一、 并 列 句

(一) 并列连词

①They come from the same country，and they are good friends.

②I was glad to meet Jenny again, but I didn't want to spend all day with her.(2013·新课标卷Ⅱ)

③It must have rained last night, for it is wet all over.

④Yesterday, I forgot to pick my daughter up, so she waited in the kindergarten for nearly two hours.

⑤Would you like to leave or would you like to stay?

规律总结：

1．表示并列、顺承关系的并列连词有and。

2. 表示转折关系常用的并列连词有but, yet(然而), whereas(然而，但是), while(然而)等。

3．表示因果关系的并列连词有for, so等。

4．表示选择关系常用的并列连词有or, either ... or ..., not ... but, neither ... nor ...等。

(二) 祈使句＋and/or/otherwise句式

①Work hard and you will succeed.＝If you work hard, you will succeed.

②Hurry up or we will be late.＝If you don't hurry up, we will be late.

③A few more efforts and you will succeed.＝If you make a few more efforts, you will succeed.

规律总结：

1．祈使句＋and＋陈述句＝If ...，＋主句。

2．祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句＝If ... not ...，＋主句。

二、 状 语 从 句

英语中状语从句总共有九类，分别用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是较复杂的语法项目，但是理解起来并不难。从本质上讲，状语从句就是利用不同的关联词语将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间的特定逻辑关系。例如：

①I have brought an umbrella because it is raining.(原因)

②I have brought an umbrella in case it rains.(目的)

③I have brought an umbrellaso that I don't get wet.(结果)

④I have brought an umbrella even though it's not raining.(让步)

⑤You don't need bring an umbrellaunless it is raining.(条件)

因此，学习状语从句的关键是掌握引导九类状语从句的关联词，只要能记住关联词，一般都能识别是哪种状语从句，从而正确分析句子结构并理解句子意思。

下面分别对九大类别的状语从句进行举例说明：

（一）时间状语从句 时间状语从句表示时间。

引导时间的状语从句的常用引导词有：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until 等。 特殊引导词有：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly … when, scarcely … when 等。

1.when/while/as/whenever

①When I went into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.

②While I was doing my homework, they came in.

③As time goes by, it's getting warmer and warmer.

④When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.

⑤We shall go there whenever we are free.

规律总结：

(1)when既可引导一个持续动作，也可引导一个短暂动作，可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作。

(2)从属连词while引导的动作必须是持续性的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。

(3)从属连词as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成，可译为"一边……(，一边……)"或"随着……"。

(4)如果主句表示的是短暂性动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作，此时when, while与as可互换使用。

(5)whenever是when的强势语，它描述的不是一次性动作，而是经常发生的习惯性动作，翻译成"无论何时"。

2.when的特殊用法

①He was about to go to bed when the doorbell rang.

②They were watching the World Cup when suddenly the lights went out.

③They had just arrived home when it began to rain.

规律总结：

when引导时间状语从句，意为"正在这时"，表示某件事正要发生、正在发生或刚刚发生时，突然发生另一动作。常见句型有：

①was/were about to do sth. when...

=was/were on the point of doing sth. when...

②was/were doing sth. when...

③had (just) done sth. when...

3．表示"刚……就……，一……就……"的常用表达

①The moment I heard the voice, I knew father was coming

②The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.

③He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.

＝No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering.(2011·辽宁高考)

④I had hardly got to the office when my wife phoned me to go back home at once.

=Hardly had I got to the office when my wife phoned me to go back home at once.

⑤Once you see him, you will never forget him.

规律总结：

(1)as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner ... than ..., hardly/scarcely ... when ...和once这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生， 常译为"一……就……"。

(2)no sooner ... than ...，hardly/scarcely ... when ...的时态搭配：no sooner与hardly/scarcely后的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时，应用倒装语序。

【注意】"一……就……"还可用on /upon doing 结构来表示。

On arriving home he called up Lester.=As soon as he arrived home, he called up Lester.

4．before与since

①You must learn to consult your feelings and your reason before you reach any decision.(2013·湖南高考)

②It will be five years before we meet again.

③John thinks it won't be long before he is ready for his new job.(陕西高考)

④It was several years before I realized that David had lied to me.

⑤It was not long before I realized I was wrong.

