用手机检测新冠病毒 (有什么仪器可以检测到新冠病毒)

See The World In English

见识决定格局,格局决定高度。很多时候不是你不知道,而是你不知道“你不知道”。 但是,想要接触更大的世界,英语必不可少,我们却往往因为语言限制而未曾看到更广阔的天空。每天10分钟读一篇英文论文报告或深度文章,学习英语的同时,触摸世界的深度和广度。

(1)原文&译文:对照学习,也可以直接看中文

(2)重点词汇:有考试需求的童鞋可以重点学习

(3)内容提炼:时间紧急的可以直接看摘要总结

我是司镜233,带你看见你的”不知道“。

本文内容提炼:美国加州大学最新研发出用智能手机检测新冠病毒(1)准确率和核酸检测一样(2)成本仅为7美元,适合个人、偏远地区。

阅读提示:这是一篇论文,较长;重点词汇和译文放在一起,便于学习

Assessment of a Smartphone-Based Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Viruses

用于检测 SARS-CoV-2 和流感病毒的基于智能手机的循环介导等温度扩增测定的评估

Douglas M. Heithoff, PhD1,2; Lucien Barnes V, PhD1; Scott P. Mahan, BS1,2,3; et alGary N. Fox, MS4; Katherine E. Arn, MD5; Sarah J. Ettinger, MD5; Andrew M. Bishop, MD5; Lynn N. Fitzgibbons, MD5,6; Jeffrey C. Fried, MD5,7; David A. Low, PhD1,2; Charles E. Samuel, PhD1; Michael J. Mahan, PhD1,2JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(1):e2145669. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.45669

Douglas M. Heithoff 博士1,2; 吕西安·巴恩斯五世博士1; 斯科特·P·马汉,理学士1,2,3; 等人加里·N·福克斯,MS4; 凯瑟琳·E·阿恩,医学博士5; Sarah J. Ettinger,医学博士5; 安德鲁·M·毕晓普,医学博士5; Lynn N. Fitzgibbons,医学博士5,6; Jeffrey C. Fried,医学博士5,7; David A. Low 博士1,2; 查尔斯·E·塞缪尔博士1; 迈克尔·J·马汉博士1,2作者单位 文章信息JAMA 网络公开赛。2022;5(1):e2145669。doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.45669

Key Points

Question Can loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based methodology coupled with smartphone detection provide an inexpensive, rapid, sensitive, and reliable platform for COVID-19 and influenza testing?

Findings In this cohort study of saliva samples from 50 community-based patients, the smartphone-based LAMP assay detected SARS-CoV-2 infection and exhibited concordance with reverse transcriptase–quantitative polymerase chain reaction tests.

Meaning These findings suggest that the smartphone-based LAMP assay offers an additional tool to detect COVID-19 that can be readily modified in response to novel SARS-CoV-2 variants and other pathogens with pandemic potential including influenza.

问题 基于环介导等温扩增 (LAMP) 的方法与智能手机检测相结合,能否为 COVID-19 和流感检测提供廉价、快速、灵敏和可靠的平台?

结果 在这项针对 50 名社区患者唾液样本的研究中,基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测检测到 SARS-CoV-2 感染,并与逆转录酶定量聚合酶链反应检测结果一致。

意义 这些发现表明,基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测仪提供了一种额外的工具来检测 COVID-19,该工具可以很容易地针对新型 SARS-CoV-2 变体和其他具有大流行潜力的病原体(包括流感)进行修改。

isothermal 等温的;等温线的 ; 等温线coupled with 外加 ; 接在一起cohort study 队列研究法saliva 唾液concordance with 与……保持一致 ; 与……和谐in response to 作为回应 ; 响应;回答;对…有反应pathogens 病原体 ; pathogen的复数pandemic 流行病 ; 大流行病 ; 大流行的 ; 普遍的,全世界的

Abstract 摘要

Importance A critical need exists in low-income and middle-income countries for low-cost, low-tech, yet highly reliable and scalable testing for SARS-CoV-2 virus that is robust against circulating variants.

Objective To assess whether a smartphone-based assay is suitable for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus testing without requiring specialized equipment, accessory devices, or custom reagents.

重要性 低收入和中等收入国家迫切需要低成本、低技术、但高度可靠和可扩展的 SARS-CoV-2 病毒测试,这种测试对循环变体具有很强的抵抗力。

目的 评估基于智能手机的检测是否适用于 SARS-CoV-2 和流感病毒检测,而不需要专门的设备、辅助设备或定制试剂。

middle-income 中等收入的low-cost 廉价的;价格便宜的low-tech 涉及最现代技术的scalable 可攀登的;可去鳞的;可称量的that is 即 ; 用于纠正之前说过的内容circulating 环流,循环 ; 传播 ; 流传 ; 散布 ; 传送 ; 传递 ; 传阅 ; 运行的 ; circulate的现在分词assay 化验 ; 鉴定,试验,测定 ; 试验 ; 分析 ; 考验 ; 经检验证明内含成分influenza virus 流感病毒reagents 试剂 ; reagent的复数

Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study enrolled 2 subgroups of participants (symptomatic and asymptomatic) at Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital. The symptomatic group consisted of 20 recruited patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with symptoms; 30 asymptomatic patients were recruited from the same community, through negative admission screening tests for SARS-CoV-2. The smartphone-based real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (smaRT-LAMP) was first optimized for analysis of human saliva samples spiked with either SARS-CoV-2 or influenza A or B virus; these results then were compared with those obtained by side-by-side analysis of spiked samples using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criterion-standard reverse transcriptase–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. Next, both assays were used to test for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses present in blinded clinical saliva samples obtained from 50 hospitalized patients. Statistical analysis was performed from May to June 2021.

Exposures Testing for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A and B viruses.

Main Outcomes and Measures SARS-CoV-2 and influenza infection status and quantitative viral load were determined.

