《兰桂姬九年英语语法大全1.0》第7章：副词
一，定义：表示行为或状态特征的词，主要修饰动词，形容词或另外一个副词或整个句子。
二，意义上的特征：说明时间发生的时间，地点，行为的方式，程度，说话者的态度，观点等，具有明显的修饰和强调功能。
三，形式上的特征：
1，形容词+ly构成；以-le结尾的形容词去掉e再+y；以y结尾的把y改i再加ly
① Quick-quickly/careful-carefully/possible-possibly/easy-easily
1，形容词和副词同形:
① late迟的(adj)迟(adv) / high高的(adj),高度地(adv) /early/hard/straight/fast/long/far/low/slow...
2，有的副词+ly之后还可以构成另外的副词:
① hard努力地-hardly几乎不/near接近地-nearly几乎/high高高地-highly高度地/most最多-mostly主要地/deep在深处-deeply深深地/close靠近-closely密切地/wide宽的-widely广泛的
四，副词的分类：
1，时间副词：now,then那时,just now刚才，right now立刻，right then就在那时，right away立刻...
2，地点副词：here，there，here and there到处，outdoors户外，indoors室内，downstairs在楼下...
3，方式副词：well好，hard努力地，simply简易地，kindly和蔼地，together一起，suddenly突然地...
4，程度副词：much...得多，little很少，so如此，nearly几乎，almost几乎，most非常，enough充足地...
5，频度副词：usually通常，often经常，never从来没有，seldom很少，always总是...
6，句子副词：修饰整个句子，表说话人的看法，luckily，actually，honestly，hopefully
7，疑问副词：where，when，why，how，how often，how about，how long，how far
8，关系副词：主要引导定语从句where，when，why
9，连接副词：意义和词性和疑问副词一样，但引导从句
10，其他副词：yes是，no不，certainly当然，sure当然，really真正的，either也
五，副词的句*功法**能：
1，作状语：修饰动词/形容词/其他副词/全句
① He drove carefully （修饰动词）
② The extremely careful man drove extremely carefully（ extremely 修饰形容词careful ）
③ He drove extremely carefully（修饰副词要要用副词）
④ Luckily，The extremely careful man drove extremely carefully（修饰整个句子）
2，做表语：指主语的方位/方向/动作情况
① Sorry，I have to be off right now对不起，我得马上走
② When the meeting is over，give me a phone call
3，作定语：表时间/地点（一般后置）
① Her speech yesterday was a signal that her views have changed
② Put the biscuits on the shelf above
3，作补足语
① Did you see anybody in？（宾语补足语）
② The boy was seen upstairs（主语补足语）
六，副词的位置：
1，修饰形容词/其他副词时，在被修饰词的前面
① He is very cool
② Happy days pass too soon
2， enough作副词时，在被修饰的形容词/副词 后 ；作形容词时，在名词 前/后
① The book is easy enough for little kids
② We don't have enough time/time enough
七，副词的排列顺序：
1，时间副词和地点副词同时出现时，时间副词在地点副词之后。
① I have gone nowhere recently ，for I have been very busy.
2，多个副词修饰同一实义动词时，若强调这个动词的具体方式/状态/程度，则将需要强调的副词提前。
① We walked slowly downstairs
3，频度副词常在实义动词前，系动词/助动词/情态动词后，句中有多个助动词时，则置于第一个助动词后。
① I often go to school at six in the morning
② you'll always be asked to keep silence
4，方式副词并列时，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接
① He answered his mother angrily and impatiently
八，副词的比较级和最高级的构成：
1，规则构成和形容词比较级和最高级的规则构成基本一样。
2，不规则构成：well-better-best/badly-worse-worst/little-less-least/much-more-most/far-farther-farthest距离，far-further-furthest距离，程度
九，比较等级的用法：和形容词比较等级的用法/结构基本相同，只是把相应的形容词变为副词
1，原级：
① He runs as fast as his brother 肯定
② He can't run as/so fast as his brother 否定
2，比较级：
① She comes here less often than before
② She drove much more carefully than me
③ She plays the piano more and more beautifully
④ The harder you work，the better you’ll learn
⑤ The sooner you go ,the sooner you will be back.