⑥As is reported, it is 100 years since Qinghua University was founded.(2011·四川高考)

规律总结：

(1)before表示"还未……就……；不到……就……；……才……；趁……；还没来得及……就……，在……之前"。

(2)It will be＋时间段＋before +一般现在时。"要过多久才……"

(3)It won't be long before +一般现在时。"不久之后就会…"。

(4)It was＋时间段＋before+一般过去时。"过了多久才……"。

(5)It wasn't long before+一般过去时。"没过多久就……"

(6)It is＋一段时间＋since ..."自从……多久了"。

5．表示"每次；下一次……"的常用表达

①Every/Each time I was in trouble, he would come to help me out.

②Next time you come, do remember to bring your son here.

③The last time she saw James, he was lying in bed.

规律总结：

every time, each time, next time, the last time, any time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句，表示"每当……；每次……；下次……"等。

6．till, until和not ... until

①Have you heard the meeting will be put off till/until next Tuesday?

②I won not tell the student the answer to the math problem until he has been working on it for more than an hour.

规律总结：

(1)until或till表示"某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止"，此时主句谓语动词是延续性动词，主、从句都为肯定式。这两个词可以换用，但till不可以置于句首，而until可以。

(2)not ... until表示"某动作直到某时间才开始"，主句谓语动词是非延续性动词，从句为肯定式。

（二）地点状语从句 地点状语从句表示地点、 方位。

引导地点状语从句的常用的引导词是where ；

特殊引导词有：wherever。例如：①Make a mark where you have a question.

②Where there is a will, there is a way.

③Where there is water there is life.

④Generally speaking, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

⑤You are free to go wherever you like.

⑥Wherever you go, you must obey the law.

⑦Wherever you go, you should work hard. ⑧Sit wherever you like.

规律总结：

(1)地点状语从句通常由连词where和wherever引导，从句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。

(2)地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。

（三）原因状语从句 原因状语从句表示原因或理由。

引导原因状语从句的常用引导词有：because, since, as , for,now (that)等。 特殊引导词有：seeing(that), in (that), considering (that)等。例如：①He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.②As it is raining, I will not go out.

③As he didn't know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary .

④Since everyone is here, let's begin our meeting.⑤Now that you mention it, I do remember.

⑥Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey.

⑦Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor.

⑧Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite good job.

（四）目的状语从句 目的状语从句用来说明主句中发生的目的。目的状语从句的谓语常含有may, might, can, could, should, would等情态动词。

引导目的状语从句的引导词或词组有：that,so that, in order that

特殊引导词有：lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that例如：①Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.②She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.③They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .

④He left early in case he should miss the train.

⑤Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold.

（五）结果状语从句 结果状语从句表示事态结果，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。

引导结果状语从句的常用引导词有：so,that,so that,so … that, such … that。例如：①She was ill, so that she didn't attend the meeting.②He was so excited that he could not say a word. ③She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.

④He gave such important reasons that he was excused.

⑤It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it.

⑥It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it.

【注意】so...that 如此……以致……。其引导的果状语从句有如下四种结构：

1．so + 形容词副词 + that从句

①The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.

②The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.

2．so + 形容词 + a/ an + 单数名词 + that从句

①It was so hot a day that they all went swimming.

②He made so inspiring a speech that everybody got excited.

3．so + many/few +复数可数名词+ that从句

①I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.

②He has so few friend that he often feels lonely.

4．so + much/little +不可数名词 + that从句

①I had so little money then that I couldn't even afford a used car.

②He drank so much wine last night that he felt terrible.

【注意】such...that 如此……以致……。其引导的结果语从句有如下四种结构：

1．such + a/an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that从句

①Jenny is such a clever girl that all of us like her very much.

②We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.

2．such + 形容词 +复数可数名词+ that从句

①He gave such important reasons that he was excused.

②They are such interesting novels that all of us want to read them.

3．such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that从句

①He made such rapid progress that the teacher praised him.

②He shut the window with such force that the glass broke.

提示：such+ a /an+形容词+单数名词结构可以和so +形容词+a an+单数名词结构互换。

He told us such a funny story that we all laughed.

=He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.

=The story he told us was so funny that we all laughed.

【区别】such/ so……that……引导的状语从句和such/ so……as……引导的定语从句。

①He is such a clever boy that we everyone likes him. (状语从句)

②He is so clever a boy that we everyone likes him (状语从句)

③She had such a fright that she fainted. (状语从句)

④He is so clever a boy as everyone likes. ( 定语从句)

⑤He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. ( 定语从句)

⑥Luckily such earthquakes as can cause a lot of damage don't happen very often.（定语从句）

（六）条件状语从句 条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。

引导条件状语从句的常用引导词有：if, unless 特殊引导词有：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose/supposing that, in case that, on condition that，so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。

注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。例如： ①If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.②You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.③So far as I know, he will be away for three months.④You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you don't go too far away from the river bank.⑤If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.

