第一讲 定语从句
关系代词引导的定语从句
1．which指物， 在从句中可以作主语或宾语， 作宾语时可以省略。
2．that指人或物均可， 在从句中可以作主语或宾语， 作宾语时可以省略。
She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.
她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。
3．限制性定语从句中， 关系代词只用that不用which的情况：
(1)先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, something, everything, none, the one等或被不定代词修饰时。
I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s fault.
我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。
(2)先行词是形容词最高级或序数词， 或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
(3)先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰时。
The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.
这顿饭只有甜点是我爱吃的。
(4)先行词既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
They will never forget the things and persons that they’ve seen or heard of during their long journey.
他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。
4．关系词只用which而不用that的情况： (一句话口诀： 逗号后、介词后不可用that)
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时。
Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a Tshirt, which is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
特德周末来时只穿着短裤和一件T恤， 这种天气穿这样的衣服有点傻。
(2)当从句中的介词提前， 构成“介词＋关系代词” 结构时。
We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。
5．who, whom的用法：
who或whom均可指代人， 但who在从句中作主语或宾语， whom在从句中作宾语； 两者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替换。 作主语时， who/that不可省略； 作宾语时， whom/who/that可以省略。
I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.
我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。
6．whose的用法：
whose表所属关系， 既可指人也可指物， 在从句中作定语。 指物时相当于of which; 指人时相当于of whom。
The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.
这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生， 放假时商店关门。
7．as也可以引导非限制性定语从句， 定语从句说明整个句子， 可放在主句之前。 常用的这种类似插入语的句式有as is said above, as is already mentioned above, as often happens, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper, such... as... , the same... as... 等。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.
像在我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
关系副词引导的定语从句
1．where表地点， 在定语从句中作地点状语， 相当于“介词in/at/on... ＋which” 。
A bank is the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.
银行是在天晴之时借伞给你， 到了下雨时就催你还回去的地方。
2．当先行词为situation, case, stage, point, atmosphere等抽象名词， 且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时， 常用关系副词where引导。
(2015·浙江高考单项填空)Creating an atmosphere where employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.
创造出让员工感觉到自己就是团队一员的一种氛围是极大的挑战。
3．why表原因， 在定语从句中作原因状语， 相当于“介词for＋which” 结构。
Do you know the reason why/for which he didn’t attend the meeting? 你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？
在非限制性定语从句中， 常用for which表原因而不用why。
I had told them the reason, for which I didn’t attend the meeting.
我把我没有去开会的理由告诉了他们。
4．when表时间， 在定语从句中作时间状语， 相当于“介词in/at/on/during... ＋which” 结构。
(2014·湖南高考单项填空)I am looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
我正期待着那一天的到来， 那时我女儿可以读这本书并且了解我对她的感情。
单句语法填空
1．(2015·四川高考单项填空)The books on the desk, ____________covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
2．(2016·*安泰**二模)The work camp was mainly made up of teenagers____________had given up part of their summer vacation to help others.
3．(2016·湖南怀化一模)Almost every teenager will experience a period in their life ____________they aren’t content with their parents.
4．(2015·安徽高考单项填空)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon ____________ school education depends.
5．(2016·河北保定二模)First Jack was to draft the speech, ____________was just a piece of cake for him because he was a good writer.
6．A story I read two years ago, ____________ name I can’t remember clearly, changed my idea about education.
单句改错
1．The little girl, whom was not little anymore, left home and went into the world.
2．When you get stressed, one of the first things which happen is that blood pressure rises.
3．Mrs. White is a teacher with rich teaching experience, from which much can be learned.
4．The old woman often told her grandson the past days that she worked hard to make a living.
5．After graduation she reaches a point in her career which she needs to decide what to do and she can do what she enjoys.
【基础落实】
一、单句语法填空
1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River____________are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
2．(2014·北京高考单项填空)I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, __________my classmates recommended to me.
3．(2016·福建龙岩质检)At the requests of some English learners, he has published a lot of books, one of____________is about English idioms.
4．(2016·唐山一中仿真模拟一)The richest of these is Bill Gates, worth at least$76 billion, ____________made his money by starting the company Microsoft.
5．(2016·南昌二模)So, they looked around for a soccer club____________would be able to do this for them.
6．(2016·河南三门峡考前适应性练习)Jane paused in front of a counter____________some attractive ties were on display.
7．(2016·南阳一中二模)Freeflyers, ____________the name suggests, enjoy the more spontaneous(即兴的) thrill of doing their own things.
8．(2016·南昌十所重点中学交流试卷)Then the judge made his decision. Since Sam lost a bag of 75 gold coins, the bag found by the girl____________had only 50 coins doesn’t belong to Sam.
