《兰桂姬九年英语语法大全1.0》第8章 ：介词
一，介词的分类：
1，简单介词：at在...处/时，in在...里面，on在...上面
2，合成介词：inside在...里面，onto朝/向...，into进入...
3，双重介词：from behind从...后面，from among从...中间，until after直到...后
4，短语介词：at the back of在...后面，in front of在...前面
5，V-ing介词:including包括，considering考虑到，regarding关于
二，根据介词的意义分类：
1，时间介词：about大约，for长达，by到...为止，since自从，during在...期间
2，地点/方位介词：around在...周围，over在...上方，close to靠近，out of从...出来
3，手段/施动者介词：like像，with用，in用，by使用，被...
4，其他含义介词：of具有...的性质，instead of而不是，except除...外
三，介词的宾语：
1，名词/名词短语：let's go for a walk/I live near the city center
2，代词：He's standing in front me
3，形容词：Her pronunciation is far from perfect她的发音远不是完美的
4，动名词：He's good at drawing
5，过去分词：I took it for granted that she is good（V-ed作介宾仅限regard...as/take...for granted结构）
6，不定式：
① I had no choice but to try除了尝试我别无选择（只有表“除...外”的but/except等介词能接不定式）
② I did nothing but cry我只是哭（其他意义的but，前面有行为动词do时，不定式不用to）
1，疑问句+不定式：The seminar is about how to improve English
2，副词：I didn't know it until recently直到最近我才直到此事
3，数词：He was among the first to arrive他是第一批到的/Four from ten leaves six
4，介词短语：She won't go home until after the exam
5，从句：He has no special fault except that he smokes too much/We're going to talk about when we'll leave
四，介词短语的句*功法**能：
1. 作表语：He is in the office
2. 作补足语：I found him in the office/ He is considered as the greatest leader in China
3. 作定语：the man in the office is my father / Have you got the answers to these questions？
4. 作介词宾语：I saw her from across the street
5. 作状语：
① Can you say it in English？方式状语
② Because of the traffic jam,I was late for class 原因状语
③ I will see you at your office 地点状语
④ The final examinations take place in early June时间状语
⑤ He was too careless，In a word，he made too many mistakes句子状语
五，介词的位置：介词一般放在宾语前，但下列情况通常后置
1. 介词的宾语为疑问代词时：What are you interested in? /Whom did he talk to just now?
2. 介词出现在感叹句中时：What great trouble we are in！
3. 介词的宾语为关系代词that时：All that I am interested in is traveling
4. 某些定语从句中：This is the school in which we studied / The children who you are going to look after are under six
5. 被动句中作谓语的短语动词中的介词：The sick and the old here are taken good care of /All these things will be talked about next time
6. 其他情况：She is a nice girl to work with / The music is worth listening to once again
六，介词的用法：
1，At一维：
① At night(泛指晚上)/at 7：30在7点半/at the door在门口/ at Christmas在圣诞节期间/at Christmas Day在圣诞节这一天/at Christmas Eve圣诞前夕/ at noon在中午/at midnight在午夜/at that time在那时/at breakfast在吃早餐时/at first首先/at last最后/at the end of在...最后/at the end最终/at the moment此刻/at daybreak-dawn在黎明/at present目前（具体时刻前/把某一段时间看作某一刻/在节假日前）
② I bought the book at a high price/I bought the book for 100$（at+adj+price：以...的价格；for+具体价格）
③ At the weekend（英：具体某个周末）/ at weekend（英：泛指每个周末）
④ At the beginning of the class i was excited开课前我很兴奋
⑤ At the end of the class i was excited课后我很兴奋
动介搭配：
⑥ He will arrive at school soon（较小地点：学校/公园/动物园...区别arrive in)
⑦ The ship will call at Changde船将短暂停靠常德（短暂访问=call on）
⑧ They throw/run/rush/shout at him他们向他投掷/冲/冲/吼（带有恶意：区别to）
⑨ I was surprised/amazed/annoyed/astonished/frustrated at the news（原因：情感变化的原因，因听到/看到而...)
