最近最不想看到的榜单，是中央气象台的高温排行榜。
还没入伏，北方多地最高气温突破6月历史极值，电风扇热成电吹风，陌生人热成老熟人……
当然，太阳并没有独宠我们，整个北半球都笼罩在高温中，世界第一的科学新闻杂志 New Scientist 发文预警：2023年即将成为有记录以来最热的一年。
（还记得2022年新高考I卷D篇的人类语言发音研究吗？就选自这本杂志）
Spiking temperatures in the world’s oceans and the arrival of El Niño weather conditions in the Pacific mean that 2023 is shaping up to be the hottest year on record, with researchers saying the planet is entering “ uncharted territory”.
全球海洋温度飙升加上太平洋厄尔尼诺气候现象的到来意味着2023年将成为有记录以来最热的一年，研究人员表示，地球正在进入“未知领域”。
El Niño 厄尔尼诺现象
shape up 进展；发展
uncharted / ˌʌnˈtʃɑːtɪd / adj.未知的
The previous hottest year on record was 2016, which is also when the world was last in a warming El Niño weather pattern (although some agencies say 2020 also tied for the top spot). Now, temperature records this month suggest 2023 could be tracking close to 2016. The first 11 days of June registered the highest global temperatures on record for this time of the year, according to Copernicus, the European Union’s Earth observation programme, following on from the second-warmest May on record and the fourth-warmest April.
上一个有记录以来最热的年份是2016年，2016年也是世界上上一次出现厄尔尼诺增温气象模式的年份（尽管一些机构表示2020年与2016年并列第一热）。现在，本月的气温记录显示2023年可能接近2016年。根据欧盟地球观测项目哥白尼计划的数据，6月的前11天出现了一年中这个时期有记录以来的最高全球气温，紧随其后的是，有记录以来第二热的5月和第四热的4月。
tie for 并列
The peak occurred on 9 June, when the average global air temperature was 16.7°C, just 0.1°C below the warmest ever recorded on 13 August 2016.
峰值出现在6月9日，当时全球平均气温为16.7摄氏度，仅比2016年8月13日记录的最热气温低0.1摄氏度。
It is important to note that, while human-driven climate change continues to raise global temperatures, there is no evidence to suggest that the process is accelerating this year. Instead, specific warming conditions are being layered on top of the 1.3°C temperature rise caused by climate change so far, pushing records ever higher.
值得注意的是，尽管人为驱动的气候变化继续使全球气温增加，但没有证据表明这一过程今年正在加速。相反，在迄今为止由气候变化导致气温上升1.3摄氏度的基础上，叠加了特定的变暖条件，使最高气温的记录升得更高。
layer 把…按层排列
One of the main drivers of the recent extraordinary surge in heat has been the warmth in and above the oceans. For months, scientists have been warning that sea surface temperatures have been at record highs , driven by a series of marine heatwaves around the world. In the North Atlantic on 11 June, temperatures reached a high of 22.7°C, 0.5°C above the previous June high set in 2010.
最近气温异常飙升的主要驱动因素之一是海洋内部和海洋上方温度的升高。几个月来，科学家一直警告说，受世界各地一系列海洋热浪的影响，海洋表面温度已创下历史新高。6月11日，北大西洋的气温达到22.7摄氏度，比2010年6月创下的最高温度高出0.5摄氏度。
surge v.急剧上升，激增
high n.最高水平
Scientists anticipate that the current high temperatures could increase in the coming weeks and set record-shattering numbers, which could spell disaster for coastal communities all over the world.
科学家预测，未来数周海洋的这种高温天数会增多并可能打破纪录，这可能会给世界各地的沿海社区带来灾难。
spell disaster 意味着灾难／会招致麻烦（等等）
coastal adj.近海的，沿海的 (coast + -al)
Warmer ocean waters can contribute to more powerful tropical storms and impact marine life. In addition, a warmer atmosphere holds more moisture(水分) and can increase potential flooding events. Melting sea ice in the Arctic is also causing sea levels to rise, which is eroding(侵蚀) coastlines.
海水温度升高会引发更猛烈的热带风暴并影响海洋生物。此外，湿热的空气含有更多水分，这会增大发生洪水的风险。北极融化的海冰也会导致海平面升高，从而侵蚀海岸线。
flooding n.（尤指因降雨所致的）洪水
Earlier this week, thousands of fish washed up at the Quintana Beach County Park on Texas' Gulf Coast, likely due to warming waters, according to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Kills and Spills team.
本周早些时候，在美国得克萨斯州墨西哥湾沿岸的金塔纳海滩县公园，数千条死鱼被冲上海滩。得州公园和野生动物厅捕杀和泄露小组表示，这可能是由水温升高导致的。
"Fish kills like this are common in the summer when temperatures increase," the department said in a statement. "If there isn't enough oxygen in the water, fish can't 'breathe'."
得州公园和野生动物厅在声明中称：“夏天温度升高时这种鱼群死亡事件很常见。如果水中没有足够氧气，鱼就不能‘呼吸’。”
It isn’t yet clear why the oceans are so hot right now, particularly given that El Niño conditions, which drive warmer sea temperatures, have only just arrived and won’t peak until the end of the year.
