Which Vaccinations Do I Need?

A Guide for Adults with Kidney Disease, Kidney Failure, or a Kidney Transplant

肾脏病患者，需要接种疫苗吗？

适合肾内科医生，成人慢性肾脏病，肾衰竭，肾移植患者阅读

科普作者：陈舟医生 第二军医大学附属长海医院

Why do I need a vaccination?

Vaccines help keep you from getting a serious disease. They protect you from many common diseases, like the flu, diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B and pneumonia. Many of these diseases can make you very sick and cause death. People with these diseases can pass them along and make others around them sick, so vaccines can also help protect others. Some people have a higher risk of becoming seriously ill from these diseases, especially elderly people, children, and people with chronic illnesses including those on dialysis.

为什么要接种疫苗？

疫苗主要是预防某些严重以及致死性疾病的发生，比如：流感、白喉、破伤风、乙型肝炎和肺炎。这些疾病通常还具有一定传染性，患病人群可以让周围的人生病，尤其是老年人、儿童和患有慢性肾病疾病的高风险人群，最容易被感染。

How do vaccines work?

Vaccines are usually given as a shot (an injection with a small needle). They protect you by helping your body's immune system "prepare" for a real infection. To do this, vaccines contain parts of a dead or weakened germ. Once you get the shot, your body produces antibodies, which help your body find and kill these germs. Should you come in contact with the real germ, these antibodies will work to protect you. Some vaccines need a booster shot to help your body's immune system make enough antibodies. This is why some vaccines might need one shot, while others need more than one shot. In some cases, a blood test is used to make sure there are enough antibodies for protection.

疫苗是如何工作的？

通常疫苗含有部分死亡或弱化的细菌，一旦被注射到人体，身体会产生特异性抗体，如果你接触到真正的细菌，这些抗体会保护你，做到未雨绸缪。一些疫苗需要加强注射来帮助你的身体免疫系统产生足够的抗体，这就是为什么有些疫苗只需要一次注射，而有些疫苗需要多次注射。

Are vaccines safe?

Vaccines are among the safest therapies available. They have protected millions of people from serious disease.

As with any medication, there are some possible side effects. Some people could feel minor discomfort. There could be some soreness or a mild rash on the skin where the shot was given. Others might get a slight fever. However, these mild effects are normal and should not cause alarm.

There are some people who should not receive vaccines, including those allergic to vaccines, or people with an overactive immune system. Also, women who are pregnant, people with a kidney transplant, or those with a less active immune system should not receive certain vaccines.

As with any medicine, there is a very small risk that serious problems could occur. But the possible harm from vaccines is very small. The possible harm from infection is much greater. Talk with a healthcare provider about any questions or concerns you may have.

疫苗安全吗？

疫苗是非常安全的一种保护措施，它保护了数百万人免受严重疾病的侵害。

当然，和任何药物一样，也有一些可能的副作用。有些人会感到轻微的不适，比如：注射部位的皮肤可能会有些酸痛或轻度皮疹、低热。这些轻微的影响是正常的，不必惊恐或顾虑，出现严重问题的风险非常小。

有些人不应该接种疫苗，包括对疫苗过敏的人，或者免疫系统过度活跃的人。此外，孕妇、肾移植患者或免疫系统不太活跃的人不应该接种某些疫苗。

If I have a transplant, which vaccines should I avoid?

Vaccines work with the body's immune system. If the immune system does not work properly, the vaccine may not work or may even cause harm. Because transplant recipients use medications that affect the immune system, it is important to understand which vaccines you should and should not have. Most vaccines fall into two categories: inactive or live. Inactive vaccines are considered safe for transplant recipients, but live vaccines should be avoided. In general, if you have a transplant, you should avoid:

• Influenza nasal (Flu Mist). The flu shot that is injected is an inactive vaccine, unlike the nasal mist noted here.
• Chicken-pox (varicella)
• Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
• Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
• Yellow Fever

如果我进行了移植，我应该避免哪种疫苗？

肾移植患者长期使用影响免疫系统的药物，所以需要了解疫苗有关知识，因为一名对您来说，并非一定就是安全的。

大多数疫苗分为两类:非活性疫苗和活性疫苗。非活性疫苗被认为对移植患者是安全的，但是活疫苗应该避免接种。一般来说，如果你进行了肾移植，你应该避免注射以下疫苗:

• 流感疫苗(经鼻吸入的,属于活疫苗)。注意：流感疫苗（注射式）是一种非活性疫苗，可以注射。
• 水痘
• 带状疱疹
• 麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹
• 黄热病

注意：长期使用激素和免疫*制剂抑**的肾病患者，原则上也应该避免以上疫苗的接种。

How often do I need a vaccination?

Depending on the vaccine, you may need only one shot to protect you for life. Other vaccines may require booster shots or a series of shots. Some vaccines are needed only if you travel to a place where you are likely to contract a disease that is common to that area. (See chart below for a list of vaccinations commonly recommended for adults with kidney disease.)

我多久需要，接种一次疫苗？

根据疫苗的不同，有些疫苗只需要注射一针就可以保护你一生，但有些疫苗，需要多次注射。还有一些疫苗，只有当你去一个你可能感染该地区常见疾病的地方旅行时，才需要接种。(见下表，了解通常推荐给患有肾脏疾病的成年人的疫苗接种列表。)