2，On二维/beneath：
① On ... the...evening(具体的某天晚上，一般有定语修饰)/on the arrival到达后马上.../On Monday在星期一/on the following day在第二天/on May the first在五月一日/on New Year’s Day在元旦/on Monday morning在星期一早晨/on a rainy day在一个雨天/on a cold day在一个冷天/on the following evening在第二天晚上/on the morning of April the first在四月一日上午（具体的日期，星期几/节日，具体某一天/某一天的早晨/中午/晚上等，一般有定语修饰）
② On the weekend（美：具体某个周末）/on weekend（美：泛指每个周末）/on weekdays在工作日（周一到周五）
③ There is a apple on the tree树上长出了一个苹果/there is a picture on the wall/he is lying on his side/back/stomach他正侧卧/仰卧/俯卧着（在...上面：物体表面接触）
④ She hid the letter beneath a pile of papers她把信藏在一堆报纸下面（在...下面：物体表面接触）
⑤ I didn't have any money on me我身上没带钱（身边带有）
⑥ This meal is on me这顿饭我请（由...付钱）
⑦ On their return they discovered that their house had been burgled他们回来之后发现家被盗了（在...之后）
⑧ There are no women on the team/the committee没有女性在队里/委员会中（组织/团体成员：英国英语用in）
⑨ The capital is located on the river/our house is on Renmin Street/the coast（挨着/沿着边界）
⑩ What do mice live on老鼠以什么为食？（以...为食/卫生/为动力）
⑪ He accidentally set his bed on fire/He's on holiday this week/Crime is on the increase again（正在进行）
⑫ Don't worry，he has（got）nothing on us（抓住某人把柄）
⑬ He spent much on a hat他花了很多钱买这顶帽子（花钱/挣钱）
⑭ He went to Changde on his own他只身去了常德（独自：区别of one's own）
⑮ Russia is/lies on the north of China（相邻/接壤）
⑯ The hotel is on the lake旅馆在湖边（紧挨着：河畔/路边/沿着某物的边缘，注意比off）
⑰ I’m on the way to your home 我在去你家的路上
⑱ The dress looks nice on you这件大衣你穿上很好看（衣服穿在人身上，区别in）
⑲ You look worried,what’s on your mind ?你看起来很忧虑，怎么了？（压在心头）
⑳ Please come to school on time 请准时到校（区别in time）
动介搭配：
21 Both sides agreed on/upon these terms双方都同意这些条件
22 The staff who waited on us at dinner were excellent晚餐给我们服务的人员非常优秀（伺候某人）
23 I’m going to call on my best friends(短暂访问：= call at）
24 I dropped in on Diao on my way home from school我在放学回家时顺路拜访了刁（顺便拜访：同drop in at/drop by）
3，In三维/after/within：
① In the evening在晚上（泛指傍晚：一天的一部分） in the night(一天的一部分：过去时间有关，很少用)/in fifty minutes(搭配时间长度) in August在八月/in 2020/in spring/ in one’s life/in the 21st century/ in three days三天后/in the future将来/in the daytime在白天/in winter在冬季/（较长的时间/将来或从现在算起的一段时间之后/世纪/年/季节/月/周/某晌）
② He will go abroad in a few weeks/He went abroad after a few weeks（在...以后：in以现在为起点/after以过去为起点）
③ The meeting will last in 3 hours/The meeting will end after 3 p.m（in/within：在...(时间)以内/after：在某个时间点之后）
④ I can finish it within 3 hours（within：在...时间之内）
⑤ It should be written in ink应该用墨水来写(某种颜色/笔）
⑥ You look nice in the dress你穿这件外衣很好看（穿着：人在衣服里面，区别on）
⑦ Can you speak in English？你能用英语说吗？（语言）
⑧ There is a bird in the tree树上飞来一只鸟/he is lying in bed他正躺在床上（在...上：占去某物整体的一部分，不强调接触）
⑨ In the end the class was over最终课终于结束了（不接of短语）
⑩ The class was over in the beginning课还没开始就结束了/Everyhing is hard in the beginning万事开头难（不接of短语）
⑪ The tree is in front/behind the house树在房子前面/后面(房外)/the tree is in the front/back of the house树在房前(房内)
⑫ Mrs.Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess，as her children are always in the way whenever she tries to（挡路/碍事）
⑬ I agree with you in a way 在某种程度上，我同意你
⑭ Changde is/lies in the north of Hunan常德在湖南的北部（某地范围之内）
⑮ Do you have anyone in particular in your mind ？你心中有没有确定的人选？（在某人心里）
⑯ He will come to school in time 他会及时到校的（区别on time）
⑰ He is strict in his work他对工作要求很高
⑱ In the light of his remarks，we rejected her offer鉴于/考虑到他的评语，我们拒绝了他的提议（区别by the light of）
动介搭配：
