术语翻译
- savings institutions 储蓄机构
- credit unions 信用合作社
- building society 房屋互助协会
- payment facilities 支付工具
- investment trust 投资信托公司
- venture capital company 风险投资公司
- venture capital 风险资本
- discount house 贴现行
- securities 有价证券
- money market 货币市场
- mortgage 抵押
- on installment 分期付款 *installation 安装
- broker 经济人：act as "go-betweens"；dealer 交易商:buy and sell financial assets.
- money transmission facilities 资金汇送工具
- expansion/contraction 扩张/收缩
- boom/slump 繁荣/衰退
- stability 稳定
- curb 抑制
- stimulate 扩张
- monopolistic structures 垄断结构
- prudential regulations 审慎监管
- common stock 普通股
- preferred stock 优先股
- derivative instruments 衍生金融工具
- forward 远期合同 ： futures 期货；options 期权
- swaps 互换/掉期
- risk(risk and return) 风险和回报
- liquidity流通性/变现力
- maturity 偿还期
- margins 利润率
- the People's Bank of China 中国人民银行
- All in one monopolistic banking system 大一统银行体制
- Specialized bank 专业银行
- Central bank 中央银行
- Foreign exchange reserves 外汇储备
- Monetary base 基础货币
- Benchmark interest rate 基准利率
- Fiscal agent 财政代理
- Aggregate credit 总信贷
- Fiscal deficit 财政赤字
- Break even 收支相抵、损益两平
- Lending facilities *款贷**工具
- Priority construction 重点建设
- Fixed-asset investment 固定资产投资
- Commodity reserves 商品储备
- Subsidiary 子公司
- poverty alleviation 扶贫
- Bottleneck 瓶颈
- Laissez-faire 自由放任主义
- tenet 宗旨: an opinion, doctrine or principle
- 英式和平 Pax Britannica
- 美式和平 Pax Americana
- The international monetary system (国际货币体系）
- (1)The gold standard 金本位制
- (2)The gold exchange standard 金汇兑本位制
- (3)Floating/fixed or pegged exchange rate system 浮动/固定或挂钩汇兑制
- Commodity money 商品货币
- Gresham’s Law (格雷欣法则：劣币驱逐良币)
- be debased 贬值 → debasement
- Fractional banking（比例制银行业务）
- the reserve requirement ratio 存款准备金率
- rediscount rate 再贴现率
- open market operations 公开市场操作
- Fiat Money 法币
- Private debt money 私人债务货币
名词或短语解释
- comprise ：（1） to consist of /to make up of 组成构成(2) to have as parts or members ,or to be those parts or members 作为成员
- incline :have a certain tendency 倾向
- take sb./sth. for granted :to expect someone or something to be always available to serve in some way without thanks or recognition; to value someone or something too lightly. 认为....理所应当；轻视某人或某事
- have/gain access to 访问：to succeed in entering a place or in seeing someone or something成功地进入一个地方或见到某人或某事
- turn down :(1)refuse;reject拒绝(2)decrease the volume of sth 减少某物体积
- feel hard done by: feel that you have been treated unfairly 感觉受到不公平的对待
- vociferous :making, given to, or marked by noisy and vehement outcry ; blatant; vehement 制造、给予或以嘈杂和强烈的抗议为特征的；明目张胆的激烈的
- wield: to exercise (authority or influence, for example) effectively 有效地行使
- favored :treated or thought of with great kindness or partiality.受宠地
- facilitate ：make sth.easy or easier.使容易
- transmission :the act or process of sending out an electronic signal or message or of broadcasting a radio or television program.传输
- transfer ：the act of moving sb./sth. from one place, group or job to another移动，调动
- transaction ：a piece of business that is done between people, especially an act of buying or selling.交易
- Bottleneck 瓶颈:（1）a place where a road becomes narrow, or a place where there is often a lot of traffic, causing the traffic to slow down or stop道路变窄的地方，或者经常有很多交通的地方，导致交通减速或停止
- （2）a problem that delays progress 拖延进度的问题
- Laissez-faire 自由放任主义:is an economic system in which transactions between private parties are absent of any form of government intervention."invisible hand"
- predominate 占主导地位: to be the largest in number or the most important人数最多或最重要