设计、设置和参与者 这项队列研究在圣巴巴拉小屋医院招募了 2 个参与者亚组(有症状和无症状)。有症状组由 20 名招募的 SARS-CoV-2 检测呈阳性且有症状的患者组成;通过 SARS-CoV-2 的阴性入院筛查测试,从同一社区招募了 30 名无症状患者。基于智能手机的实时环路介导等温扩增 (smaRT-LAMP) 首次优化用于分析添加 SARS-CoV-2 或甲型或乙型流感病毒的人类唾液样本;然后将这些结果与使用疾病控制和预防中心 (CDC) 标准-标准逆转录酶-定量聚合酶链反应 (RT-qPCR) 测定法对加标样品进行并排分析获得的结果进行比较。下一个,这两种检测方法都用于检测 50 名住院患者的盲法临床唾液样本中存在的 SARS-CoV-2 和流感病毒。统计分析于 2021 年 5 月至 2021 年 6 月进行。

SARS-CoV-2 和甲型和乙型流感病毒的暴露测试。

主要结果和措施 确定了 SARS-CoV-2 和流感感染状况以及定量病毒载量。

cohort study 队列研究法enrolled 加入 ; 注册 ; 登记 ; enrol的过去分词和过去式 ; enroll的过去分词和过去式subgroups 小组 ; 部分 ; subgroup的复数symptomatic 作为症状的 ; 症状的 ; 作为征候的asymptomatic 无症状的Cottage Hospital 乡村小医院 ; 乡间诊疗所consisted 由…组成 ; 由…构成 ; 在于 ; 存在于 ; consist的过去分词和过去式recruited 吸收 ; 征募 ; 动员… ; 组成,组建 ; recruit的过去分词和过去式admission 准许进入 ; 准许加入,加入权,进入权 ; 承认,招认,招供 ; 入场费 ; 门票费

isothermal 等温的;等温线的 ; 等温线amplification 扩大;膨胀saliva 唾液spiked 有尖刺的 ; 带钉的 ; 用尖物刺入 ; 在…中偷偷掺入 ; 拒绝发表 ; 阻止…传播 ; 阻挠 ; spike的过去分词和过去式compared with 和…比起来

assays 鉴定,试验,测定 ; assay的复数used to 曾经influenza 同 flu ; 流行性感冒 ; 流感viruses 病毒 ; 滤过性病毒 ; 病毒性疾病 ; 病毒病 ; virus的复数blinded 使变瞎 ; 使失明 ; 使眼花 ; 使目眩 ; 使思维混沌 ; 使失去判断力 ; blind的过去分词和过去式hospitalized 送入院治疗 ; hospitalize的过去分词和过去式performed 做 ; 履行 ; 执行 ; 演出 ; 表演 ; 工作,运转 ; perform的过去分词和过去式

viruses 病毒 ; 滤过性病毒 ; 病毒性疾病 ; 病毒病 ; virus的复数Measures 【人名】梅热斯 ; 测量 ; 度量influenza 同 flu ; 流行性感冒 ; 流感infection 传染 ; 感染 ; 传染病quantitative 定量性的 ; 量化的 ; 数量的viral 病毒的 ; 病毒性的 ; 病毒引起的determined 决心 ; 决定 ; 决意 ; 坚定的 ; 坚决的 ; 果断的 ; 查明 ; 测定 ; 准确算出 ; 形成 ; 支配 ; 影响 ; 确定 ; 裁决 ; 安排 ; determine的过去分词和过去式

Results Among the 50 eligible participants with no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection included in the study, 29 were men. The mean age was 57 years (range, 21 to 93 years). SmaRT-LAMP exhibited 100% concordance (50 of 50 patient samples) with the CDC criterion-standard diagnostic for SARS-CoV-2 sensitivity (20 of 20 positive and 30 of 30 negative) and for quantitative detection of viral load. This platform also met the CDC criterion standard for detection of clinically similar influenza A and B viruses in spiked saliva samples (n = 20), and in saliva samples from hospitalized patients (50 of 50 negative). The smartphone-based LAMP assay was rapid (25 minutes), sensitive (1000 copies/mL), low-cost (<$7/test), and scalable (96 samples/phone).

Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of saliva samples from patients, the smartphone-based LAMP assay detected SARS-CoV-2 infection and exhibited concordance with RT-qPCR tests. These findings suggest that this tool could be adapted in response to novel CoV-2 variants and other pathogens with pandemic potential including influenza and may be useful in settings with limited resources.

结果 在研究中纳入的 50 名既往未感染过 SARS-CoV-2 的合格参与者中,有 29 名男性。平均年龄为 57 岁(范围为 21 至 93 岁)。Smart-LAMP 表现出 100% 的一致性(50 个患者样本中的 50 个)与 CDC 标准标准诊断 SARS-CoV-2 敏感性(20 个阳性中的 20 个和 30 个阴性中的 30 个)和病毒载量的定量检测。该平台还符合 CDC 在加标唾液样本(n = 20)和住院患者唾液样本(50 例中的 50 例阴性)中检测临床相似的甲型和乙型流感病毒的标准标准。基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测快速(25 分钟)、灵敏(1000 拷贝/mL)、低成本(<7 美元/测试)和可扩展(96 个样本/电话)。

结论和相关性 在这项针对患者唾液样本的队列研究中,基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测检测到 SARS-CoV-2 感染,并与 RT-qPCR 检测结果一致。这些发现表明,该工具可以适应新的 CoV-2 变体和其他具有大流行潜力的病原体,包括流感,并且可能在资源有限的环境中有用。

exhibited 展览 ; 展出 ; 表现,显示,显出 ; exhibit的过去分词和过去式concordance 词语索引 ; 语汇索引 ; 相似 ; 一致 ; 协调CDC 电报分发中心(Cable Distribution Center) ; 加利福尼亚碎片研究委员会(California Debris Commission) ; 定向呼叫字符(Call Directing Character)clinically 朴素地spiked 有尖刺的 ; 带钉的 ; 用尖物刺入 ; 在…中偷偷掺入 ; 拒绝发表 ; 阻止…传播 ; 阻挠 ; spike的过去分词和过去式saliva 唾液hospitalized 送入院治疗 ; hospitalize的过去分词和过去式low-cost 廉价的;价格便宜的

cohort study 队列研究法exhibited 展览 ; 展出 ; 表现,显示,显出 ; exhibit的过去分词和过去式concordance with 与……保持一致 ; 与……和谐in response to 作为回应 ; 响应;回答;对…有反应pathogens 病原体 ; pathogen的复数pandemic 流行病 ; 大流行病 ; 大流行的 ; 普遍的,全世界的influenza 同 flu ; 流行性感冒 ; 流感may be 多半limited resources 限制资源,有限资源

