视频加载中...
Hello! This is Emma from mmmEnglish, back with another lesson on the mmmEnglish YouTube channel. Now a few weeks ago I made a video lesson using articles in English.
嗨！我是 Emma，来自mmmEnglish，我带着新的课程回到 mmmEnglish 频道了。前几周，我做了一个如何使用英语冠词的课程。
If you missed it, you can watch it up here. But in that video, I said that articles are one of the biggest problems for English students because they are the cause of so many grammar mistakes!
如果你错过了，你可以点击这里观看。在那个视频里，我说冠词只是英语学生的大难题之一，因为它们会导致很多语法错误！
And it's true! As a University English teacher, I saw these mistakes all the time!
这是事实！作为一个大学英语老师，我总能看到这些错误！
But coming very close behind mistakes with articles are mistakes with prepositions. Now, prepositions are words like these: in, on, at, by, with, for, over, under, of, to.
和冠词错误紧密相关的就是介词错误。介词就是像：in，on，at，by，with，for，over，under，of，to 的单词。
There are many of them in English and like articles, prepositions are difficult to understand. Sometimes the reasons why you should choose one over another, it's not really obvious.
英语中有很多介词，就像冠词一样，介词也很难理解。有时你为什么要选择这一个而不是另一个，并不是很清楚。
And sometimes there are exceptions and differences depending on who you actually talk to whether they speak American English or British English. So what's the secret to these prepositions?
而且根据你实际谈论的人是说美式英语还是英式英语，也会有例外和不同。那么对于这些介词，有什么秘诀吗？
How can you possibly know when and how to use them correctly? Well, the answer might not be one that you like.
你如何知道何时以及如何正确的使用它们？嗯，答案可能不是你喜欢的。
There's no simple rule, there's no one answer. Prepositions need to be learnt in context with the other words that they're used with.
没有简单的规则，也没有一条答案。介词需要结合它们搭配的其他单词学习。
Trying to understand why we say "in the car" and "on the bus" will only end in tears and frustrations! By learning the phrase "in the car" together, all together will make it easier to remember it and also to get it right every time.
尝试理解我们为什么说 “in the car” 和 "on the bus"，最后只会以热泪和挫败结尾！通过学习合在一起的短语 "in the car"，合在一起会让它更简单，更容易记忆，而且每次能正确使用。
You're not thinking about which preposition but you're remembering the phrase. All of the words together.
你不是在想用哪个介词，而是在记忆短语。所有的单词合在一起。
Now last week I talked about these prepositions in, on, at and by. But all when they're used to talk about place or the position of something.
那么上周我讲了介词in，on，at 和 by。但都是在它们用于描述地点或某物的位置时。
Let's meet at the library. He's in the kitchen.
我们在图书馆见。他在厨房里。
I'll see you on the bus. He's waiting by the car.
我们在公车上见。他在车旁等着。
If you missed that lesson, you can catch it up here. But today we're going to focus on these same prepositions but for when they give information about time.
如果你错过了那门课，你可以在这找到它。但是今天我们要专注于同样的介词，只是是在它们提供关于时间信息时。
I'll be there in five minutes. I'll meet you at 3pm on Thursday.
我5分钟后到。我们周四下午三点见。
We need to be there by noon. So first, let's go over the main points that we need to remember.
我们要在中午到那里。首先，我们来浏览一下我们需要记住的要点。
"At" is used in reference to specific times on the clock or points of time in the day. "In" usually refers to periods of time.
"At" 被用于指钟表上某特定的时间或者是一天中时间点。"In" 通常指时间段。
And "on" is used with dates and named days of the week. And "by" is used specifically with an end point of time and it means no later than.
而 "on" 被用于指日期或者是一周中固定的日子。而且 "by" 被特殊用于搭配时间的终点，它的意思是不迟于。
Let's start with "at". Use "at" for very specific times.
我们从 "at" 开始。"at" 用于非常特殊的时间。
Clock times for example. The train arrives at 3:30.
例如钟点。火车在3:30到站。
The party starts at midnight. The meeting will finish at 5:30.