⑲ He has arrived in Changde（较大的地点：常德/北京/纽约...区别arrive at)
⑳ The accident resulted in the death of two people这场意外导致2人死亡（区别result from）
21 The host filled the guests' glasses in turn主人依次给来宾斟酒
22 I give him a gift in return 作为回报我给了他一个礼物
23 He is very strict with them他对他们非常严格
4，Over：
① The brige over the river河上的桥（方位：正上方）
② She hasn't changed much over the years这些年她没什么大的变化（时间：连续状态/行为，侧重历经时间的变化）
③ Shall we discuss it over a drink？我们一边喝饮料一边讨论好吗？（时间：一边...一边...）
④ I saw an old man walking over the street（方位：强调从一边到另一边/越过某一高度）
⑤ The dog jumped over the fence and ran away（方位：强调从一边到另一边/越过某一高度）
⑥ He put his coat over the girl lest she catch cold（衣服在另一件衣服的外面，区别in/on）
5，To/toward：
① Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek to food safety problem有时寻求食品安全的答案并不遥远（solution/key/answer/reply entrance/access/attitude/接to等引导短语作定语）
② To one's taste/to one's measurement/to the music（按照）
③ I’m extremely grateful/thankful to all the teachers for their help（friendly/grateful/thankful常接to）
④ Japan is/lies to the east of China日本位于中国的东面（某地范围之外，不相邻）
⑤ He is famous/known to us对我们来说他是有名的（区别famous for/as）
⑥ Your name is familiar to me你的名字我是熟悉的（区别familiar with）
⑦ All this was owing to/due to his good luck（因为：表语）
⑧ He was out of work owing to/due to a physical injury（因为：状语）
⑨ That Shelly became a poet may have been due to his mother's influence（因为：状语，一般不放句首）
⑩ I was well again，thanks to the doctor因为那位医生，我又好了
动介搭配：
⑪ She agree to marriage她同意结婚（同意/同意协作对方的建议/安排/计划...)
⑫ They offered me a cup of milk = They offered a cup of milk to me（同give）
⑬ They throw/run/rush/shout to him他们向他扔过去/跑去/冲/喊话（只表示方向，没有恶意，区别at）
6，Off：
① He jumped off the desk/horse他从桌子/马上跳下来（脱落某个物体）
② The poor man lived in a lonely house off the main road（离路/岸不远，但有一定距离，注意比on）
7，Along/down/up沿着：
① We often take a walk along/down/up the road我们经常沿着这条路散步（up：由下而上，由乡下到城市，从南到北，从沿海到内地，从商业区到住宅区；down:与up相反）
② The house is 100 metres up/down the river房子位于这条河的上游/下游100米处
③ Who’s the man coming up/going down the road？（up：离说话人而去；down：朝说话人而来）
8, during：除了具有in表示时间段的功能外，还可指某一项活动过程中
① During the night/during the fire在发生火灾期间/during the meeting/during the meal
② I went to Changde for two weeks during the summer（四季：特指）
③ I will go to Sanya in winter我会在冬天去三亚（四季：泛指，不确定是哪个冬天）
④ They work during the night and work by day他们夜间工作白天睡觉（贯穿某段时间/时间段内的某个时候）
⑤ I will make a stay in Changde during the summer我会在夏天呆在常德（表事件的名词stay/visit/meal...宜用）
9, for：
① They have lived in China for two years/They lived in China for two years/They will live in China for two year(时间段:现在完成时/过去时/将来时可用)
② They walked for twenty miles yesterday(距离）
③ He was put into prison for murder(原因）
④ i'm sorry for what i said to you（原因：famous/punish/praise/thank/blame...连用）
⑤ I am for the plan，but he is against it（赞成）
⑥ It is important for me to do this（对...来说）
⑦ It seemed as if they were heading for the train station（朝着...方向)
⑧ He sold the house for quite a lot of money/he will repair my car for 300$（交易:和pay/sell/buy/exchange等词连用）
⑨ He made a kite for me/he bought a book for me（双宾语中用for的动词）
⑩ He is famous for his greatness他因伟大而文明（区别famous to/as）
10，since+时间点：“自从...以来”表示自过去某时延续至今的一段时间，常用现在完成时
① She has worked here since 1999
② I haven't written home since National Day
③ We haven't seen each other since three years ago
11，Above/below：
① The river is below the hill河在山下面（在...下方：不强调是否垂直，可指温度/海拔等刻度）