Introduction

介绍

The SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic has infected more than 294 million people resulting in more than 5.5 million deaths worldwide, including many in countries lacking technical and financial resources to effectively monitor and respond to the pandemic.1 Accordingly, in addition to immunization of vulnerable populations, there is an urgent need for simple, accurate, and low-cost testing platforms at the point-of-care that can be used by health care clinicians and other authorities in remote and resource-limited settings.2 Numerous methods for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus, including molecular, antigen, and serology tests, are currently in use.3-8 Although molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are rapid and sensitive, they generally require access to specialized and costly laboratory instrumentation and highly trained personnel, and they are technologically complex for point-of-care (POC) applications or resource-limited settings. Although antigen and serology tests are simple to use, cost-effective and portable, they can be unreliable with high false-positive and false-negative rates due to their lack of sensitivity. High-throughput sequencing-based approaches have gained broad utility for detection and genotyping of emerging CoV-2 variants, but they do require RNA extraction and expensive thermocycling and sequencing devices.9-12

导致 COVID-19 大流行的 SARS-CoV-2 病毒已感染超过 2.94 亿人,导致全球超过 550 万人死亡,其中许多国家缺乏有效监测和应对这一流行病的技术和财政资源。1因此,除了易感人群的免疫接种外,还迫切需要在医疗点提供简单、准确和低成本的检测平台,供偏远地区和资源丰富的医疗保健临床医生和其他当局使用。有限的设置。2目前正在使用多种检测 SARS-CoV-2 病毒的方法,包括分子检测、抗原检测和血清学检测。3 - 8尽管聚合酶链式反应 (PCR) 等分子方法快速且灵敏,但它们通常需要使用专业且昂贵的实验室仪器和训练有素的人员,而且对于即时 (POC) 应用或资源有限,它们在技术上很复杂设置。尽管抗原和血清学检测使用简单、成本效益高且便于携带,但由于缺乏敏感性,它们可能不可靠,假阳性和假阴性率很高。基于高通量测序的方法在检测和基因分型新兴 CoV-2 变体方面获得了广泛的应用,但它们确实需要 RNA 提取和昂贵的热循环和测序设备。9 - 12

responsible for 负责 ; 是造成…的原因financial resources 财政资源,资金,财力respond to 回应 ; 响应in addition to 另外,加之,除…之外an urgent need 【法】迫切需要health care 医疗laboratory instrumentation 【计】实验室测试设备,实验室仪表化

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) diagnostics have gained attention for pathogen detection because they do not require sophisticated, expensive instrumentation or highly trained personnel for operation.13 However, the high sensitivity and utility of LAMP-based diagnostics historically has been offset by a propensity for primer-dimer self-amplification owing to the requirement of 6 primers per target gene, potentially increasing the incidence of false positives.14-16 We aimed to address this problem by determining experimental conditions that effectively eliminate primer-dimer amplification, thereby permitting the development of a highly sensitive LAMP-based test for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A and B viruses. Indeed, the highly similar clinical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza has prompted the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization recommendations for combination diagnostics when both pathogens are circulating.17-19 Furthermore, the lifting of pandemic restrictions exacerbates the potential for a dual epidemic of COVID-19 and influenza, termed a perfect storm, because of a potential increase in severe illness, transmission, and misdiagnosis resulting from symptom overlap.20-23

环路介导的等温扩增 (LAMP) 诊断在病原体检测方面受到关注,因为它们不需要复杂、昂贵的仪器或训练有素的人员进行操作。13然而,历史上基于 LAMP 的诊断的高灵敏度和实用性已被引物二聚体自我扩增的倾向所抵消,因为每个靶基因需要 6 个引物,这可能会增加假阳性的发生率。14 - 16我们旨在通过确定有效消除引物二聚体扩增的实验条件来解决这个问题,从而允许开发一种高度敏感的基于 LAMP 的 SARS-CoV-2 和甲型和乙型流感病毒测试。事实上,SARS-CoV-2 和流感的高度相似的临床症状促使美国疾病控制和预防中心 (CDC) 和世界卫生组织建议在两种病原体都在传播时进行联合诊断。17 - 19此外,取消大流行限制加剧了 COVID-19 和流感双重流行的可能性,被称为完美风暴,因为症状重叠导致重症、传播和误诊可能增加。20-23

owing to 因为 ; 由于highly sensitive 极其神经质 ; 高度敏感 ; 灵敏度高World Health Organization 世界卫生组织

Five principal tenets of POC clinical diagnostics include speed, sensitivity, affordability, scalability, and accessibility, without a concomitant need of specialized and costly equipment. Although a number of innovative systems have been described for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, current systems are lacking in one or more of the diagnostic parameters necessary for implementation at the POC. Examples include the CDC 2019-nCoV reverse transcriptase–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) test that is sensitive but requires expensive instrumentation24; and, the CDC influenza-SARS-CoV-2 combination diagnostic (Flu SC2 RT-qPCR multiplex assay) that requires custom probes that are expensive and susceptible to supply chain availability.25 Although the Abbott ID NOW test is rapid, sensitive, and uses isothermal amplification, it requires specialized reagents and instrumentation with limited scalability and availability.26 The SalivaDirect test is an extraction-free protocol using saliva, but it involves RT-PCR amplification and hence is subject to similar limitations as the CDC tests for POC applications.27

POC 临床诊断的五个主要原则包括速度、灵敏度、可负担性、可扩展性和可访问性,同时不需要专门且昂贵的设备。尽管已经描述了许多用于检测 SARS-CoV-2 的创新系统,但当前系统缺乏在 POC 实施所需的一个或多个诊断参数。示例包括 CDC 2019-nCoV 逆转录酶-定量聚合酶链反应 (RT-qPCR) 测试,该测试灵敏但需要昂贵的仪器24;以及需要昂贵且易受供应链可用性影响的定制探针的 CDC 流感-SARS-CoV-2 组合诊断(Flu SC2 RT-qPCR 多重检测)。25尽管 Abbott ID NOW 测试快速、灵敏且使用等温扩增,但它需要专用试剂和仪器,且可扩展性和可用性有限。26 SalivaDirect 测试是一种使用唾液的免提取方案,但它涉及 RT-PCR 扩增,因此受到与用于 POC 应用的 CDC 测试类似的限制。27

tenets 原则 ; 信条 ; 教义 ; tenet的复数POC 停靠港(port of call) ; 颗粒有机碳 ; 手机对讲 ; 概念证明 ; 颗粒态有机碳 ; 图像序列号scalability 可扩展性;可伸缩性;可量测性concomitant 相伴的 ; 同时发生的 ; 伴随的 ; 同时发生的事 ; 伴随的事物a number of 一些 ; 许多的have been 来过necessary for 对…是必要的

that is 即 ; 用于纠正之前说过的内容multiplex 多路复用 ; 多路传输 ; 多重发讯 ; 多厅影院 ; 多银幕电影院 ; 多样的 ; 多路传输的 ; 多路复用的 ; 多元的supply chain 供应链isothermal 等温的;等温线的 ; 等温线reagents 试剂 ; reagent的复数saliva 唾液is subject to 受支配,从属于 ; 有…倾向的POC 停靠港(port of call) ; 颗粒有机碳 ; 手机对讲 ; 概念证明 ; 颗粒态有机碳