派对在午夜开始。会议在 5:30结束。
I'll be there at noon or at midday, at midnight, at dawn, at dusk. All of these words refer to specific time but we can also use "at" with other specific times of the day, like He doesn't like driving at night.
我会在下午或在中午，在午夜，在黎明，在黄昏时分到那里。所有这些短语都指特定的时间但是我们也可以全用 "at" 加其他一天*特中**定的时间点，比如他不喜欢在晚上开车。
I'm going shopping at lunchtime. I read my daughter a story at bedtime.
我打算在午餐时间去购物。我在睡前给我女儿讲故事。
Let's talk about it at dinner tonight. So there, I just called the time dinner.
我们今天晚餐时间再谈论它吧。就是这样，我只是把时间称为晚餐。
It's not the meal name there, I'm using the time. We'll talk about it at dinner time, tonight.
它不是指饭的名称，我是在作时间使用。我们今天晚餐时间再谈论它吧。
But often it's not spoken. One thing that you must be careful about is with morning, afternoon, evening and night.
但通常，它不适于口语。一是你必须小心使用早晨，下午，傍晚和夜里。
We say "at night" but for all of these other times of the day we say "in the morning" "in the afternoon" "in the evening". So - and don't forget the article as well, right?
我们说 "at night"，但对于一天中的其他时间，我们说"in the morning" "in the afternoon" "in the evening"。那么，不要忘了还有冠词，好吗？
Now there's also some really common fixed expressions that use the preposition "at" when you're referring to a specific point in time. She's working at the moment.
那么还有一些非常常见的固定的表达方式，会用到介词 "at"，在你指某个特定的时间点的时候。她当时在工作。
So when you're talking about an action that is happening around the present moment, you're not using "in the moment" - all the Italians out there! In the moment, I'm working on a very interesting project.
所以当你在讨论一个在当下这个瞬间正在发生的动作时，你没用 "在早上(in the moment)"-所有的意大利人都在那！当时(In the moment)，我正在工作于一个有趣的项目。
No! It's "at the moment".
不对！是 "at the moment"。
At the moment, I'm working on a very interesting project. She's a little busy at present, can I get her to call you back?
当时，我正工作于一个很有趣的项目。她现在有点忙，我可以告诉她给你回电话吗？
It's quite formal but "at present" means at this time. I finish the course at the end of April.
它是颇为常见的，但 "at present" 意思是当下。我在四月底结课。
So "at the end of" or "at the start of" a period of time is also a common way to refer to a specific point in time. Note that if you say something happened in the middle of a period of time, you need to use the preposition "in".
那么"at the end of" 或 "at the start of"是一段时间，同样是一种指特殊时间点常见的方式。注意如果你说某事发生在一段时间中，你需要用介词 "in"。
But I'll talk more about that in a moment. We arrived at the same time.
但是我一会儿会详细说这点。我们同时到达。
So we use "at the same time" to say that two separate actions happened simultaneously - at one time. Okay, let's talk about the preposition "in".
我们用 "at the same time 表示两个不同的动作同时发生 - 在一个时间。好了，我们来说说介词 "in"。
"In" is used for periods of time, so seasons or months or even longer periods of time like centuries or decades or years. I was born in 1986.
"In" 用于表示时间段，季节，月份或者是更长的时间段，像是世纪，数十年或几年。我出生在1986年。
He'll visit them in October. The ski resort is closed in summer.
他10月份会拜访他们。滑雪胜地在夏天是关闭的。
He grew up in the seventies. That's the period of time between 1970 and 1980.
他成长于70年代。那是在1970到1980之间的一段时间。
It happened in the 16th century. Don't worry, it all happened in the past.
它发生于16世纪。不用担心，都是发生在过去的事。
Just as we use "in" for periods of time we also use it for periods of time during the day when we're not being specific. So. . . They're leaving in the evening.
正如我们用 "in" 表示时间段，当我们没有特指时，我们也用它表示一天中的某个时间段。那么…他们在晚上离开。
The baby sleeps in the afternoon. I work most productively in the morning.