9．(2016·江西八校一模)She cried because their relationship____________had lasted for years was unexpectedly defeated by another woman’s back.
10．(2016·河南六市联考)Dr. Joyce Poole is a zoologist, ____________studies the sounds of elephants.
11．(2015·重庆高考单项填空)He wrote many children’s books, nearly half of____________were published in the 1990s.
12．(2015·江苏高考单项填空)The number of smokers, ____________is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
13．(2016·聊城模拟)On an autumn afternoon, we were sent to a farm____________we learnt to plant potatoes.
14．(2016·天津和平测试)We’ll put off the meeting until next week, ____________we won’t be so busy.
15．(2016·山东日照一模)Anyone____________upgrades their professional knowledge to a new level can apply for these courses.
二、 单句改错
1．(2016·江西南昌十所重点中学二模)We can hear birds singing happily all around. Everybody sleeps in tents, that is very exciting.
2．(2016·浙江杭州质检)Most importantly, living with your friends will improve your team spirit, that will be beneficial to your future career.
3．(2016·潍坊模拟)But I will stay on a health farm which I won’t be able to eat much and I’ll have to stick to my regular diet for a month.
4．(2016·山东省实验中学模拟)John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of who are family members.
5．On the third floor there are two rooms, one of them is used as a meeting room.
6．(2016·太原模拟)There are two lakes, where cover nearly ten thousand space kilometers.
7．(2016·山西忻州四校联考)The yellow house which windows face south is the place where I spent my childhood.
8．(2016·石家庄模拟)Everyone has periods in their lives that everything seems very hard.
【能力提升】
一、语法填空(2016·东北师范大学附中模拟)
I was nine years old when I learnt to ride a bike. The bike was a birthday present from my uncle. You can imagine how 1.____________ (excite) I was when I saw the bike, and I begged my uncle to teach me how 2.____________ (ride) it right away. However, before I got on the bike, I felt 3.____________ (extreme) nervous and I was afraid that I would fall off and hurt 4.____________ (me). My uncle held onto the seat and helped me to get5.____________ the bike. While I was riding, he was running along beside me, holding the seat so I would not fall over. I was so 6.____________(grate) to him for his help.
As I was practicing, I became more and more confident. Then, I heard my uncle shouting, “You are riding it by yourself now！” I was both excited and scared. I was really riding by myself, but 7.____________ if I fell off? Could I use the brakes to stop? As I was wondering about this, my uncle ran after me and got hold of the bike. I 8.____________ (slow) down and came to a stop. My heart was still beating fast when I got off the bike. 9.____________ (late) that day, having learnt how to get on the bike and get off it, I felt like I was walking on air! I am still thankful to my uncle for teaching me to ride a bike on my 10.____________ (nine) birthday.
1.____________ 2._______________ 3._____________ 4.____________
5.____________ 6._______________ 7._____________ 8.____________
9.____________ 10._______________
二、短文改错(2016·山东德州二模)
Dear Sir/Madam，
Very glad to know that our school broadcasting station needs a new member this term. I’m writing to apply to the position.
I am Li Hua，the boy from Senior One. I have ever been a broadcaster before and in Junior Three I have gained the first prize in the contest of Putonghua of our grade. My friends around always tell me my voice sounds beautifully. Of course，I know become a broadcaster calls for extra devotion and more times after school is necessary for a better performance. Perhaps，my school life will be busier with such a task every day，so I’d like to develop me and obtain more knowledge after class to make my new school life more colorful.
I’m eager for your reply and I’ll be more than happy until you can consider my application. Please make contact me by telephone at 5103123 or email me at lihua 101@ hotmail.com.
Yours faithfully，
Li Hua
三、阅读填空
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选
项。
The Science of Risk-Seeking
Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking. 36 Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.
The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans. Risk-takers were better at hunting, fighting, or exploring. 37 As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one generation to the next, humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.
So why aren’t we all jumping out of airplanes then? Well, even 200,000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one killed. A few daring survived, though, along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exit today. So maybe you love car racing or maybe you hate it. 38
No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range, scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years. 39 To help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences. New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.
40 For the risk-seekers a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.
As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking, we’ll continue to hit the mountains, the waves or the shallow end of the pool.
A. It all depends on your character.
B. Those are the risks you should jump to take.
C. Being better at those things means a greater chance of survival.
D. Thus, these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest.
E. This is when you start to move out of your family and into the bigger world.
F. However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weight risks and rewards.
G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.