Smartphones are ideally suited to meet the need for low-cost, widely accessible clinical POC diagnostic tools, with smartphone global use estimated at nearly half the world’s population.28 The potential to transform mobile phones into clinical POC diagnostic tools is evidenced by a number of detection modalities, including those based on optical and fluorescence imaging, microfluidic chips, biosensors, microelectronics, lateral flow, and nucleic acid or immunologic detection.29-40 However, these innovative systems generally require the coupling of the mobile phone to specialized accessory diagnostic devices, custom reagents, or sophisticated protocols. Examples include a LAMP system that uses a 3-D cartridge and a smartphone-based reader37; a centrifugal microfluidic platform with a smartphone read-out39; and a CRISPR-Cas13a assay that features mobile phone microscopy.38

In this study, we investigate a low-tech test, termed smartphone-based real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (smaRT-LAMP), to see whether it possesses the combined attributes of speed, sensitivity, low cost, scalability, and accessibility for rapid and frequent POC testing.

智能手机非常适合满足对低成本、广泛使用的临床 POC 诊断工具的需求,智能手机的全球使用率估计占世界人口的近一半。28将手机转变为临床 POC 诊断工具的潜力已通过多种检测方式得到证明,包括基于光学和荧光成像的检测方式、微流控芯片、生物传感器、微电子学、横向流动以及核酸或免疫检测。29 - 40然而,这些创新系统通常需要将移动电话与专门的辅助诊断设备、定制试剂或复杂协议相结合。示例包括使用 3-D 墨盒的 LAMP 系统和基于智能手机的阅读器37; 带有智能手机读数的离心微流体平台39;以及以手机显微镜为特色的 CRISPR-Cas13a 分析。38

在这项研究中,我们调查了一项低技术测试,称为基于智能手机的实时环路介导等温放大 (smaRT-LAMP),以了解它是否具有速度、灵敏度、低成本、可扩展性和可访问性等综合属性用于快速和频繁的 POC 测试。

mobile phones 移动电话 ; 手机 ; mobile phone的复数a number of 一些 ; 许多的based on 以……为基础;在……基础上,以……为依据nucleic acid 核酸immunologic 免疫学的low-tech 不涉及最现代技术的isothermal 等温的;等温线的 ; 等温线amplification 扩大;膨胀possesses 有 ; 拥有 ; 具有 ; 攫住 ; 支配 ; 控制 ; possess的第三人称单数sensitivity 体贴 ; 体恤 ; 体察 ; 敏锐的感觉 ; 悟性 ; 容易生气 ; 易被惹恼 ; 敏感 ; 敏感性 ; 灵敏度low cost 低成本;廉价scalability 可扩展性;可伸缩性;可量测性frequent 频繁的 ; 经常发生的 ; 常去,常到POC 停靠港(port of call) ; 颗粒有机碳 ; 手机对讲 ; 概念证明 ; 颗粒态有机碳

Methods

方法

Human participant approval was obtained from the Institutional Human Subjects Use Committee of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the institutional review board of Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. An in-person or remote video interpreter was used as needed. This cohort study followed the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) reporting guideline. Race and ethnicity were not considered in this study.

人类参与者的批准是从加州大学圣巴巴拉分校的机构人类受试者使用委员会和圣巴巴拉小屋医院的机构审查委员会获得的。所有参与者都获得了书面知情同意书。根据需要使用现场或远程视频口译员。该队列研究遵循诊断准确性报告标准 ( STARD ) 报告指南。本研究未考虑种族和民族。

University of California 加利福尼亚大学review board 评审委员会;评审组Cottage Hospital 乡村小医院 ; 乡间诊疗所informed consent 知情同意,知会同意cohort study 队列研究法

LAMP Protocol Advances That Increase Sensitivity and Eliminate False Positives Due to Primer-Dimer Amplification

LAMP 协议的进步提高了灵敏度并消除了由于引物二聚体扩增导致的误报

The clinical utility of LAMP-based diagnostics have been limited by false positives (primer-dimer amplification).14-16 This technical challenge was overcome by the development of a LAMP protocol that optimizes experimental conditions for viral RNA stability and cDNA synthesis, which both increased sensitivity and effectively eliminated false positives due to primer-dimer amplification (eMethods, eTable 1, eFigure 1, and eFigure 2 in the Supplement). We found that in addition to reaction mixture composition, the order of assembly of the reaction mixture components was critical to improve LAMP performance and reduce primer-dimer formation. Furthermore, the smartphone app imparts a 25-minute reaction time cutoff to distinguish specimen-sample amplification (early) from primer-dimer amplification (late).

基于 LAMP 的诊断的临床应用受到假阳性(引物二聚体扩增)的限制。14 - 16通过开发 LAMP 协议克服了这一技术挑战,该协议优化了病毒 RNA 稳定性和 cDNA 合成的实验条件,既提高了灵敏度,又有效消除了由于引物二聚体扩增引起的假阳性(eMethods、eTable 1、eFigure 1 ,以及补充材料中的 eFigure 2)。我们发现,除了反应混合物组成外,反应混合物组分的组装顺序对于提高 LAMP 性能和减少引物二聚体形成至关重要。此外,智能手机应用程序提供了 25 分钟的反应时间截止时间,以区分样本样本扩增(早期)和引物二聚体扩增(晚期)。

false positives 假阳性 ; false positive的复数positives 优势 ; 优点 ; 正片 ; 阳性结果 ; positive的复数due to 由于 ; 应付in addition to 另外,加之,除…之外imparts 通知 ; 透露 ; 传授 ; 把赋予 ; 将…给予 ; impart的第三人称单数

Study Design

学习规划

A head-to-head comparison of smaRT-LAMP, hereafter referred to as smartphone-based LAMP assay, and criterion-standard RT-qPCR methodologies was performed using human saliva samples spiked with either SARS-CoV-2 or influenza viruses. These analyses were then used as the basis for development of a smartphone-based LAMP detection platform for SARS-CoV-2 from self-collected clinical saliva samples obtained from hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Sensitivity and specificity tests using spiked saliva specimens were performed as per the Food and Drug Administration’s Emergency Use Authorization guidelines41 (eMethods in the Supplement).