婴儿在下午睡觉。我在 (in) 早上工作最有效率。
But compare this to, I start work at 9 am. So there's specific time and there's kind of general time.
但和这句话相比，我在 (at) 9点开始工作。所以这里有特殊的时间，而这里是一个大概的时间。
We can also use "in" to describe the amount of time needed to do something. So again, we're talking about a period of time.
我们也可以用 "in" 来描述做某事需要的时间量。再说一次，我们谈论的是一段时间。
A period of time. They managed to complete the job in two weeks.
一个时间段。他们打算在两周内完成本工作。
You can drive around the island in a day. We can also use "in" to explain when something will happen in the future.
你可以在1天内开车环游这个岛。我们也可以用 "in" 表达某事会在未来发生。
I'll be ready in five minutes. He's gone away but he'll be back in a couple of days.
我5分钟后准备好。他走了，但是他几天后会回来。
You can collect your parcel in a week. Now remember I told you earlier that if you're using the expression at the end of or at the start of something you need to use the preposition "at".
你可以在一周后收到包裹。记住我之前告诉你的，如果你在某事的结尾或者是开头使用修辞，你需要用介词 "at"。
At the start of July. Return it to me at the end of the day.
在7月初。在今天结束时把它还给我。
But, if you're referring to the middle of a period of time your preposition needs to be "in", "in the middle". In the middle of June.
但如果你指的是一天中的一段时间，你的介词应该是"in"，"in the middle"。在6月中旬。
Or it's too hot to go out in the middle of the day. Okay, here's another really common fixed expression.
或者大中午太热了简直出不去。好了，这里是另一个很常见的固定表达。
"In time". You'll hear it all the time!
“及时”。你一直能听到它！
We made it in time. Luckily, we arrived just in time.
我们及时完成了。幸运的是，我们及时赶到了。
This means that you weren't late or you arrived just before the event started. Don't confuse this with "on time" which is another fixed expression.
这个意思是你没有迟到，或者你刚好在事件开始前赶到了。不要把它和 "on time" 弄混，那是另一个固定表达。
Please arrive on time. This means at the starting time, not later.
请准时到达。意思是在正开始的时间，没有晚。
If you're told to arrive on time, don't be late! The teacher told them to arrive on time.
如果你被告知按时到，就不要迟到！老师告诉他们要按时到。
And even though they slept in, they arrived just in time! Now let's explore more about this preposition now.
尽管他们睡过头了，他们及时赶到了！那么我们来详细解释这个介词。
"On". In English we can use this preposition for specific descriptions of time.
"On"。在英语中我们可以用这个介词表示对时间特定的描述。
Most commonly with days of the week and parts of days of the week. She's working on Monday.
通常搭配一周中的某天或者一周中的部分天数。她在周一工作。
That's a specific and a unique time. She usually works on Mondays.
这是一个特定且唯一的时间。她通常在周一工作。
By using the plural form there, I'm suggesting that this is a regular event. It happens every week.
通过使用复数形式，我在暗示这是一个经常的事件。它每周都会发生。
We're going to the theatre on Wednesday evening. Let's have a coffee on Friday morning.
我们打算周三晚上去电影院。我们周五早上喝咖啡。
It's his birthday on Saturday. So note that in spoken English "on" is often omitted in context like this.
周六是他的生日。注意在口头英语中 "on" 在诸如下列语境中通常是省略的。
She's working Monday. So don't be confused if suddenly when someone says a sentence like this you can't hear the preposition.
她在周一工作。所以如果某人突然说了一个句子你没有听到介词的话，也不必困惑。
In spoken English, it's often dropped. "On" is also used with dates.
在口头英语中，它经常被省略。"On" 也经常搭配日期。
The interview is on the 29th of April. He was born on February 14th.
采访在4月29号。他出生在2月14号。
It's also used with special days. She was born on Valentine's Day.
它也用于修饰特殊的日子。她出生在情人节。
We're moving house on Christmas Eve. I have an exam on my birthday.