- sacrosanct 神圣的: adj. regarded as sacred and inviolable that is regarded to be too importantto change被认为是神圣不可侵犯的，被认为太重要而不能改变
- tenet 宗旨: an opinion, doctrine or principle
- the people of plenty 富人: People of economic abundance 经济富裕的人
- not to mention 更不用说: let alone
- further: advance
- shore up 支撑: support
- legitimacy 合法性: the quality of being legal 合法的本质
- pragmatic 实用的: adj. practical, realistic 务实的、实用主义的
- empiricism 经验主义: n.(u) the use of experiments or experience as the basis for your ideas利用实验或经验作为你想法的基础
- precondition 先决条件: something that must happen or exist before sth else can exist or be done.在其他事情存在或完成之前必须发生或存在的事情
- other than 不同于，除了: different from, except
- austerity 紧缩: a situation when people do not have much money to spend because there are bad economic conditions.由于经济状况不佳，人们没有多少钱可花。
- prescription 处方: a written order, especially by a physician, for the preparation and administration of a medicine or other treatment.一种书面命令，尤指医生为准备和服用药物或其他治疗而发出的命令。
- epitomize 代表: to be a typical example of
- Spoil system 分赃制: patronage system, a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government civil service jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party.
- merit system 绩效制 when offices are awarded on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity.
- the haves and have-nots 富人和穷人: the wealthy and the poor
- no-nonsense 务实严肃的: [only before noun] simple and direct; only paying attention to important and necessary things.【仅在名词之前】简单直接；只关注重要和必要的事情。
- disenchantment 觉醒、幻灭: free from illusion摆脱幻觉
- perforated 穿孔的: pierced with a hole or holes千疮百孔的
- impotent 无能的: weak, lacking in power 虚弱，缺乏权力
- coterminous 毗邻的: ~ (with sth) (of countries or areas) sharing a border (of things or ideas) having so much in common that they are almost the same as each other.（与某事物）（指国家或地区）共有边界（指事物或思想）有如此多的共同点，以至于它们几乎彼此相同
- The international monetary system (国际货币体系）The framework within which countries borrow, lend, buy, sell and make payments across political borders.
- token 象征: sth. serving as an indication, a proof, or an expression of sth. else. sign, symbol作为其他事物的指示、证明或表达的事物。符号，符号
- among other things 等等: in addition to things that are not specifically mentioned
- Commodity money 商品货币Definition:a physical commodity that is valued in its own right and also used as a means of payment
- in one’s own right 凭自己、本身: by means of one’s own ability,ownership, etc.
- Gresham’s Law (格雷欣法则：劣币驱逐良币)It refers to the tendency for bad money to drive good money out of circulation.它指的是劣币将良币逐出流通的趋势。
- Fractional banking（比例制银行业务）It refers to the banking system in which it is required to keep a specified ratio between all bank deposit and cash. This requirement is good to the safety and liquidity of the banking system.它指的是要求所有银行存款和现金之间保持特定比例的银行体系。这一要求有利于银行系统的安全性和流动性。
- Fiat Money 法币:Fiat money or fiat currency, usually paper money, is a type of currency whose only value is that a government made a fiat that the money is a legal method of exchange. 法定货币或法定货币，通常是纸币，是一种货币，其唯一价值是政府制定的法定货币是一种合法的交换方式。
- Private debt money 私人债务货币:IOU （I owe you）借据、欠条
句子翻译
一、英译中
- Today satisfactory payment facilities offered by the banks are so crucial in our daily life that we accept them readily without proper appreciation. However, to make economic activity productive, we depend not only on the existence of these payment facilities but also on business firms who are able to get short-term credit in the money market.翻译：如今，银行提供的令人满意的支付便利在我们的日常生活中至关重要，以至于我们在没有适当升值的情况下就很容易接受它们。然而，要使经济活动富有成效，我们不仅依赖于这些支付设施的存在，还依赖于能够在货币市场获得短期信贷的商业公司。