使用掺有 SARS-CoV-2 或流感病毒的人类唾液样本对 smaRT-LAMP(以下称为基于智能手机的 LAMP 测定)和标准标准 RT-qPCR 方法进行了头对头比较。然后,这些分析被用作开发基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测平台的基础,该平台从 COVID-19 住院患者的自我收集临床唾液样本中检测到 SARS-CoV-2。根据食品和药物管理局的紧急使用授权指南41(附录中的电子方法),使用加标的唾液样本进行敏感性和特异性测试。

head-to-head 正面交锋的 ; 面对面的 ; 肉搏战 ; *刃白**战hereafter 以后 ; 以下 ; 此后 ; 今后 ; 将来 ; 在本文件其余部分 ; 死后 ; 死后的生命 ; 阴世referred to as 被称为 ; 简称 ; 称作methodologies 方法,原则 ; methodology的复数saliva 唾液spiked 有尖刺的 ; 带钉的 ; 用尖物刺入 ; 在…中偷偷掺入 ; 拒绝发表 ; 阻止…传播 ; 阻挠 ; spike的过去分词和过去式hospitalized 送入院治疗 ; hospitalize的过去分词和过去式as per 根据 ; 按照

Participants were deemed eligible based on the STARD reporting guideline for diagnostic tests.42 Eligible participants had no prior known SARS-CoV-2 infection, and presented with a new positive or negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR test, obtained within 12 hours of specimen collection. Potential participants were identified by the presence of new flu-like symptoms or dyspnea in the hospital emergency department or an inpatient ward. Recruitment took place between January 12, 2021, and May 11, 2021, and were enrolled forming a convenience series.

根据诊断测试的 STARD 报告指南,参与者被认为符合条件。42名符合条件的参与者之前没有已知的 SARS-CoV-2 感染,并在样本采集后 12 小时内获得了新的阳性或阴性 SARS-CoV-2 PCR 测试。通过医院急诊科或住院病房出现新的流感样症状或呼吸困难来确定潜在参与者。招募于 2021 年 1 月 12 日至 2021 年 5 月 11 日之间进行,并被招募形成一个便利系列。

based on 以……为基础;在……基础上,以……为依据guideline 指南 ; 准则 ; 指导方针 ; 指导原则 ; 行动纲领 ; 参考PCR 聚合酶链反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction) ; Photo-conductive Relay 光电导继电器dyspnea 呼吸困难in the hospital 在医院emergency department 急诊科inpatient 住院病人

Clinical saliva samples were evaluated for SARS-CoV-2, influenza A and B sensitivity, and quantitative detection of viral load. Fifty patient saliva specimens were split into equal volumes and a head-to-head comparison of the smartphone-based LAMP assay with the CDC RT-qPCR assay was performed. Sensitivity was determined by the presence or absence of sample signal (binary plus or minus call). Viral loads were determined by comparison of sample signal with that of standard curves established by serial dilution of spiked saliva samples (SARS-CoV-2) or by relative TCID50 quantitation (50% tissue culture infective dose assay) of spiked saliva samples (influenza A and B) (eMethods in the Supplement).

评估了临床唾液样本对 SARS-CoV-2、甲型和乙型流感的敏感性以及病毒载量的定量检测。将 50 份患者唾液样本分成等体积,并对基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测与 CDC RT-qPCR 检测进行头对头比较。灵敏度由样品信号的存在与否(二进制加号或减号)确定。通过将样品信号与通过连续稀释加标唾液样品 (SARS-CoV-2) 或通过加标唾液样品 (流感A 和 B)(补充材料中的 eMethods )。

split into 裂成plus or minus 上下;左右by comparison 通过比较TCID50 半数组织培养感染剂量 ; 50%组织细胞感染量infective dose 侵染剂量

Strains

菌株

The following virus strains and gRNAs were used as described in the eMethods in the Supplement: (1) Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2, USA-WA, and Hong Kong isolates; human seasonal coronaviruses HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1; SARS-CoV-1; and MERS-CoV; (2) SARS-CoV-2 variant gRNAs: Alpha, B.1.1.7 (UK); Gamma, P.1 (Brazil); Delta, B.1.617.2 (India); Epsilon, B.1.429 (CAL20C); and Iota, B.1.526 (NY); (3) influenza virus strains: influenza A (H1N1) and influenza B (Yamagata); (4) bacterial respiratory pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae D39, Staphylococcus aureus USA 300, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883.

如附录中的 eMethods 所述,使用了以下病毒株和 gRNA : (1) 冠状病毒:SARS-CoV-2、USA-WA 和香港分离株;人类季节性冠状病毒 HCoV-OC43、HCoV-229E、HCoV-NL63 和 HCoV-HKU1;SARS-CoV-1;和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒;(2) SARS-CoV-2 变体 gRNA:Alpha,B.1.1.7(英国);伽玛,P.1(巴西);三角洲,B.1.617.2(印度);厄普西隆,B.1.429 (CAL20C);和 Iota,B.1.526(纽约州);(3)流感病毒株:甲型流感(H1N1)和乙型流感(山形);(4)细菌性呼吸道病原体:肺炎链球菌D39、金黄色葡萄球菌USA 300、铜绿假单胞菌ATCC 10145、肺炎克雷伯菌ATCC 13883。