3，最高级：
① He talks（the）least and does（the）most in his class
② He jumps（the）highest but runs（the）most slowly of the three boys
③ Of all the subjects，I like English（the）best
十，比较级和最高级的修饰语
1，比较级的修饰语：even，still，much...，a little，a lot，a bit，a great deal，（by）far...
① He speaks Chinese a lot better than before
② Could you speak a little more slowly？
2，最高级的修饰语：by far/far and away很，much...得多，almost几乎，nearly几乎
① He played the piano much the best in his class
十一，常见副词的用法和比较
Already / yet和still
① We’ve already met before（表已经：肯定句）
② Have you been to Paris yet?（表已经：疑问句）
③ Have you been to Paris already？（表惊讶：疑问句）
④ It is still raining now（表依然/还：肯定句）
⑤ The rain hasn't stopped yet （表依然/还：否定句）
Too/as well/also和either
1，too和as well->肯定/疑问句(多口语)一般句尾，too前用逗号隔开成分，as well不可以
① If you should go,I will go,too
② She can dance and she can sing as well.
2,also->肯定/疑问(书面语)，一般放句中
① She can dance and she can also sing
3, either->否定/否定疑问,放句尾
① She can't speak Chinese and her husband can't either
Hard和hardly
① 1，He works hard 努力地
② 2，It was raining hard 猛烈地
③ 3，He hardly listened to me 几乎不
Sometimes/sometime/some times/some time
① Sometimes I go to school by bike 有时候 我骑单车上学（频度副词）
② Diao will be back sometime in Feburary 刁在二月的 某个时候 回来（将来/过去时常用）
③ I will stay here for some time我将在这待 一段时间 （不可数）
④ Diao has been there some times刁去了那里 数次 （可数）
Too much和much too
① There has been too much rain lately（太多...：修饰不可数名词/动词）
② it's much too cold（太.../非常...：修饰形容词/副词）
anyway/anyhow 不管怎样；尽管这样，两个可以互换，anyhow少见
① Her parents were opposed to her giving up her course，but she did it anyway（despite sth/even so）
② I don't understand politics，and anyway I’m not interested(不管怎样）
③ I might fail，but anyhow I insist on doing it我可能失败，但尽管这样我还是会坚持
However“不过，但是”/therefore（thus）“因此”
① He can’t win the race however fast he runs(连词：=no matter how引导让步状语从句）
② He is smart./; however ,he is very lazy(副词：=but，连接分句要借助其他连词，或用分号/逗号隔开）
③ He is smart.therefore,he can do it well / he is smart and therefore he can do it well(仅副词：连接分句要借助其他连词，或用分号/逗号隔开）
Besides/what’s more除此以外
① She is lucky to find a job and,what’ more,she gets well paid for it(除此以外）
② Bicycling is good exercise;besides,it does not pollute the air(除此以外）
十二，下列几组词，词尾有无-ly，都可作副词（一些词有原形和-ly结尾的副词，大多数情况下没有-ly的表“具体”，-ly结尾的表“抽象”）
1，close和closely
① He is sitting close to me（副词：“近”）
② Watch him closely（副词：“仔细地，密切地”）
2，late与lately
① You are late（副词：“晚”）
② What have you been doing lately（副词：“最近”）
3，deep与deeply
① He pushed it deep into the earth（副词：“深”表空间深度）
② He deeply moved by the film（副词：“深深地”表程度）
4，high和highly
① the bird is flying high（副词：“高”表空间高度）
② I think highly of your idea（副词：“程度”= much）
5，wide和widely
① He opened the door wide（副词：“宽”表空间宽度）
② English is widely used in the world（副词：“广泛地”表程度）
6，free和freely
① You can eat free（副词：“免费的”）
② You can speak freely（副词：“无限制地”）
十三，以-ly结尾的但都是形容词：Lively生动活泼的/lonely孤独的/lovely可爱的/deadly致命的/friendly有好的/ugly丑陋的/silly愚蠢的/likely可能的/brotherly兄弟般的/timely及时的/orderly有序的
