定语从句
什么是定语？---修饰名词或代词的词或短语
定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等来担任，修饰名词。(以分词、介词短语为例）
a big table his books two monkeys an apple tree tomato noodles
a boy named Tom a book written by sb. something to do a chair to sit on
The girl behind the tree is Kate. The man driving too fast was a drunk.
定语从句即由一个句子充当定语的主从复合句。
（一）定语从句的概念
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
（二）定语从句的关系词
关系词 —— 是引导定语从句的关联词，在从句中代替先行词。引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
关系词的作用
a．引导定语从句；
b．代替先行词；
--- He wrote many books. The books sold well.
--- He wrote many books which/that sold well.
c．在定语从句中充当一个成分----主语,宾语,定语,状语
I don’t like the man that/who is smoking.（主语）
This is the reply (that/which) I’ve just received. (宾语)
定语从句的一般结构是：主句+先行词+关系词+从句 I know the boy. The boy often helps others.
I know the boy who often helps others.
（三）定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
（四）关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语）
The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的(that作宾语）
2. which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）
The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful.
我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）
3. who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）
Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？
正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）
4. whose关系词做定语，表示所属关系。（先行词可以是人或物）
The boy whose father is a policeman is my deskmate.
爸爸是个警察的那个男孩是我的同桌。
Pass me the book whose cover is blue. 递给我蓝色封皮的那本书。
关系代词注意点：
（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：
This is the house in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的房子。
（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。
This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。
The city that she lives in is very far away. 她居住的城市非常远。
（4）关系词只能用that的情况：
a.被修饰的先行词是all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？
b.当先行词有all, any, little, few, much, every, no, some, one等修饰时，关系代词只能用“that”，例如:
All the people that you invited are coming. 你所邀请的人全都来了。
c.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
d.先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last，little，few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
This is the same bike that I lost. 就是我丢的那辆自行车。
e. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
f.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：
Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
g.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：
a.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
b. 先行词为that, those时，用which不用that.
What’s that which was put in the car? 放在车里的是什么？
c. 引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that.例如：
Tom came back，which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
d. 先行词是句子只能用which
The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadn't expected.
这次试验的结果很好，这是我们没有预料到的。
（6）关系代词的省略
a. 当关系词代表先行词在从句中作宾语的时候，一般可以省略。
b. 在下面两种情况下，关系词也不能省略。
1）非限制性定语从句中。
They came from Beijing, which I love very much.
他们来自北京，那是我非常喜欢的一个城市。
2）从句的介词提到关系词前面时。
I am still looking for the book about which they talked yesterday.
我还在找我们昨天谈到的那本书。
（7）关系代词的数
主谓一致
a. 从句中谓语要注意和先行词保持数和时态上的一致，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，要根据先行词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
I，who am your best friend, will help you. 我是你最好的朋友，我会帮你的。
He who laughs last laughs best. 谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。
God helps those who help themselves. 自助者，上帝也助之。
b. one of … +名词复数+定语从句 谓语动词（复数）
the only one of …+名词复数+定语从句 谓语动词（单数）
She is the only one who knows the secret. 她是唯一知道这个秘密的人。
She is one of the teachers who know the secret. 她是知道这个秘密的老师之一。
Tom is one of the students who have passed the exam. 汤姆是通过考试的学生之一。
Tom is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.
汤姆是唯一通过考试的学生。
c. 当先行词是the way，并且关系词在从句中作方式状语时可用that，可以用in which也可以省略。
What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.
What surprised me was not what he said but the way that he said it.
What surprised me was not what he said but the way in which he said it.
让我吃惊地不是他所说的而是他说话的方式。
（五）关系副词的用法
1. when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：
I'll remember the day when I joined the League.
I'll remember the day on which I joined the League. 我将记住我入团的那一天。
I'll remember the year in which I joined the League. 我将记住我入团的那一年。
对比：I'll remember the day that / which/ （不填） I spent with my pen pal in Beijing .
我将记住我和我的笔友在北京度过的那一天。
2. where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：
This is the school where I studied three years ago.
This is the school in which I studied three years ago.这是我三年前学习的那个学校。
This is the farm on which I worked three years ago.这是我三年前工作的那个农场。
对比：This is the school that /which/ （不填） I visited last week.
这是我上个星期参观的那个学校。
3. why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：
I don't know the reason why he was absent.
I don't know the reason for which he was absent.不知道我缺席的原因。
对比：This is the reason that/ which/ （不填） he told me.这是他告诉我的原因。
4. 注意缺少先行词的情况
Is this the school that/ which/ （不填） you visited 3 days ago?
这是你三天前访问的那个学校吗？
Is this the school in which/ where you studied 3 years ago?
这是你三年前学习的那个学校吗?
对比：Is this school the one/ the one that/ you visited 3 days ago?
这是你三天前访问的那个学校吗？
此句变成陈述语序：This school is (the one ) you visited 3 days ago. the one是补出来的先行词，不然主句This school is里缺表语, 后面定语从句缺少了要修饰的先行词。在the one的后边紧跟的是一个that引导的定语从句，从句中可以省略that是因为它代替先行词在从句中做visit的宾语。
Is this school the one in which/ the one where you studied 3 years ago?
这是你三年前学习的那个学校吗?
此句变成陈述语序：This school is (the one ) where / in which you studied 3 years ago. the one是补出来的先行词，不然主句This school is里缺表语, 后面定语从句缺少了要修饰的先行词。在the one的后边紧跟的是一个定语从句， 关系词代替先行词在从句中作地点状语，所以用where（可以换成in which）引导定语从句。
I. 单项选择
1．I don't know the hero _____ they are talking about， but I do know the city ______ he saved a lot of people.
A．who； where B．which； where C．who； which D．that； which
2．The exact year___ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
A．when B．where C．why D．which
3．The books on the desk， ____covers are shiny， are prizes for us.
A．which B．what C．whose D．that
4．The famous writer is going to talk about the European countries and people ______he has visited in the past two months.
A．who B．whom C．that D．which
5．Drivers ______are against（违反）the new traffic regulations will be punished badly．
A．when B．who C．which D．where
6．The handsome man at the next door is very strange．
A．which stands B．that stand C．who is standing D．who stand
7．This is the best book _____I have read．
A．\ B．whose C．which D．who
8．---Is this film many children watched during the holiday？
---Right． It tells us some stories about a boy is disabled but overcame a lot of difficulties．
A．that， who B．the one， that C．which， who
9．I like music ________．
A．that I can dance to it B．that have great lyrics
C．which I can sing along with D．I can sing along with it
10．Fuzhou is a tourist city _______ has good air quality．
A．what B．that C．where D. in which
11．This is the bike ___ my mother bought yesterday．
A．that B．who C．whom D．what
12．----Is this park you've visited recently？
----Yes，it's one of the most beautiful parks I've ever visited．
A．that B．what C．the one D．where
13．The dictionary ____ is sold out in that bookshop．
A．you need B．what you need C．which you need it D．that you need it
14．Have you ever read the book ______I bought yesterday．
A．who B．what C．which D．it
15．I want to see the movie Fantastic Beasts tonight to relax myself．The actor_________ a hero graduated from Cambridge University．
A．who play B．who plays C．which plays D．that play
参考答案
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