目前还不清楚为什么海洋现在这么热，特别是考虑到导致海水温度上升的厄尔尼诺现象刚刚到来，要到年底才会达到顶峰。
given that 鉴于
drive v. 驱动；推动
Weaker trade winds caused by changes in atmospheric(大气的) dynamics(动力学) is perhaps the most likely explanation , says Samantha Burgess at Copernicus. In the North Atlantic, a slump(骤降) in wind strength may have reduced the amount of dust blowing through this part of the ocean from the Sahara, dust which usually has a cooling impact on ocean temperatures.
哥白尼计划的萨曼莎·伯吉斯说，大气动力学变化导致信风减弱也许是最可能的解释。在北大西洋，风力减弱可能减少了从撒哈拉沙漠吹到这部分海洋的灰尘量。灰尘通常对海洋温度有降温影响。
trade wind 信风 一种吹向赤道的稳定的风，主要在热带地区出现，通常从东北方向吹向北半球，从东南方向吹向南半球。
explanation n.解释，说明
The surge in ocean and air temperatures is “surprising” for the time of year, says Burgess. Globally speaking, the first few days of June breached(在……上打开缺口) a 1.5°C increase in temperatures compared with the same time of the year in pre-industrial times – a threshold(阈，界) only previously surpassed during northern hemisphere(半球) winters, when temperature anomalies(异常现象) are more common.
伯吉斯说，海洋和空气温度的飙升发生在一年中的这个时候是“令人惊讶的”。从全球来看，6月前几天的气温，与工业化前同期相比上升了1.5°C——这一阈值以前只有在北半球冬季才会超过，那时气温异常更为常见。
“What we’ve observed to date is suggesting that 2023 will be probably in the top five warmest years,” says Burgess. “I think it’s fair to say that we are in uncharted territory. No one in human history has ever seen ocean temperatures this warm, and the air temperatures that we’re seeing as well are coming up to record-breaking.”
伯吉斯说:“到目前为止，我们观察到的情况表明，2023年可能是最热的前五个年份之一。”“我认为可以说，我们正处于未知的领域。人类历史上没有人见过如此温暖的海洋温度，我们看到的气温也正在达到破纪录的水平。”
Although the broad drivers of warming – El Niño conditions plus climate change – are the same as in 2016, this year the heat is manifesting(显示，表明) very differently. Whereas in 2016 spikes in temperature were concentrated over the Siberian Arctic, in 2023 the warmth has been seen in multiple spots, including in the Southern Ocean and Antarctica earlier this year.
尽管导致变暖的主要因素——厄尔尼诺现象加上气候变化——与2016年相同，但今年的高温表现却大不相同。2016年，气温飙升集中在西伯利亚北极地区，而2023年，多个地方都出现了升温，包括今年早些时候的南大洋和南极洲。
driver n.推动力
concentrate v.聚集
Over recent months there has been growing concern over the lack of Antarctic sea ice, with February 2023 setting a new all-time record for minimum sea ice of just 1.79 million square kilometres. Sea ice is now reforming as the continent moves into its winter, but it is still tracking well below average.
近几个月来，人们越来越担心南极海冰的流失，2023年2月，海冰仅为179万平方公里，创下了新的最小历史记录。随着南极大陆进入冬季，海冰正在重新形成，但仍远低于平均水平。
相关词汇
spiking temperatures 飙升的气温
El Niño 厄尔尼诺现象
average global air temperature 全球平均气温
human-driven climate change人为驱动的气候变化
extraordinary surge in heat气温异常飙升
marine heatwaves 海洋热浪
spell disaster 意味着灾难
tropical storms 热带风暴
floodingevents 洪水
melting sea ice 融化的海冰
sea levels 海平面
sea ice 海冰
天气这么热，如何解暑降温？喝冰水？冲凉？光膀子？
都不对，下面这些解暑误区必须知道：
!
喝冰水最解暑
!
错！
夏天，一瓶冰水灌下肚，感觉由内而外清凉。但实际上，喝冰水容易导致毛细血管收缩，反而不利于散热。
正确做法
喝温热水，以热制热。温热的水能引起血管扩张，促进排汗，将体内的热量带出，使体温真正下降。
!
打赤膊很凉快
!
错！
气温上升后，街头开始出现打赤膊的男士。殊不知，酷暑时外界气温接近或超过37℃，皮肤被迫从环境中吸收热量，裸露面积越大、吸收热量越多，并不会凉爽。
正确做法
气温越高越不应打赤膊。气温超过37℃时，应增加着装面积，女同学也不要穿过短的裙子。
!
贪吃冷食
!
错!
由于夏季气温高，体内热量不易散发，胃肠内的温度也较高，如果骤然受冷刺激可导致胃肠痉挛，引起腹痛。
正确做法
为了保证营养均衡，减少肠道疾病，夏日应该注意节制冷食。
!
多饮料少白开水
!
错！
无论何种饮料，都含有较多糖精及电解质，这些物质会对胃产生不良刺激，影响消化和食欲。如大量饮用，还会增加肾脏过滤负担，影响肾功能。
正确做法
夏季不宜多喝饮料，最好是喝白开水。另外，功能饮料虽然能一定程度有利于恢复身体机能，但亦要适量饮用，而且最好在运动前食用。
!
防晒霜指数越高越好
!
错！
防晒霜有不同的指数，有些人甚至认为防晒指数越高越好。其实，并不是防晒指数SPF值越高，保护力就越强。
正确做法
一般日常生活选择15倍即可，防晒指数值越高对皮肤刺激越大。
你们那里高温多少度？
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