第一部分：英语的时态
◆◆英语时态的种类（高考必考的10个时态---黑色斜体)
◆◆时态的作用
英语用统一的动词词形变化，来表示所描述的动作与说话当时的时间先后关系，即是在说话之前发生，还是在说话当时发生，或者是在说话以后会发生；而汉语用副词来体现这种关系。比如：
I am happy today. 我 今天 很高兴。
I was happy last night.我 昨晚 很高兴。
I will be happy tomorrow as I will celebrate my birthday.
我 明天 会很高兴因为我要庆祝我的生日。
◆◆各个时态的含义：
一、现在时
1、一般现在时：
A、瞬间动词表示说话当前主语经常反复发生的动作，一般都要有时间状语（usually, sometimes, often, seldom, each day, every day）。
1). I go to school at 7 every day.
2). They seldom have dinner in that restaurant.
B、延续性动词表示说话当前主语所具有的性质、状态、特征、功能等。可以没有时间状语。
1). I live in that red flat.
2). I have two brother and one sister.
3). The silk feels smooth.
4). There stands a tower on the top of the mountain.
C、表示客观真理或者是车船飞机等的班次或者是按计划执行的某些事情。可以没有时间状语。
1). My plane leaves at 11 o'clock tomorrow morning.
2). The earth goes around the sun.
3). Grandma said life is like walking in the snow as every step prints.
高考再现：
1). Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt;（2017年全国1）
2、现在进行时：表示说话当前主语正在进行的动作，但是，某些表示心理活动的词汇、延续性词汇、主语的某些肢体动作的词汇没有进行时。现在进行时需要有时间状语或者是暗示性的语境。(now, at present, at the moment, for the moment, for the time being等)
1). We are living in an information age.
2).
---What is that noise?
---The students are having the music lesson.
3).Who is standing on the platform?
4).I am learning driving this month.这个月我在学开车。
5).We are having English lesson at present/now/for the time being.
●但是如下的词汇不宜用进行时。
第一组：表示感观的动词see，hear，smell，taste，feel
第二组：表示态度的动词love，adore，like，prefer，mind，object，dislike，hate，care, respect,
第三组：表示愿望的动词want， wish，desire
第四组：表示看法的动词know，believe，think，suppose，doubt，wonder，realize
第五组：其他动词：be, suit, fit appear, seem，belong to，matter，consist of, exist ,lie ,remain ,stand
1). I agree/ belive/ think/ suppose/ find that English is easy to learn.
我觉得英语很容易学。
2). I wonder if you can help me with my computer.
3). The house belongs to that old lady.
4). There lies a chuch among the buildings.
●而有些动词的进行时又不表达进行。
1). ---Peter, supper is ready.
---I am coming. (表示运动趋向的动词表示将来时)
例如：Food supplies in the flood—stricken area ____. We must act immediately before there's left.
A. have run out B. are running out
C. have been run out D. are being run out
2). The boy is dying for being taken to the zoo.（表示对什么渴望）
3). He is always helping others. （表示个人的品质）
4). You are being clever now! (表示讽刺) 你这会聪明了！
3、现在完成时
表示已经发生的动作对于现在有影响和结果。多和暗示性事件状语或者标志性的短语、副词连用（already, never, ever before, since, for some time, recently, lately, by now, so far, it is the first time that等）。
1). ---I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me?
---Sorry, I ________ the piano for years.
A. don't play B. wasn't playing C. haven't played D. hadn't played
2). —Look! Somebody the sofa.
—Well, it wasn't me. I didn't do it.
A．is cleaningB．was cleaningC．has cleanedD．had cleaned
3). I half of the English novel,and I，ll try to finish it at the weekend.
A.read B.have read C.am reading D.will read
●但是瞬间动词(go,come,arrive,leave,begin,start,join,marry,borrow, lend, die, )不可以和表示短时间的短语(for, since, how long等)连用。
1)--- I didn't know you were here.
---- I have come already. I have been here for 50 minutes.
2)--- Do you know that his father have died?
----Yes. He has been dead for nearly a year.
4、现在完成进行时
表示从过去某个时间点起发生的动作一直持续到说话时，并对说话点有影响和结果。它的时间状语和现在完成时基本相同。
I've been living in the United States for over a decade.
1). In order to find the missing child, villagers ____ all they can over the past five hours.