- By their very nature financial institutions attract criticism: bankers would not be doing their jobs if they did not turn down some requests for loans, and those who are denied funds sometimes feel hard done by and are vociferous in their complaints.翻译：从本质上讲，金融机构会招致批评：如果银行家不拒绝一些*款贷**请求，他们就不会做好自己的工作，而那些被拒绝提供资金的人有时会感到很难过，并大声抱怨。
- The control which financial institutions wield over very substantial sums of money also attracts the attention of governments, partly because they may see irresistible opportunities to secure cheap finance for favored borrowers (notably governments themselves), and partly in view of the economic power attached to control of finance.翻译：金融机构对巨额资金的控制也吸引了政府的注意，部分原因是他们可能看到了为受青睐的借款人（尤其是政府本身）获得廉价融资的不可抗拒的机会，部分原因也是由于金融控制所附带的经济权力。
- Moreover, while there is nothing to prevent savers and investors from dealing directly with each other if they wish, the existence of financial institutions makes direct contact unnecessary, since both groups can deal with the intermediating institutions.翻译：此外，虽然没有什么可以阻止储户和投资者在愿意的情况下直接相互交易，但金融机构的存在使直接接触变得没有必要，因为这两个群体都可以与中介机构打交道。
- Sharp expansions or contractions of activity in financial markets are often associated with booms and slumps in the economy at large, and the intimate connection between money, credit and economic stability compels countries to curb the expansion of credit in some periods and to stimulate it in others. Economic controls may also be required to guard against monopolistic structures or practices in the financial system.翻译：金融市场活动的急剧扩张或收缩往往与整个经济的繁荣和衰退有关，而货币、信贷和经济稳定之间的密切联系迫使各国在某些时期遏制信贷扩张，在另一些时期刺激信贷扩张。还可能需要进行经济控制，以防范金融系统中的垄断结构或做法。
- With PBC as the central bank, the current banking system in China consists mainly of wholly state-owned commercial banks, which coexist and cooperate with policy banks and joint-equity commercial banks operating in their respective authorized business domains.翻译：中国以中国人民银行为中央银行，目前的银行体系主要由国有独资商业银行组成，这些银行与在各自授权业务领域运营的政策性银行和合资商业银行共存合作。
- PBC is duly authorized to manage monetary base, control aggregate credit and adjust benchmark interest rates as well as issue currency.翻译：中国人民银行有权管理货币基础，控制信贷总量，调整基准利率和发行货币。
- Placing priority on both economic efficiency and social benefits, the policy banks operate in their designated areas and are not expected to compete with commercial banks. Their basic operational financial goal is to break even and only to make small profits when conditions allow.翻译：政策性银行将经济效率和社会效益放在首位，在其指定的地区运营，预计不会与商业银行竞争。他们的基本经营财务目标是收支平衡，只有在条件允许的情况下才能获得少量利润。
- The potential recipients of the State Development Bank’s credit are mainly those large projects that are designed to alleviate the bottlenecks in the economy, operate in the leading industries or extend the application of advanced technology as well as those inter-regional policy-based projects. 翻译：国家开发银行信贷的潜在接受者主要是那些旨在缓解经济瓶颈、在主导产业中运营或扩大先进技术应用的大型项目，以及那些基于区域间政策的项目。
- The Export-Import Bank of china provides export credit and related loans to encourage export of such goods as machinery, electronic products, and equipment for complete plants. Its services include export credit insurance and guarantee as well as those aimed at facilitating economic and technical cooperation.翻译：中国进出口银行提供出口信贷和相关*款贷**，以鼓励机械、电子产品和成套设备等货物的出口。其服务包括出口信用保险和担保以及旨在促进经济和技术合作的服务。
- That the Americans, “the people of plenty”, have had difficulty maintaining clear boundaries between politics and economics within their own society, not to mention in their attempt to impose their liberal ideology upon other societies, is not surprising.翻译：美国人，“富人”，很难在自己的社会中保持政治和经济之间的明确界限，更不用说他们试图将自己的自由主义意识形态强加给其他社会，这并不奇怪。