following 下列的 ; 接着的 ; 下述的 ; 下列 ; 如下 ; 拥护者,追随者 ; 下述 ; 在以后 ; 由于 ; 跟随 ; 跟着 ; 在…后发生,因…而发生 ; 在…后做 ; follow的现在分词virus 病毒 ; 滤过性病毒 ; 病毒性疾病 ; 病毒病strains 压力 ; 重负 ; 重压之下出现的问题 ; 拉力 ; 张力 ; 应力 ; 劳损 ; 拉伤 ; 扭伤 ; 损伤 ; 尽力 ; 竭力 ; 使劲 ; 过度使用 ; 使不堪承受 ; strain的第三人称单数和复数described 描述 ; 形容 ; 把…称为 ; 做…运动 ; 画出…图形 ; 形成…形状 ; describe的过去分词和过去式Supplement 补充 ; 增补 ; 添加物 ; 增刊 ; 补编,补遗,附录 ; 额外费用,附加费Hong Kong 香港isolates 隔离,孤立,脱离 ; 将…剔出 ; 使分离 ; 使离析 ; isolate的第三人称单数human 人类 ; 人 ; 人的 ; 显示人类特有弱点的 ; 人本性的 ; 有人情味的 ; 通人情的seasonal 季节性的 ; 随季节变化的 ; 节令性的 ; 适应节日需要的 ; 圣诞节的

influenza virus 流感病毒aureus 奥里斯 ; 金黄色的

Gene Targets

基因靶点

The smartphone-based LAMP assay primers target the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and ORF1ab genes; influenza primers target genes encoding matrix protein (M1) and polymerase (PB1) for influenza A; and M1 and nonstructural protein (NS1) for influenza B (eTable 1 in the Supplement). Primers for CDC 2019-nCoV RT-qPCR analysis target the SARS-CoV-2 N gene,24 whereas the influenza SARS-CoV-2 (Flu SC2) RT-qPCR multiplex assay targets M1 for influenza A and NS2 for influenza B.25

基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测引物针对 SARS-CoV-2 核衣壳 (N) 和 ORF1ab 基因;流感引物靶向编码甲型流感基质蛋白 (M1) 和聚合酶 (PB1) 的基因;B 型流感的 M1 和非结构蛋白 (NS1)(补充材料中的 eTable 1 )。CDC 2019-nCoV RT-qPCR 分析的引物针对 SARS-CoV-2 N 基因,24而流感 SARS-CoV-2 (Flu SC2) RT-qPCR 多重检测针对甲型流感的 M1 和针对乙型流感的 NS2。25

assay 化验 ; 鉴定,试验,测定 ; 试验 ; 分析 ; 考验 ; 经检验证明内含成分primers 底漆 ; 底层涂料 ; 初级读本 ; 入门书 ; 识字课本 ; 启蒙读本 ; primer的复数nucleocapsid 核衣壳;病毒粒子;核壳体;核壳膜influenza 同 flu ; 流行性感冒 ; 流感polymerase 聚合酶CDC 电报分发中心(Cable Distribution Center) ; 加利福尼亚碎片研究委员会(California Debris Commission) ; 定向呼叫字符(Call Directing Character)multiplex 多路复用 ; 多路传输 ; 多重发讯 ; 多厅影院 ; 多银幕电影院 ; 多样的

Statistical Analyses

统计分析

The smartphone-based LAMP assay and RT-qPCR molecular diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were determined by comparing the proportion of samples that amplified with cognate vs noncognate primers (or no template), using the Mantel–Haenszel test (two-tailed). P values of less than .05 were considered significant. The exact value of n, representing the number of independent biological determinations, was indicated in the figure legends. Statistical analysis was performed using Epicalc 2000 version 1.02 (Brixton Books) from May to June 2021.

基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测和 RT-qPCR 分子诊断的敏感性和特异性是通过使用 Mantel-Haenszel 检验(双尾)比较用同源与非同源引物(或无模板)扩增的样本比例来确定的。P值小于 0.05 被认为是显着的。代表独立生物学测定次数的 n 的准确值在图例中标明。在 2021 年 5 月至 2021 年 6 月期间,使用 Epicalc 2000 版本 1.02 (Brixton Books) 进行了统计分析。

cognate 同源的 ; 同族的 ; 同语系的 ; 相关的 ; 类似的 ; 同源词or no 不管是否有…,无论有没有… ; 不管是不是…less than 少于 ; 毫不 ; 完全不 ; 一点都不exact value 精确值determinations 决心 ; 果断 ; 坚定 ; 决定,确定,规定 ; 查明 ; 测定 ; 计算

Results

结果

Of the study’s 50 eligible participants with no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, 29 were men. The mean age was 57 years (range, 21 to 93 years).

在该研究的 50 名符合条件的参与者中,之前没有感染过 SARS-CoV-2,其中 29 名是男性。平均年龄为 57 岁(范围为 21 至 93 岁)。

Sensitivity and Specificity of Smartphone-Based LAMP Assay Platform SARS-CoV-2 Sensitivity

基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测平台的灵敏度和特异性SARS-CoV-2 敏感性

用手机能随时进行新冠检测,用手机检测新冠结果准吗

A comparative limit-of-detection (LOD) analysis of the smartphone-based LAMP assay platform vs the clinical criterion standard CDC 2019-nCoV RT-qPCR diagnostic24 was carried out using spiked saliva samples analyzed in parallel (Figure 1A). The LOD of the smartphone-based LAMP assay for SARS-CoV-2 was 103 copies/mL, matching that of the CDC 2019-nCoV RT-qPCR diagnostic test (20 of 20 and 19 of 20 biological replicates, respectively). The saliva samples from virus-negative donors, when not spiked, gave no amplification (0 of 20 biological replicates; P < .001).

使用并行分析的加标唾液样本对基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测平台与临床标准标准 CDC 2019-nCoV RT-qPCR 诊断24进行了比较检测限 (LOD) 分析(图1A)。基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测 SARS-CoV-2 的 LOD 为 10 3拷贝/mL,与 CDC 2019-nCoV RT-qPCR 诊断检测的检测限相匹配(分别为 20 次中的 20 次和 20 次中的 19 次)。来自病毒阴性供体的唾液样本在未加标时没有扩增(20 个生物学重复中的 0 个;P  < .001)。

carried out 开展 ; 执行 ; 完成spiked 有尖刺的 ; 带钉的 ; 用尖物刺入 ; 在…中偷偷掺入 ; 拒绝发表 ; 阻止…传播 ; 阻挠 ; spike的过去分词和过去式saliva 唾液in parallel 并行的;并联的;平行的diagnostic test 诊断测验replicates 复制 ; 仿制 ; 再造 ; 再生 ; 自我复制 ; replicate的第三人称单数和复数donors 捐赠者 ; 捐赠机构 ; 献血者 ; 器官捐献者 ; donor的复数amplification 扩大;膨胀