A. did B. do C. had done D. have been doing
2). Zhang Ning is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class, and she ___ English for a year. A. is studying B. will study C. studies D. has been studying
3). The manager ___ the workers how to improve the program since 9 a.m. A．has told B．is telling C．has been telling D．will have told
4). —Excuse me,which movie are you waiting for?
—The new Star Wars.We here for more than two hours.(2016北京)
A.waited B.wait C.would be waiting D.have been waiting
二、过去时
1、一般过去时: 表示在过去的某段时间内经常反复发生的动作(瞬间动词)或是某个事物的状态(延续性动词)，一般需要暗示性的时间语境或者标志性状语。（yesterday, last night/year/term/month, the other day, 3 days ago, after that, in the following day, in the next week/month等。
1). – Did you ask Sophia for help? – I ___ need to – I managed perfectly well on my own. A．wouldn't B．don't C．didn't D．won't
2). I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers before my eyes.
A. swim B . swum C. swam D. had swum
3). Our friendship _____ quickly over the weeks that followed.
A. had developed B. was developing C. would develop D. developed
4). I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.(2017年全国卷3---改错)
5). So once I started the car, my mind goes blank.(2017年全国1----改错)
6). Later, engineers ____68___(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道）, which became known to the tube.（2017年全国2）
2、过去进行时: 表示在过去的某个时间点主语正在做的动作。常常需要暗示性语境或者是标志性时间状语。(then, at that time, those days等)
1). — When did the computer crash?
— This morning, while I __the reading materials downloaded from some websites.
A. have sorted B. was sorting C. am sorting D. had sorted
2). — Did you catch what I said?
— Sorry. I _______ a text message just now.
A. had answering B. have answered C. would answer D. was answering
3). After school we went to the reading—room to do some reading, only to be told that it ____.
A. was decorated B. had decorated
C. had been decorating D. was being decorated
4). The manager was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers ______. ★★A. will leave B. are leaving C. have left D. were leaving
5). Jack in the lab when the power cut occurred.(16北京)
A.works B.has worked C.was working D.would work
3、过去完成时: 表示在过去的某个时间发生的动作对于相对于它的以后的某个点有影响和结果。常需要暗示性语境以及标志性时间状语(by the time, when, by then等)，但是如果是延续性动词，它们的一般过去时可以代指完成时。
1). The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he ___ some European business partners.
A. would meet B. is meeting C. meets D. had met
2). The three of us________ around Europe for about a month last summer.★★
A. travelled B. have travelled C. had travelled D. travel
3). After Jack had sent some e—mails, he _______ working on his project. A. had started B. has started C. started D. starts
4、过去完成进行时: 表示从过去的某个时间点起一直持续的动作对于其后面的某个点有影响和结构，时间状语同过去完成时。（非高考考察范围）
I had been working in this school for 3 years by the end of last month.
三、将来时
1、一般将来时: 表示在将来的某个时间内预计会发生的动作或持续的状态。需要有标志性的时间状语或者暗示语境。（next week/month/year, tomorrow, in some time，soon等）
1). Don't worry. The hard work that you do now ________ later in life.
A. will be repaid B. was being repaid C. has been repaid D. was repaid
2). Close the door of fear behind you, and you ____ the door of faith open before you.
A. saw B. have seen C. will see D. are seeing
2、将来进行时: 表示在将来的某点主语有可能正在进行的动作，需要用时间状语或者语境暗示。
1). I feel so excited! At this time tomorrow morning I to Shanghai.
A. will be flying B. will fly C. have been flying D. have flown
2). —Can I call you back at two o'clock this afternoon?
—I'm sorry, but by then I ______ to Beijing. How about five?
A. fly B. will fly C. will be flying D. am flying
3、将来完成时: 发生的某个动作会对未来的某个点有影响或结果。需要语境或时间状语。（非高考考察范围）
1). — I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he _ enough for a used one.
A. will have saved B. will be saving C. has saved D. saves
4、将来完成进行时：表示一直发生的某个动作会对未来的某个点有影响和结果。需要用语境或是时间状语（同将来完成时）---高考非考察内容。
1). I will have been working here for 4 years by then end of next July.
四、过去将来时（你会直接引语换间接引语吗？就是把将来时的各种形式都放在间接引语中）
1、一般过去将来时: 表示站在现在的角度去描述相对于过去的某个点来说，即将要发生的事情。
1). The manager said he______ for the meeting in London the next day. A. would leave B. is leaving C. had left D. were leaving
2、过去将来进行时：表示站着现在的角度去描述相对于过去的某个时间点以后要发生的事情。(非高考考察范围)
The mananger said: "I will be flying to London at 8 o'clock tomorrow morning."