十四，副词前一般不用介词；介词后一般也不接副词/副词短语，但from除外
① He goes home at nine他九点回家（home是副词，前面不用to）
② He goes to her home yesterday（her home是名词，前面要用to）
③ A dog rushed out from under the bed（如果没有from，句子意思会非常不清楚，尤其表地点时）
④
十五，常考形容词和副词的区别：
1，late和later
① She is late.She is half an hour late她迟到了。她迟到了一小时
② Two minutes later，he arrived
③ It will be rainy later on稍后有雨
2，pleased，pleasing与pleasant
① She's pleased to see you(感到满意，常跟介词at/with）
② She has a pleasing voice（令人欣喜的）
③ She has a pleasant childhood（愉快的，快乐的）
3，living/alive/live
① He is a living legend他是一个活着的传奇（定语，名词前后修饰都可）
② He is still living他仍建在（表语）
③ Is it dead or alive？它是死的还是活的？（表语：）
④ He is the busiest person alive他是世上最忙的人（定语：名词后修饰）
⑤ He has been found alive他被发现幸存了下来（表语：）
⑥ Have you seen a live whale？你见过活的鲸鱼吗？（定语/表语：活着的，还可作表语）
⑦ The programme is live这个节目是现场直播的（形容词/副词：现场直播）
4，worth/worthy/worthwhile
① The book is worth 100 yuan这本书价值100元
② The book is well worth reading这本书很值得一读
③ He is worthy of their respect/support/praise/attention...他值得他们的尊重/支持/赞赏/注意...
④ It is worthy of being discussed这个值得讨论
⑤ The land is worthy of to be used这块地值得开发
⑥ She consider it a worthwhile try她认为这是一个值得付出的尝试
⑦ It is worthwhile buying the book买这本书是值得的
⑧ It is worthwhile to discuss again再次讨论是值得的
⑨ I’d think it worth while to go我认为值得去
⑩ I’ll make it worth your while我不会亏待你的
5，ago和before，泛指“以前”用before不用ago
① He came here two days ago他2天前来的这里（以现在为起点的“以前）
② He said he had come two days before他2天前来的这里（以he said那天为起点的“以前”）
6，too/also/either，都表“也”
① I love it too（肯定句，句末，口语）
② Do you love it，too？（疑问句，句末，口语）
③ I also love it（肯定句，句中，书面语）
④ Do you also love it？（疑问句，句中，书面语）
⑤ I haven't been to Changde yet--I haven't been there,either我没去过常德，-我也没去过（否定句）
7，good和well
① He is good他很好（形容词：人品好）
② He is well他很好（形容词：健康状况好，well作形容词只能在系动词后，表“健康状况好”）
③ It is well worth doing非常值得做（副词：加强语气）
④ Diao dances well and she is good dancer（well是副词作状语修饰dance，good作定语)
8，real和true
① it's real它是真实存在的（定语）
② it's true这是事实（定语/表语：和事实标准和实际情况相符）
9，hard和difficult
① it's difficult很难（定语/表语：智力/技能上的困难）
② It’s hard work艰苦的工作（定语/表语：体力上的困难）
10，likely和possible/probable：前者的主语除it外还可以是其他词；后两者主语只能是it
① Studies show that people are more likely to suffer from the disease
② The strange grass never seen before seems likely to be a new plant
11，many more+名词/much more+名词/another
① I need many more pens我还要许多笔
② I need two more pens=I need another two pens我还要2只笔
③ I need a few more pens我还要几只笔
④ I need much more water我还要很多水
⑤ I need some more water我还要一些肉
⑥ This book is more interesting than that one这本书比那本书有趣
⑦ This book is much more interesting than that one这本书比那本书有趣得多
12，as many as/as much as/as far as/as long as/as wide as/as late as...类词组
① She could earn as much as 100 dollars a day她一天挣的钱多达100美金（钱不可数，用much）
② I have as many as 1000 books我有多达1000本书（书可数，用many）
③ i have been learning English as long as 15 years我学英语长达15年
④ He came home as late as two in the morning他迟到凌晨2点才回家
⑤ I mailed the letter as early as Friday这封信早在周五就已经寄了
⑥ The river is as wide as 100 meters这条河宽达100米
