicarbonate is 5%. Not only the chloride ion that releases is much, and speed is fast also, but the consumption to copper also increases accordingly, reason should not use too thick twice sodium carbonate solution.
3. Benzotriazole (BTA) method: it is a very effective bronze inhibitor used to protect copper and copper alloy at home and abroad in THE BTA law system. It has been applied to the protection of ancient bronze ware and achieved good results. Benzotriazole is a white to cream powder crystal, soluble in ethanol, benzene and other organic solvents. There are two main mechanisms of BTA to inhibit copper corrosion, namely adsorption theory and film formation theory. According to the adsorption theory, after BTA is adsorbed on the surface of copper vessel, the interface structure between metal and solution is changed, and the activation energy of anode reaction is significantly increased, thus reducing the reaction capacity of copper itself. According to the film-forming theory, the protection of COPPER by BTA is related to the existence of Cu20 membrane, which can form Cu (I) -BTA complex protective membrane, and Cu (I) -BTA complex protective membrane can also be formed on the surface of Cu0, which has good covering performance. Close to the outside of the metal, the metal surface and corrosive media separated, forming insoluble in water and part of the organic solvent transparent covering film, film is relatively firm, so that the degree of metal dissolution or ionization greatly reduced, played a role in the protection of metal. For example, mixing BTA with benzylamine can not only accelerate the film formation speed, but also improve the corrosion inhibition ability. When BTA is mixed with molybdate, the corrosion inhibition effect is doubled.
4. Hydrogen peroxide method: Hydrogen peroxide is used as an oxidant to remove the chloride ion oxygen bronze ware. The concentration used depends on the corrosion condition. Compared with sodium bicarbonate soaking method, the treatment time is short and the removal of chloride ions is thorough. Compared with local electric corrosion method and silver oxide sealing method, hydrogen peroxide method can remove powder rust with different area and different depth.
5, Ethyl eyeball method: with 50%, 5% acetonitrile, 5% ethanol add water to 10O%. The acetonitrile in this solution combines with cuprous ions to form a stable base copper chloride, which is less effective and cannot work for a short time. The disadvantage of this method is that the long soaking time will lead to the blackening of the green copper rust, and because the vapor has a moderate degree of toxicity, the need for good ventilation environment or sealing measures when soaking.
6. Silver oxide protection Law: This law is applicable to the spotted "powder rust" local corrosion of utensils. It is to use silver oxide and cuprous chloride contact, under the action of water vapor in the air, the formation of angular silver film, closed cuprous chloride exposure surface, in order to achieve control of bronze ware corrosion. First of all, using mechanical method will produce "powdery rust" at the root of a gray wax of cuprous chloride, until see fresh copper corrosion area clean, with acetone and ethanol to tune into a paste filling out some silver oxide, make not picked cuprous chloride with silver oxide contact reaction, form the Angle of the silver film and prevent the effect of chloride ion, the bronze. But this method after filling the pit surface to form brown spots, but also with color treatment.
7. Deionizing water method: For general bronze ware cleaning, deionized water or distilled water at 40℃ to 60℃ can be used for repeated rinsing and etching bronze ware, which can remove chloride ion without changing the green rust of bronze ware.
8. Mixed solution of citric acid and thiourea: 5% citric acid and 1% thiourea solution (PH=.95) was used to remove the local harmful rust, and then L %NaHco3 solution was used to neutralize the residual reagent. This method is very effective for large bronze relics, especially when surface inscriptions and decorative patterns need to be revealed.
9. Alkaline sodium bisulfite method: soak the utensils in 5% sodium bisulfite solution for 24 hours, then remove the sulfate radical with alkaline sodium bisulfite solution. When using alkaline sodium bisulfate solution to remove chloride, care should be taken to keep the PH below 13. After this treatment, it is also washed in distilled water for 48 hours to remove the remaining corrosive solution. Sodium disulfite has a strong pungent odor and must be treated in an airtight container.
This two-ear bottle has no defects, no scratches, deformation, and good appearance. The surface of bronze rust is like a layer of gray cover, full of ancient charm. Bronze ware is the best carrier of culture before calligraphy, painting and porcelain, and has a very high value of historical research and economic collection.