我们在圣诞节晚上搬家。我生日那天有个考试。
But here's another little exception that you need to keep in mind. When you're talking about festivals and about special periods of time, you can use "at".
但是这里有一个特殊情况你需要记在心里。当你在谈论节日和特殊的时间段时，你可以用"at"。
So, are you going home at Christmas? So that's talking about the time around Christmas.
所以，你圣诞节的时候回家吗？所以这是在谈论圣诞节左右的时间。
If you're referring to the specific day, you need to use "on". On Christmas Day.
如果你指的是特殊的一天的话，你需要用"on"。在圣诞节当天。
On New Year's Eve. What are you doing on New Year's Day?
在新年夜。你新年那天干什么？
What are you doing at New Year's? Now this question is more general, you're referring to the period of time around this holiday usually there is a few days where everyone's not working and they're relaxing and hanging out, so "on Year's Day" means specifically that day but if you say "at New Year's" you just mean the time around that day.
你新年打算干什么？这个问题更为普遍，你指的是某个节日附近的时间段，通常是几天时间，那几天里大家都不工作，他们放松自己，或者出去闲逛，所以"on Year's Day" 意思是特定的时间，但如果你说 "at New Year's"，指的是那天左右的时间。
Another fixed expression that can be a little bit confusing is "at or on the weekend". What are you doing on the weekend?
另一个固定表达可能有些让人困惑，它是"at 或 on the weekend"。你在 (on) 周末干什么？
Is more common in American English and What are you doing at the weekend? Is more common in British English.
它更常见于美式英语，而你在 (at) 周末干什么？更常见于英式英语。
But either way, you'll be understood. Both of them mean the same thing.
但不论哪种方式，你都会理解的。它们两个意思是一样的。
But it's good to know that there are two different ways to express this. And lastly, "by".
但是最好了解是由两种不同的表述方式的。最后，"by"。
Our last little preposition is very useful to give information about time. You can use "by" with the end time of an activity.
我们最后的这个介词，对表达时间信息非常有用。你可以用 "by" 加一个活动的终止时间。
The show should be finished by 9pm. It means no later than.
这场表演在晚上9点结束。它的意思是不会晚于……。
So when it's used with a specific time, it can mean on or before that time. Please return these books by Friday.
所以当它用于搭配一个特殊的时间，它意思是在那个时间或是那个时间之前。请在周五之前归还本书。
That means no later than Friday. So let's recap.
意思是不晚于周五。那么我们来概括一下。
Let's go over everything that we learnt in this lesson because it was a lot to take in! "At" is generally used in reference to specific times on the clock or specific points of time in the day.
让我们回顾一下本节课学的所有内容，因为需要消化的有很多。"At" 通常用于指特定的钟点时间，或者是一天*特中**定的时间点。
"In" generally refers to longer periods of time. "On" is used with dates or named days.
"In" 通常指一个较长的时间段。"On" 用于日期或者是纪念日。
And "by" is used with times and named days but specifically telling us an end time. Well that's it for this lesson!
而 "by" 被用于搭配时间和纪念日，但是特别告诉我们一个终止时间。那么这就是本节课！
I hope that it's been good revision for you to remind yourself about the correct way to use these really common English prepositions that give more information about time. Now if you've got any questions at all, put them in the comments below and I will try to answer them as soon as I can.
我希望这对你而言是一次有用的复习，帮你提醒自己正确使用这些非常常见的英语介词，来表述时间信息。那么如果你还有任何问题，在下方评论区提出来，我会尽快解答。
If you really love the mmmEnglish Channel and you enjoy my lessons, then please make sure you subscribe just here or here. And check out some of the other lessons that I've prepared.
如果你喜欢 mmmEnglish 频道，你喜欢我的课程的话，那么确保你点击这里或这里订阅了。点击浏览我准备的其他课程。
This playlist here is full of grammar videos and this one here will help you to practice your speaking skills. Thanks for watching and I will see you in the next lesson.
这里的*放播**列表有完整的语法课视频，这个会帮助你联系口语技巧。感谢观看，我们下节课再见。
Bye for now!
拜拜！