SARS-CoV-2 Specificity

SARS-CoV-2 特异性

用手机能随时进行新冠检测,用手机检测新冠结果准吗

The smartphone-based LAMP assay specificity for SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated by measuring cross-reactivity against several different viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens (Figure 1B). The smartphone-based LAMP assay using SARS-CoV-2 primers amplified both of the early SARS-CoV-2 isolates tested (USA-WA and Hong Kong) (20 of 20 biological replicates). No amplification was observed for any of the other 6 coronaviruses tested (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1). Neither influenza A or B nor any of the 4 bacterial respiratory pathogens tested (S pneumoniae, S aureus, P aeruginosa, and K pneumoniae) were detected with the SARS-CoV-2 primers (0 of 20 biological replicates; P < .001) (Figure 1B). Taken together, the smartphone-based LAMP assay was rapid (25 minutes), sensitive (1000 copies/mL), and could simultaneously analyze up to 96 samples per phone, at a cost of less than $7 per test (Figure 1A; eTable 3 and eFigure 2 in the Supplement).

通过测量对几种不同病毒和细菌呼吸道病原体的交叉反应性来评估基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测对 SARS-CoV-2 的特异性(图 1B)。使用 SARS-CoV-2 引物的基于智能手机的 LAMP 分析扩增了两种早期的 SARS-CoV-2 分离株(美国-西澳和香港)(20 个生物重复中的 20 个)。其他 6 种冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-1、MERS-CoV、HCoV-OC43、HCoV-229E、HCoV-NL63 和 HCoV-HKU1)均未观察到扩增。使用SARS - CoV - 2 引物(20 个生物重复中的0个;P < .001)(图 1 B)。总之,基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测速度快(25 分钟)、灵敏(1000 拷贝/mL),每部手机可以同时分析多达 96 个样本,每次测试的成本不到 7 美元(图1A;eTable 3 和 eFigure 2 中的补充)。

primers 底漆 ; 底层涂料 ; 初级读本 ; 入门书 ; 识字课本 ; 启蒙读本 ; primer的复数both of 两者都 ; 两个 ; 两个都isolates 隔离,孤立,脱离 ; 将…剔出 ; 使分离 ; 使离析 ; isolate的第三人称单数Hong Kong 香港replicates 复制 ; 仿制 ; 再造 ; 再生 ; 自我复制 ; replicate的第三人称单数和复数aureus 奥里斯 ; 金黄色的

SARS-CoV-2 Variants

SARS-CoV-2 变种

SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to surge throughout the world and thus it is critical that molecular diagnostics are able to accurately detect them.43 The smartphone-based LAMP assay detected genomic RNA isolated from 5 of 5 major SARS-CoV-2 variants tested: Alpha, B.1.1.7 (UK); Gamma, P.1 (Brazil); Delta, B.1.617.2 (India); Epsilon, B.1.429 (CAL20C); and Iota, B.1.526 (NY) (10 of 10 biological replicates; P < .001) (Figure 1B). None of the base alterations present in these variants overlapped with any of the smartphone-based LAMP assay primer sequences. Thus, it was not unexpected that the base alterations did not affect smartphone-based LAMP detection of the variants (eTable 2 in the Supplement).

SARS-CoV-2 变体在世界范围内继续激增,因此分子诊断能够准确检测到它们至关重要。43基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测检测到从 5 种主要 SARS-CoV-2 变体中的 5 种分离的基因组 RNA:Alpha,B.1.1.7(英国);伽玛,P.1(巴西);三角洲,B.1.617.2(印度);厄普西隆,B.1.429 (CAL20C);和 Iota, B.1.526 (NY)(10 个生物重复中的 10 个;P  < .001)(图 1 B)。这些变体中存在的任何碱基改变都没有与任何基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测引物序列重叠。因此,碱基改变不影响基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测变体也就不足为奇了(补充中的 eTable 2 )。

throughout the world 全世界 ; 举世diagnostics 诊断学able to 可以 ; 有能力 ; 原来能够按时完成RNA (= ribonucleic acid ) 核糖核酸replicates 复制 ; 仿制 ; 再造 ; 再生 ; 自我复制 ; replicate的第三人称单数和复数overlapped 部分重叠,交叠 ; 使部分重叠 ; 部分重叠 ; overlap的过去分词和过去式did not 没有 ; 未 ; 的缩写

Influenza A and B Sensitivity

甲型和乙型流感敏感性

用手机能随时进行新冠检测,用手机检测新冠结果准吗

A comparative LOD analysis of the smartphone-based LAMP assay platform vs the clinical criterion-standard CDC influenza SARS-CoV-2 (Flu SC2) RT-qPCR multiplex assay25 also was evaluated using spiked saliva samples and either influenza A or influenza B primers (Figure 1C). The LOD of smartphone-based LAMP assay matched that of Flu SC2 RT-qPCR test for influenza A (2.8 × 102 TCID50/mL) and exceeded that for influenza B (0.8 vs 40 TCID50/mL) (19 of 20 biological replicates). Unspiked saliva samples from virus-negative donors gave no amplification with either influenza A or B primers (0 of 20 biological replicates; P < .001).

基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测平台与临床标准 CDC 流感 SARS-CoV-2 (Flu SC2) RT-qPCR 多重检测的 LOD 比较分析25还使用加标的唾液样本和甲型流感或乙型流感引物进行了评估(图1C)。基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测的 LOD 与 Flu SC2 RT-qPCR 检测 A 型流感(2.8 × 10 2 TCID 50 /mL)相匹配,超过了 B 型流感(0.8 vs 40 TCID 50 /mL)(20 个生物中的 19 个)复制)。来自病毒阴性供体的未加标的唾液样本无论用甲型流感还是乙型流感引物都没有扩增(20 个生物学重复中的 0 个;P  < .001)。

multiplex 多路复用 ; 多路传输 ; 多重发讯 ; 多厅影院 ; 多银幕电影院 ; 多样的 ; 多路传输的 ; 多路复用的 ; 多元的spiked 有尖刺的 ; 带钉的 ; 用尖物刺入 ; 在…中偷偷掺入 ; 拒绝发表 ; 阻止…传播 ; 阻挠 ; spike的过去分词和过去式saliva 唾液primers 底漆 ; 底层涂料 ; 初级读本 ; 入门书 ; 识字课本 ; 启蒙读本 ; primer的复数TCID50 半数组织培养感染剂量 ; 50%组织细胞感染量replicates 复制 ; 仿制 ; 再造 ; 再生 ; 自我复制 ; replicate的第三人称单数和复数

Influenza A and B Specificity

甲型和乙型流感特异性

用手机能随时进行新冠检测,用手机检测新冠结果准吗

Smartphone-based LAMP assay specificity for influenza A or B was evaluated as previously mentioned using either influenza A or B primers with spiked saliva samples (Figure 1D). The smartphone-based LAMP assay amplified influenza A or B viruses when using cognate influenza A or B primers (20 of 20 biological replicates), whereas no amplification was observed with any of the 8 coronaviruses or 4 bacterial pathogens tested (0 of 20 biological replicates; P < .001).