课后作业
姓名：_______________ 等级：_________________
阅读理解
A
As more and more people speak the global language of English, Chinese, Spanish, and Arabic, other languages are rapidly disappearing. In fact, half of the 6,000-7,000 languages spoken around the world today will be likely to die out by the next century, according the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
In an effort to prevent language loss, scholars from a number of organizations----UNESCO and National Geographic among them----have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.
Mark Turin, a scientist at the Macmillan Center, Yale University, who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas, is following in that tradition . His recently published book, A Grammar of Thangmi and Their Culture, grows out of his experience living, working, and raising a family in a village in Nepal.
Documenting the Thangmi language and culture is just a starting point for Turin, who seeks to include other languages and oral traditions across the Himalayan reaches of India, Nepal, Bhutan, and China. But he is not content to simply record these voices before they disappear without record.
At the University of Cambridge Turin discovered a wealth of important materials----including photographs, films, tape recordings, and field notes----which had remained unstudied and were badly in need of care and protection.
Now, through the two organizations that he has founded----the Digital Himalaya Project and the World Oral Literature Project----Turin has started a campaign to make such documents, found in libraries and stores around the world, available not just to schools but to the younger generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected. Thanks to digital technology and the widely available Internet, Turin notes, the endangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities.
24. Many scholars are making efforts to .
A. promote global languages
B. rescue disappearing languages
C. search for languages communities
D. set up language research organizations
25. What does “that tradition” in Paragraph 3 refer to .
A. having detailed records of the languages
B. writing books on language users
C. telling stories about language speakers
D. living with the native speakers
26. What is Turin’s book based on?
A. The cultural studies in India.
B. The documents available at Yale.
C. His language research in Bhutan.
D. His personal experience in Nepal.
27. Which of the following best describes Turin’s work?
A. Write, sell and donate.
B. Record, repair and reward.
C. Collect, protect and reconnect.
D. Design, experiment and report.
B
Despite the anxiety that Jones’ Host—said by some to be the first digital novel—caused in 1993, publishers weren’t too concerned that e-books would one day replace printed books. However, that attitude was changed suddenly in 2007 when Amazon’s Kindle came onto the market, which led to e-book sales jumping up to 1,260%. Since then, e-books’ popularity has continued to rise steadily. The publishing industry seemed to have lost all possible ability to regain its position. Will printed books eventually become a thing of the past?
According to Mike Shatzkin, founder and CEO of the Idea Logical Company, printed books just for plain old reading will, in 10 years from now, be unusual. “Not so unusual that a kid will say, ‘Mommy, what’s that?’ but unusual enough that on the train you’ll see one or two people reading something printed, while everyone else is reading off of a tablet.” And Shatzkin believes that the de mise of print is sure to happen, though such a day won’t arrive for perhaps 50 to 100 or more years.
Robert Stein, founder of the Institute for the Future of the Book, however, believes that books won’t disappear entirely, at least not anytime soon. “Print will exist, but it will be in a
different field and will appeal to a very limited audience, as poetry does today. Like woodblock printing, hand-processed film and folk weaving (编织), printed pages may assume an artistic
value,” he says. He imagines that future forms of books might be developed not by traditional publishers but by the gaming industry. He also predicts that the distinction between writer and reader will be made less obvious by a social reading experience in which authors and consumers can digitally interact with each other to discuss any passage, sentence or line.
Is there anything we risk sacrificing, should print really disappear entirely? According to Maryanne Wolf, director of the Center for Reading and Language Research at Tufts University, electronic reading can negatively affect the way the brain responds to text, including reading comprehension, focus and the ability to maintain attention to details like plot and order of events. “My worry is that we’ll have a short-circuited reading brain, excellent for gathering information but not necessarily for forming critical, analytical deep reading skills,” Wolf says.
The field, however, is in an early stage, and findings about the negative effects of e-reading are far from certain. In light of this, Wolf hopes that we continue to maintain a “bi-literate” society—one that values both the digital and printed word. “A full reading brain circuit is a huge contribution to the intellectual development of our species. Anything that threatens it deserves our attention.”
28. How did publishers feel about the rising e-book sales inspired by the Kindle?
A. Worried. B. Excited. C. Curious. D. Skeptical.
29. The underlined word “demise” in Paragraph 2 probably means .
A. rise B. death C. growth D. popularity
30. According to Robert Stein, paper books will exist because of .
A. the artistic value B. the digital interaction
C. the growing popularity D. the traditional design
31. It can be concluded from the last two paragraphs that Wolf holds that .
A. e-reading will strengthen the power of our brain
B. digital books and paper books should not co-exist
C. e-reading will make us more critical and thoughtful
D. we should not risk losing a full reading brain circuit