② The hill is above the river山在河的上方（在...上方：不强调是否垂直，可指温度/海拔等刻度）
12，Under/over：
① The bridge is over the river河上有座桥(在...正上方：垂直-不直接接触)
② The river is under the bridge桥下有条河(在...正下方：垂直-不直接接触)
③ Put a clean cloth over the cakes（覆盖在某物上面）
④ The car went over the cliff车掉落了悬崖（从高出落下）
13，Between/among：
① The house stands between two farms房子位于两个农场之间（2者之间；2+强调多者间相互独立性）
② The house stands among farms房子位于农场之间（3或3+人/物，整体）
14，across，through，past，over，across/throughout：
① Be careful while walking across the street（表面横穿：马路/河流/陆地）
② He lives across the road他住在马路对面（在...对面）
③ Across/Throughout the world，people are praying for peace（遍及）
④ Walk through the gate，and you'll see the rest room（空间内穿过：森林/隧道/窗户/人群）
⑤ Our bus drove past the Great Hall of the People（经过：某物体旁边经过）
⑥ The war was lost through bad organization（原因：局部而影响全局的原因）
15，with：
① What can i cut the cake with？（使用工具）
② You can see it with your own eyes（有形的工具：身体部位）
③ You know.Bob is a little slow in understanding,so...-So, I have to be patient with him（对...有耐心）
④ With regard to the party on July 1st，I shall be pleased to attend（关于...）
⑤ The wine industry in the area has developed in a special way，with little foreign ownership（具有）
⑥ He was engaged to help with the writing他也参与到帮助写作上来/he still has a problem with money他手头还是很紧/he has trouble with his eyes他的眼镜出现不适（+ help/problem/trouble...）
⑦ They started the day with a swim他们那天一开始先游泳/he ended the play with a song他以一首歌结束了这出剧（end/begin/start...+）
⑧ He is familiar with the procedure他对流程很熟悉（区别familiar to）
动介搭配：
⑨ I don't agree with you（持同一观点）
⑩ The weather doesn't agree with me这种天气不适合我（食物/天气/工作）
⑪ They provide us with food = They provide food for us
⑫ They present/supply us with food = They present/supply food to us
⑬ He was shaking with anger（原因：生理/情感上的原因引起行为/外表变化，区别at）
16，by/before：都可表示“在...之前”，但by含有“最晚不迟于...，到...为止”的意思，如by后是将来的时间，则句子用将来时或将来完成时；若是过去的时间，则句子用过去完成时。By含当日；before不含当日。
① You can get a taxi by calling this number你可以 通过 拨打这个号码打车（方式：通过）
② We went in by/through the front door（方式：通过）
③ Do you wish to be paid by cash or by cheque？（方式：通过）
④ I refuse to live by their rules我拒绝 按照 他们的规则生活（方式状语）
⑤ The floor space measured ten metres by ten地板面积是10米乘以10米（计量）
⑥ I travelled by night and rested by day我 在 夜间旅行，白天休息（时间状语）
⑦ By the time Jack returned home，his son had graduated from college(真题: by+过去时=>过去完成时)
⑧ The construction of the two new railway lines has completed by now（真题:by+now=>现在完成时）
⑨ By this time of 2025，I will have finished the masterpiece（真题：by+将来时间=>将来完成时）
⑩ He will be a teacher by the time he is twenty（主将从现：by the time引导时间状从，一现=将来）
⑪ By the time you have finished this book,your meal will get cold（主将从现：现在完成时强调先后动作）
⑫ As is often the case with children， Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived （=at the time，As关系代词=下划线那句话，by引导时间状语，不一定都是用完成时）
⑬ They are playing by the sea他们在 靠近 海边的地方玩耍
⑭ I’ll come back by ten o’clock我会 在十点前 回来（by+时间点：“在...以前，不迟于”）
⑮ The machine will be repaired by Diao机器将被刁修理（被动语态）
⑯ By the light of a candle she was reading借着蜡烛的光线她在读书（区别in the light of）
⑰ I would be back before 6：00 我会在6点前回来（在...前：不包括6点）
⑱ Supper will be ready by 6：00晚餐将在6点前准备好（在...前：包括6点）
⑲ The deadline is Friday, so you have to finish it by Friday你必须在周五前完成(截止日期：“不迟于...”含Friday当日）
动介搭配：
⑳ Drop by and pick up that book sometime（顺便拜访：同drop in on/drop in at someplace）
注意：
21 by+交通工具的可单：其中名词前不加任何修饰语：by bike/by bus...
