感悟规律：

1．主语和谓语是句子的必要部分。

2．宾语一定要跟在及物动词的后面。

3．当谓语动词后有两个宾语时，第一个是间接宾语，第二个是直接宾语。

4．宾语补足语是对宾语的补充说明。

语法精析

一、句子成分

句子是表达思想的基本单位，主要的句子成分(sentence elements) 有主语(S)、谓语(V)、宾语(O)、补语(C)、状语(A)、表语(P)、定语(Attr.)等。具体如下：

1．主语(subject)：指句子所谈论的主体。主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、主语从句和短语等来担任。

Your attitude towards my plan is very important.你对我计划的态度非常重要。

To persuade her to change her mind is really very hard.说服她改变主意确实很难。

Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

2．谓语(verb)：谓语又称为“谓词”，指谓语部分的主要动词，通常说明主语所做的动作或主语的特征和状态。

Each student in our class works very hard.(简单谓语)我们班的每个学生学习都很努力。

The child could dress himself at the age of three.(复合谓语)这个小孩三岁就会自己穿衣服了。

3．宾语(object)：通常指动作的对象。有的动词后面可以接两个宾语，通常把其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语(indirect object)，把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语(direct object)。

The old man gave the child some nice books.老人给了这个孩子一些好书。

I will buy a new coat for my mother.我要给妈妈买一件新外套。

4．补语(complement)：补语分为主语补语(subject complement)和宾语补语(object complement)，用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征或情况。

Later I found that person very critical.后来我发现那个人非常挑剔。

The young man was caught smoking in the kitchen.有人撞见那个年轻人在厨房里吸烟。

5．状语(adverbial)：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句。

The boss tried to treat all the employees equally.这位老板尽量对所有员工一视同仁。

Fortunately，the children were found near the village.幸运的是，这些孩子在村子附近被找到了。

6．表语(predicative)：指连系动词后面的成分，通常说明主语的身份、特征或状态。常见的连系动词有be，become，feel，get，look，seem等。

The days are getting longer and longer.白天变得越来越长。

It is amazing that the little child can speak four languages.这个小孩会说四种语言，真令人惊讶。

7．定语(attributive)：修饰名词或代词。

There are various goods in this supermarket.这个超市里有各种各样的货物。

The girl is eager for an opportunity to join the club.这个女孩渴望有机会加入这个俱乐部。

二、句子结构

常见的句子结构(sentence structures)有以下八种：

1．主谓：主语＋谓语(SV)

在这个结构中，谓语动词是不及物动词，能表达完整的意思。后面不接宾语，但可以接副词、介词短语、状语从句等。

Our knowledge of the disease has advanced over recent years.近年来我们对这种病的了解有所进展。

The last moment finally came.最后时刻终于到来了。

2．主系表：主语＋连系动词＋表语(SVP)

在这个结构中，谓语动词必须是连系动词；表语多为形容词，也可为名词、代词、副词、数词、介词短语、不定式、分词及表语从句等。

His present life is really tough.他现在的生活确实艰难。

The girl’s favorite subject is biology.这个女孩最喜欢的科目是生物学。

3．主谓宾：主语＋谓语＋宾语(SVO)

在这个结构中，谓语动词是及物动词，不能表达完整的意思，后面必须接宾语。充当宾语的通常是名词(动名词)、代词、数词、不定式(短语)及宾语从句等。

The young teacher tried to realize the students’ potential.这个年轻老师尽量发掘学生的潜力。

My brother aimed to become a famous director.我哥哥力争成为一位著名导演。

4．主谓宾宾：主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(SVOO)

在这个结构中，谓语动词是及物动词，后接两个宾语，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。当把直接宾语放到间接宾语之前时，间接宾语前应加适当的介词。

We decided to teach him a lesson.我们决定给他一个教训。

The wise manager offered me a good job.这位明智的经理给我提供了一份好的工作。

5．主谓宾补：主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语(SVOC)

在这个结构中，谓语动词是及物动词，后面接宾语和宾语补足语。充当补语的可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词(短语)等。

I opened the door and found him in the room.我打开门，发现他在房间里。

After the accident，I found the man very responsible.在这起事故之后，我发现这个人非常负责任。

When I turned around，I saw him standing there.我转过身，看见他正站在那里。

6．主谓状：主语＋谓语＋状语(SVA)

All the students are working hard now.现在所有学生学习都很努力。

The trees on this hill grow very well.这座山上的树生长得很好。

7．主谓宾状：主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(SVOA)

He reminded me of that matter so often.他经常提醒我那件事情。

The young man solved the problem so properly.那个年轻人非常恰当地解决了这个问题。

随堂练习

一.写出下列句子中画线部分在句中的成分

1．Our English teacher is kind and friendly.

2．The middle-aged man sees his doctor regularly.

3．I was not satisfied with his attitude towards his work.

4．Tom is looking forward to meeting the new exchange student.

5．They are looking for the person responsible for the program.

6．The independent boy was popular with the teachers.

7．I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.

二.阅读下面这篇短文，写出画线句子的句子结构

How would you like to go to school and travel the world at the same time？For Tom,1.that dream has come true！This term,2.Tom and his classmates are living on a ship！They take the same subjects as you do，like maths and English.3.They also learn about the ships and the sea.4.Tom writes his parents an email every week and tells them what happened on the ship.Tom loves living on the ship.And after a long day of study，he likes to watch the sun go down and wait for the stars to come out.5.Studying and doing homework seem much more fun when you are at sea.

三.根据括号内的要求把下面两句话合并成一句话

1．We’ve painted the walls.They’re bright yellow now.(用“宾语＋宾补”的形式连接两句)

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2．We gave him.We gave a book.(用双宾语的形式连接两句)

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3．We have physics in the classroom.The classroom is new.(用new作定语连接两句)

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4．Tom is my good friend.He looks thin.(用主系表的形式连接两句)

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四.单句写作

1．前不久我姑姑给我买了各种各样的书。(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语)

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2．最重要的任务是努力学习。(主语＋系动词＋表语)

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3．我听说她儿子负责这项重要的工程。(主语＋谓语＋宾语)

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