- Ideology involves falling in love with ideas that further a certain group’s or state’s concrete interests. Such action-oriented nests of ideas or worldviews serve to shore up the legitimacy of elites in power.翻译：意识形态包括痴迷那些促进某个群体或国家具体利益的想法。这种以行动为导向的思想或世界观巢穴有助于巩固当权精英的合法性。
- The pragmatic individualism and empiricism of AngloSaxon thought in general and of Adam Smith’s classical liberal doctrine of maximizing self-interest in particular served as preconditions of the birth of the Industrial Revolution in Britain.翻译：盎格鲁撒克逊思想的实用主义个人主义和经验主义，尤其是亚当·斯密关于最大化自身利益的古典自由主义，是英国工业革命诞生的先决条件。
- While conditions other than economic ideology are necessary for a sufficient explanation in answering these questions, contemporary historical developments suggest that individual self-interest and organizational efforts to optimize what already exists, which are the engines of motivation behind industrial capitalism, are ideas without which no adequate explanation is possible.翻译：虽然经济意识形态以外的条件对于回答这些问题的充分解释是必要的，但当代历史发展表明，个人私利和组织优化现有事物的努力是工业资本主义背后动机的引擎，如果没有这些想法，就不可能有充分的解释。
- As the logic of time seemed to speed up, the logic of space contracted with international communications, transportation, and financial flows.翻译：随着时间的逻辑似乎在加速，空间的逻辑随着国际通信、运输和资金流动而收缩。
- An agreed measure for stating the prices of goods and services is a unit of account. To get the most out of your budget, you have to figure out, among other things, whether seeing one more movie is worth the price you have to pay, not in dollars and cents, but in terms of the number of ice cream cones, sodas, and cups of coffee that you have to give up. (Last para., P102)翻译：一种商定的衡量商品和服务价格的方法是一种记账单位。 为了最大限度地利用你的预算，你必须弄清楚，再看一部电影是否值得你付出的代价，不是以美元和美分为单位，而是以你不得不放弃的冰淇淋筒、苏打水和咖啡的数量为单位。
- The occurrence of a double coincidence of wants is sufficiently rare that barter exchange would leave potential gains from specialization and exchange unrealized.翻译：需求的双重巧合非常罕见，以至于易货交换会使专业化和交换的潜在收益无法实现。
二、中译英
- 过去，消费者借贷和支出的显著增长会使中央银行提高利率来抑制通货膨胀：In the past, a rapid rise in consumer borrowing and spending would cause a central bank to push up interest rates to curb inflation.
- 发展中国家应该积极采用金融体系上的审慎监管来稳定其金融体系并减小其对外界危机的脆弱性:Developing countries should act unilaterally to adopt prudential regulations to stabilize their financial systems and to reduce their vulnerability to external shocks.
- 防范跨境资本流动风险，保持人民币汇率在合理均衡水平上基本稳定，维护国际收支基本平衡，坚决守住不发生系统性金融风险底线，维护外汇市场稳定和国家经济金融安全。To prevent cross-border capital flow risks, maintain the basic stability of the RMB exchange rate at a reasonable and balanced level, maintain basic balance of international payments, firmly guard against systemic financial risks, and maintain the stability of the foreign exchange market and national economic and financial security.
- 积极的财政政策的重要内涵之一就是要适度加大支出强度。适当提高财政赤字率、发行特别国债、增加专项债券规模等措施，将为经济发展注入强大动力。One of the important connotations of proactive fiscal policies is to moderately increase expenditure intensity. Measures such as properly raising the fiscal deficit ratio, issuing special treasury bond, and increasing the scale of special bonds will inject strong impetus into economic development.
- 2022年上半年，我国经常账户顺差1664亿美元，同比增长43%，与国内生产总值比值为1.9%，仍处于合理均衡水平。In the first half of 2022, China's current account surplus will be US $166.4 billion, an increase of 43% year on year, and the ratio to GDP will be 1.9%, still at a reasonable and balanced level.