1). The manager said he would be flying to London at 8 o'clock the next morning.
3、过去将来完成时：表示站在现在的角度去描述过去发生的动作对将会对其以后的某个点有影响和结果。(高考非考察范围)
The manage said: " I will have finisehd the book by the end of this Month."
1). The manager said he would have finished the novel by the end of that Month.
4、过去将来完成进行时: 表示站着现在的角度描述过去一直发生的动作会对其以后的某个点有影响和结果。(非高考考察范围)
The teacher said: " I will have been living in this city for 4 years by the end of next July."
1) The teacher said he would have been living in that city for 4 years by the end of the next July.
第二部分：语态
一、意义：语态强调的是看动作的施动者作主语还是动作的承受者作主语，然后用一定的形式体现出来。例如：
I had the apple this morning.(主动语态)
The apple was eaten by me this morning. (被动语态)
二、形式：被动语态拥有主动语态的各种时态，只不过把原来动词的变化形式都转嫁给"be done"上, 变形在be上。请观察 be done的变形( 斜写黑体为高考必会 )
be done ( is done, are done) 一般现在时
(is/are being done) 现在进行时
(have/has been done) 现在完成时
(have/has been being done 现在完成进行时
Be done (was done, were done) 一般过去时
(was/were being done) 过去进行时
(had been done) 过去完成时
(had been being done) 过去完成进行时
Be done (will be done, is/are going to be done，shall be done) 一般将来时
( will be being done) 将来进行时
(will have been done) 将来完成时
(will have been being done) 将来完成进行时
Be done ( would be done, was/were going to be done, should be done) 一般过去将来时
( would be being done) 过去将来进行时
(would have been done) 过去将来完成时
(would have been being done) 过去将来完成进行时
三、不及物动词没有被动语态。（take place, happen, burst out, break out, belong to, occur, appear, last, rise, come, go, show up, turn up, fade, disappear, run, walk, stand, lie, exist, rest, fail）
1). The meeting broke up at dusk. 会议黄昏时分才结束。
2). A small river runs through the village.一条小河穿存流过。
有些动词是及物的也没有被动关系尤其是表示"拥有"、或者"静态的状态"时（have, own, cost, wish, suit, fit，hold容纳）
四、有些情况用主动表示被动。
1). Something is easy to do
2). Something needs/wants/requires doing
3). The book is worth reading carefully
4). With a lot of homework to do, I have no time for fun.
5). 表示感官的系动词没有被动语态（smell, taste, feel, sound, look）
The flowers smell sweet. 这些花闻起来很香。
6). 描述物体物理属性的时候。（cut, sell, wear, tear, wash, run, operate, work）
The pen writes smoothly. 钢笔写起来很滑顺。
7). Who is to blame? 该怪谁？
五、有些动词常用被动形式。
1). be faced with, be equipped with, be armed with, be prepared for, be determined to do, be concerned about, be satisfied with, be sold out of, be devoted to doing, be supposed to do=be expected to do=should
2). 常见的使役动词（surprise, shock, astonish, exhaust, tire, seat, shock, puzzle, amuse, excite, interest, encourage, inspire, amaze, bore）
六、某些不及物动词的过去分词已经形容词化，不是被动语态（retire, gone）
He is gone.（他离开了）
He is retired (他退休了)
七、不是所有的被动语态都表示被动，有些表示的是状态。
1). The cup is broken.杯子破了。（表示状态）
The cup was broken by the boy.杯子被小男孩打破了。（表示动作）
高考再现：
1). I___ (allow)to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.(16年全国2)
2). Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are using for cooking.(2016年全国卷---改错)
3). The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts______ success in the end.
A. rewarded B. were rewarded C. will reward D. will be rewarded
4). When fat and salt 64 (remove除掉) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something.(2017年全国卷1)
5). Steam engines(蒸汽机)___65__(use)to pull the carriages and it must have been (fairly) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months….(17年全国卷2)
6). In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.(2017年全国2------改错)
7). Sarah 63 (tell) that she could be Britain's new supermodel earning a million dollars in the new year. Her father Peter, 44, wants her to give up school to model full-time(2017全国卷3)
8). About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school.(2017年全国3------改错)