A .if真实条件句

真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。

①If he doesn't come at 8, we won't wait for him.

②If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property.

B．if非真实条件句

在含有非真实条件句的复合句中，假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气。（本部分详见语法专题九：虚拟语气）

（七）让步状语从句 让步状语从句表示让步关系。

引导让步状语从句常用的引导词有：though, although, even if, even though 特殊引导词有：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while (一般用在句首 )，in spite of the fact that, whether...or (not) , no matter+特殊疑问词,whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever等.例如：①Although he is a child, he knows a lot.②Child as/though he is, he knows a lot.

③Although (Though) he was over sixty, he began to learn French.

④I'll go to work even if (though) it rains tomorrow.

⑤Whether you believe it or not, it's true.

⑥Whatever you say, I'll never change my mind.

⑦Whatever happens / may happen , we shall not lose heart.

⑧No matter who helps me ,I shall be very grateful.

⑨No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day.

（八）方式状语从句方式状语从句表示动作的方式。

引导方式状语从句的引导词有：as, as if (though)等。例如：①You must do the exercise as I show you.②Do as you are told.

③She looks as if she is ill.

④They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal.

⑤He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.

规律总结：

as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，用陈述语气。

（九）比较状语从句 比较状语从句表示比较关系。

引导比较状语从句的引导词有：than, so (as) … as, the more … the more等。例如：①I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.

②She has made greater progress this year than she did last year.③He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.

④Mary is as old as my sister.

⑤The more you read, the better you understand.

= If you read more, you will understand better.

⑥The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get.

⑦The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.

⑧The sooner, the better.

⑨The busier he is, the happier he feels.

⑩The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I am to be able to answer them.

（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题

1、在时间和条件（有时在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。例如： ①We'll go outing if it doesn't rain tomorrow.②I'll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.

2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的"主语 + be"部分。例如：

① When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.

②If (you are) asked you may come in.

③If (it is) necessary I'll explain to you again.

④Don't speak until (you are)spoken to.

⑤Pressure can be increased when (it is)needed.

⑥Unless (it is) repaired, the washing machine is no use. ⑦Look out while (you are) crossing the street. 3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。例如： ①You are to find it where you left it.（状语从句）②Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句）③I don't know where he came from.（宾语从句）④Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）⑤This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）

高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练

状语从句单句语法填空之真题训练：

1.(2016·天津，7) the average age of the population increases，there are more and more old people to care for.

2.(2016·全国Ⅲ，七选五)When you have bought a fish and arrive home, you'd better store the fish in the refrigerator ________you don't cook it immediately.

3.(2016·北京，27)My grandfather still plays tennis now and then，________he's in his nineties.

4.(2016·北京，33)I really enjoy listening to music ________it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.

5.(2016·四川，阅读B)________ you do, don't be a bystander.

6.(2016·四川，66)________the little panda cried, the mother rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.

7.(2016·江苏，26)________some people are motivated by a need for success, others are motivated by a fear of failure.

8.(2016·浙江，5)________online shopping has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive.

9.(2015·江苏，26)It is so cold that you can't go outside ________ fully covered in thick clothes.

10.(2015·湖南，33)________ the job takes a significant amount of time, most students agree that the experience is worth it.

11.(2015·北京，28)You won't find paper cutting difficult ________ long as you keep practicing it.

12.(2015·北京，32)________ the damage is done, it will take many years for the farmland to recover.

13.(2015·浙江，9)Just ________ a single word can change the meaning of a sentence, a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.

14.(2015·重庆，4)If you miss this chance, it may be years ________ you get another one.

15.(2015·天津，12)We need to get to the root of the problem________ we can solve it.

16.(2015·安徽，23)________scientists have learned a lot about the universe, there is much we still don't know.

17.(2015·福建，31)________ the students came from different countries, they got along quite well in the summer camp.

18.(2014·安徽，25)The meaning of the word"nice"changed a few times ________ it finally came to include the sense"pleasant"．

19.(2014·江西，35)It was the middle of the night ______ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.

20.(2014·陕西，24)The young couple，who returned my lost wallet，left ________ I could ask for their names.

21.(2014·重庆，14)Half an hour later，Lucy still couldn't get a taxi ______ the bus had dropped her.

22.(2014·北京，29)Even ________ the forest park is far away，a lot of tourists visit it every year.

23.(2014·江苏，21)Lessons can be learned to face the future，________ history cannot be changed.