22 take/catch/in/on+冠词/名词所有格/形容词性物主代词等+交通工具的可单：take a bus/take a train/on a bus/in Rosa's car...
23 by+交通线路的名词”其中名词为可单/不可单，且前无任何修饰语：by air/by sea...
17，Beside/besides/except/except for/but/except that...
① He is beside the door他在门旁边
② They went to Changde besides me除了我以外，他们也都去了常德（追加关系：我和他们都去了）
③ They went to Changde except me除了我，他们都去了常德（剔除关系：只有我没有去）
④ Nobody but/except you knows the city well除了你，没有人了解这个城市（只有你非常了解这座城市）
⑤ Who but/except you should be blamed for the mistake？除了你，谁应该为此感到羞愧？(只有你应感到羞愧）
⑥ The bus is empty except for two passengers除去两名乘客公交就空了（“除了...之外”，但对某种基本情况进行具体的，细节方面的修正，其后所接的词同句子的主语不是同类的，指从整体中除去一个细节/方面）
⑦ Except/except for me，they all went to Changde除了我，他们都去了常德（句首可互换，但except通常不用句首）
⑧ She is quite attractive except that she is a little short除了矮点外，她还是相当吸引人的（except that只跟句子）
18，Against：
① Are you for or against the plan？你是赞成还是反对这个计划？
② The evidence is against him证据对他不利
③ Put the piano there，against the wall把钢琴放那边，靠着墙
④ The pine trees are black against the sky在天空的映照下，那些松树是黑色的
⑤ We bought medicine against the Covid我们买了药预防新冠
19，As：
① Let’s learn to use the problem we are facing as a stepping stone to future success（真题：作为...）
② There at the door stood a girl about the same height as mine(真题：=as my height）
③ “you can't judge a book by it's cover,” as the old saying goes.（真题：谚语“俗话说...”）
④ He is famous as a writer他因是一名作家而有名（区别famous to/for）
20，Beyond：
① The sea is beyond the hill大海在山的那边（介词）
② Some shops keep open beyond midnight有些商店营业到半夜以后（介词）
③ These were matters beyond his understanding这些事情超出了他的理解范围（介词）
④ She was really touched beyond words她确实感动得无以言表（介词）
⑤ I know nothing beyond what he told me除了他告诉我的以外，别的我都不直到（介词）
⑥ He didn't believe in people living
⑦ He didn't believe people can live beyond 100他不相信人能活到100岁以上（介词）
⑧ He crossed the mountain and found people living in the valley beyond他翻过这座山发现了在远处山谷生活的人们（副词：远处地）
21，From：
① He is far from well他根本谈不上健康(be far from：远非，绝不)
② She is anything but a beauty她一点也不漂亮（anything but：根本不，but翻译为“除了”）
动介搭配：
③ He died from murder他死于谋杀（外部原因：战争/灾难/谋杀）
④ I haven't heard from her for a long time我好久没收到她的来信/电话了
⑤ Wine is made from grapes葡萄酒是葡萄酿的（看不出原材料：区别be made of/make out of）
⑥ Apart from English，he has a good command of Russian and French除英语外，他还精通俄语和法语（=besides）
⑦ He has no interests，apart from his work他除了自己的工作外，没什么兴趣爱好（=except）
⑧ it's a good paper，apart from a few spelling mistakes这是一篇好论文，除了有几处拼写错误外（=except for）
⑨ I’m tired from the long flight长时间飞行我累了（因...而劳累：区别be tired of）
22，Of:
① He smells of tabacco他身上带有烟味/the book is of great benefit to me这本书对我来说很重要（of+名词=形容词）
② They cleared the land of trees他们清除了那块地上的树/the accident deprived her of a normal life意外夺去了她的正常生活/she was happy to be relieved of this burden她很高兴卸掉了这个包袱（of + rob/strip/rid...连用= “除去，剥夺，清除”）
③ He accused me of selling the file illegally/I assured you of my full support for your plan/I convinced him of my innocence/it reminded me of the mistakes I had made before/They suspected him of murder/they informed us of their decision（of后=直接宾语）
④ He asked a favor of me他求我一件事/the parents expected/demanded too much of him父母对他期望过高（of后=间接宾语）
⑤ He has a car of his own他有一辆属于自己的车（属于某人自己的：区别on one's own）
⑥ He asked the question out of curiosity（原因：出于...）
⑦ Because of my bad leg，I couldn't walk so fast（由于/因为）
⑧ As a result of the flood，thousands of people lost their homes（由于/因为）
⑨ The flight was postponed on account of bad weather（由于/因为）
动介搭配：
⑩ He died of a heart attack他死于心脏病（内在原因：疾病/衰老/自然死亡，区别die from）
⑪ What will become of those refugees ？什么将 落在 那些难民身上？/the course consists of ten module s课程包含10个板块（不及物动词+of=及物动词）
⑫ I heard of the man’s heroic deeds我听说过这个人的英雄事迹（听说过：知道某人/事的存在，区别hear from）
⑬ The box is made of paper盒子是纸做的（看得出原材料：区别be made from）
⑭ We make bottles（out）of glass我们用玻璃做瓶子（看得出原材料：）
⑮ Make her jackets out of this gown用这件大褂给她做两件上衣
⑯ What do you make out of it？你怎么理解它？
⑰ The accident resulted from his miss这场意外是因他的失误而发生的（由...造成：区别result in）
⑱ I’m tired of having to pretend all the time我讨厌老得假装（厌烦：=be sick of/be fed up with，区别be tired from）
23，Until（till）：直到...为止，until可放句首，till通常不可以
① You must wait for him until/till tomorrow”等他”持续到明天（wait：延续性动词，肯定，until/till在句后时可互换）
② He didn't leave until tomorrow”没有离开”持续到明天（leave：非延续，否定，只能用until）
24，Other than/rather than：
① The shoes are comfortable rather than pretty这些鞋是穿起来舒服，而不是漂亮
② Nobody’s here other than me除了我，这里没人（=excpet）
25，Despite/in spite of/regardless of：都接名词性成分（名词/动名词/名词性从句等）
① The plane came down safely despite/in spite of the mist（尽管：despite更严谨，但意思没有区别）
② He did it in spite of/despite the fact that the result is not good(尽管：接句子使用，that后是同位语从句）
③ I shall go regardless of the weather无论天气好坏我都去（尽管：客观上无法避免的事实和不利的条件）
26，Like：“像”是介词；“喜欢”是动词；what be...like询问外貌/品质/性格/成就等内在
① To argue with him is like beating the air和他辩论是白费力气（介词：像）
② He likes his tea neither too hot nor too cold他喜欢/想要不冷不热的茶（动词：喜欢/想要）
③ What’s the weather like today？今天天气怎么样？
④ what's your sister like？你姐姐怎么样？-She is kind她人很好
⑤ What does your sister look like？你姐姐长什么样？-She is tall and beautiful
七，介词的省略(只在特殊的表达或固定搭配中可以省略）
1，in的省略
① Be busy（in）doing sth忙于做某事
② have difficult或trouble（in）doing sth做某时有困难
③ (in)this/that way
④ spend...(in)doing
⑤ have a good time（in）doing sth
⑥ waste no time（in）doing sth
2，on的省略(口语表星期几，具体某一天的词前可省)
① We’ll see you（on）Tuesday
② I stay at home（on）Sunday
③ I remember clearly that I lost my way（on）that day
3，for的省略(for+时间段的for在口语中有时省略，尤其在肯定句中，句首和否定句不能省略）
① The rain lasted（for）a whole afternoon
② He has been waiting（for）three hours
③ We haven't seen each other for a long time
4，to的省略（有些动词后跟两个宾语，当间接宾语放在后面时，前面通常都由介词to，在被动语态中，直接宾语变主语时to常省略，write to sb中的to在口语中也常省略）
① These flowers are going to be given（to）each winner
② How often do you write（to）your parents
5，不用介词的时间的短语中（this，that，next，last，one，every，each，some，any，all开头的）
This morning/that day/last month/next week/one day/every week/each week/any day/some day/all day