24.(2014·山东，2)I don't really like the author，________ I have to admit his books are very exciting.

25．(2014·湖南，26)You will never gain success ________ you are fully devoted to your work.

26．(2014·天津，4)________ you start eating in a healthier way，weight control will become much easier.

学习札记：

状语从句单句语法填空之真题训练：

1．C　[考查状语从句。句意为：随着人口平均寿命的延长，越来越多的老人需要照顾。as在此处引导状语从句，表示"随着"。]

2．if　[考查状语从句，根据句意：当你买了鱼回家的时候，如果你不立刻做的话，最好先存储到冰箱里。可以看出是条件关系。]

3．even though/though　[考查连词。句意：尽管我祖父已经九十多岁了，但他仍不时打网球。由句意可知，本句的前后两部分之间为让步关系。]

4．because　[考查状语从句。句意：我真的很喜欢听音乐，因为它有助于我放松，让我忘记一天中的其他忧虑。根据句意可知，句子前后为因果关系。]

5．Whatever　[句意：无论你做什么，都不要做旁观者。whatever引导让步状语从句。]

6．When/If　[如果小熊猫哭了，妈妈来回摇晃它，给它安慰。when既可表示时间也可表示条件。]

7．While/Although/Though　[考查让步状语从句的用法。句意：尽管有些人受到成功的激励，而另外一些人却因恐惧失败而前进。根据句意可知，这两句话之间为转折对比关系]

8．While/Although/Though[考查连词。句意：尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活，但是不是所有的影响都是积极的。While/Although/Though引导让步状语从句，意为"尽管，虽然"。]

9．unless　[句意：外面很冷，如果你不穿着厚衣服的话你不能出去。unless 除非，如果不。该题实际上也考查了状语从句的省略，其完整形式为 unless you are fully...]

10．While/Although/Though　[句意：虽然这项工作花费大量的时间，但是大部分的学生认为这次经历是值得的。While/Although/Though虽然，符合句意。]

11．as/so　[句意：只要你坚持练习剪纸，你就不会觉得剪纸难了。as/so long as只要，符合句意。]

12．Once　[句意：一旦造成损害，要花费许多年的时间耕地才能恢复。once一旦，符合句意。]

13．as　[句意：正如一个单词可以改变句子的意义一样，一个句子也可以改变一段的意义。just as正如，正像，符合句意。]

14．before　[句意：如果你错过这次机会，可能得过好几年你才能再得到机会。before "在……之前"，引导时间状语从句。]

15．before　[句意：我们需要找到问题的根源后才能解决它。考查时间状语从句。根据逻辑关系可知，"找到问题的根源"在"解决问题"之前发生。]

16．While/Although/Though　[句意：尽管科学家们对宇宙已经了解甚多，但有许多我们还不知道的。 考查状语从句的连接词。该题主要考查让步状语从句。]

17．While/Although/Though　[句意：尽管那些学生来自不同的国家，但是他们在夏令营时相处得很好。考查状语从句的连接词。]

18．before　[考查时间状语从句。句意："nice"的含义改变了好几次，最终才包含了"pleasant(愉快的)"这层含义。当表达"还没来得及……就……"时，须用连词before。]

19．when　[考查时间状语从句。通读题干可知：父亲叫醒我看足球赛时，已是夜半时分。when符合语境。]

20．before　[考查状语从句的连接词。句意：那对送还我钱包的夫妇，我还没来得及问他们的姓名，他们就离开了。根据句意，我问他们之前，他们离开，before意为：没来得及。]

21．where　[考查地点状语从句。句意：半小时过后，露西在她下公共汽车的地方还没有搭上出租车。由句意可知地点状语从句中缺少地点副词，故where为答案。]

22．if/though　[考查状语从句。句意：即使森林公园很远，每年仍有很多游客来参观。根据句意，可以判断出两句话为让步关系，所以用even if＝even though 即使。]

23．although/though　[考查状语从句。句意：尽管历史无法更改，但我们可以从中获得面对未来的一些教训。根据语境可知前后文为让步关系。]

24．although/though　[考查从属连词。句意：我真的不喜欢这位作者，尽管我不得不承认他的

书很激动人心。从句表示让步关系，故用although。]

25．unless　[考查状语从句。句意：如果你不全身心投入到你的工作，你就永远不会成功。根据句意可知此句是条件状语从句。]

26．Once/If　[考查状语从句的连接词。句意：一旦(如果)你开始用一种更健康的方式饮食，控制体重就会变得更容易了。]