如前所述,使用带有加标唾液样本的甲型或乙型流感引物评估基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测对甲型或乙型流感的特异性(图 1 D)。基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测在使用同源甲型或乙型流感病毒引物(20 个生物重复中的 20 个)时扩增了甲型或乙型流感病毒,而测试的 8 种冠状病毒或 4 种细菌病原体中的任何一种均未观察到扩增(20 个生物重复中的 0 个) ; P  < .001)。

specificity 明确性 ; 具体性 ; 独特性primers 底漆 ; 底层涂料 ; 初级读本 ; 入门书 ; 识字课本 ; 启蒙读本 ; primer的复数spiked 有尖刺的 ; 带钉的 ; 用尖物刺入 ; 在…中偷偷掺入 ; 拒绝发表 ; 阻止…传播 ; 阻挠 ; spike的过去分词和过去式saliva 唾液cognate 同源的 ; 同族的 ; 同语系的 ; 相关的 ; 类似的 ; 同源词replicates 复制 ; 仿制 ; 再造 ; 再生 ; 自我复制 ; replicate的第三人称单数和复数amplification 扩大;膨胀pathogens 病原体 ; pathogen的复数

Clinical Evaluation

临床评估

Saliva samples were obtained from 50 eligible participants with no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (age range, 21 to 93 years; mean age, 57 years; 21 female participants, 29 male participants; recruitment took place January 12, 2021, to May 11, 2021). The smartphone-based LAMP assay showed 100% concordance with the RT-qPCR diagnostic for SARS-CoV-2 sensitivity (20 of 20 positive and 30 of 30 negative) and for quantitative detection of viral load (copies/mL) (Figure 2A). The smartphone-based LAMP assay also matched the performance of RT-qPCR assays for influenza A and B sensitivity and viral load (50/50 negative) (Figure 2B), consistent with CDC reports that influenza cases were low during the 2020-2021 season, possibly due to COVID-19 mitigation by face masking and social distancing restrictions.44

唾液样本取自 50 名既往未感染过 SARS-CoV-2 的合格参与者(年龄范围为 21 至 93 岁;平均年龄为 57 岁;21 名女性参与者,29 名男性参与者;招募时间为 2021 年 1 月 12 日至 5 月2021 年 11 月 11 日)。基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测与 RT-qPCR 诊断对 SARS-CoV-2 敏感性(20 个阳性中的 20 个和 30 个阴性中的 30 个)和病毒载量的定量检测(拷贝/mL)显示 100% 一致(图2A )。基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测也与 RT-qPCR 检测对甲型和乙型流感敏感性和病毒载量(50/50 阴性)的性能相匹配(图 2B),与 CDC 报告一致,即 2020-2021 季节流感病例较低,这可能是由于戴口罩和社交距离限制缓解了 COVID-19。44

concordance with 与……保持一致 ; 与……和谐assays 鉴定,试验,测定 ; assay的复数consistent with 与某事物并存influenza 同 flu ; 流行性感冒 ; 流感due to 由于 ; 应付mitigation 减轻 ; 缓解distancing 拉开距离 ; 与…疏远 ; distance的现在分词

用手机能随时进行新冠检测,用手机检测新冠结果准吗

用手机能随时进行新冠检测,用手机检测新冠结果准吗

Fifty patient saliva specimens were split into equal volumes and a comparative analysis was performed for (A) SARS-CoV-2 using the smartphone-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2019-nCoV reverse transcriptase–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); and for (B) influenza A or B using smartphone-based LAMP assay or CDC Flu SC2 RT-qPCR assay. Sensitivity was determined by the presence or absence of sample signal (binary plus or minus call). Quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 was determined by comparison of sample signal with that of standard curves established from serial dilution of spiked saliva samples amplified with the smartphone-based LAMP assay or CDC 2019-nCoV RT-qPCR. Influenza A and B copy number was determined by relative TCID50 quantitation (50% tissue culture infective dose assay) of spiked saliva samples (eMethods in the Supplement).

将 50 份患者唾液样本分成等体积,并使用基于智能手机的环路介导等温扩增 (LAMP) 测定或疾病控制和预防中心 (CDC) 2019-对 (A) SARS-CoV-2 进行比较分析- nCoV逆转录酶-定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR);对于 (B) 甲型或乙型流感,使用基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测或 CDC Flu SC2 RT-qPCR 检测。灵敏度由样品信号的存在与否(二进制加号或减号)确定。SARS-CoV-2 的定量检测是通过将样本信号与通过基于智能手机的 LAMP 测定或 CDC 2019-nCoV RT-qPCR 扩增的加标唾液样本的连续稀释建立的标准曲线的信号进行比较来确定的。甲型和乙型流感拷贝数由相对 TCID 50确定加标唾液样本的定量(50% 组织培养感染剂量测定)(补充材料中的 eMethods )。

saliva 唾液specimens 样品 ; 样本 ; 标本 ; 单一实例 ; 抽样,血样,尿样 ; specimen的复数split into 裂成comparative analysis 对比分析,比较分析isothermal 等温的;等温线的 ; 等温线amplification 扩大;膨胀

plus or minus 上下;左右by comparison 通过比较copy number 复制数TCID50 半数组织培养感染剂量 ; 50%组织细胞感染量quantitation 定量infective dose 侵染剂量

Storage Conditions for Patient Saliva Specimens

患者唾液标本的储存条件

Smartphone-based LAMP assay compatibility with room temperature storage of saliva specimens and reaction mix assembly for SARS-CoV-2 testing was evaluated to determine suitability for use in resource-limited settings wherein refrigeration may not be readily available. Viral concentration was determined as a function of storage time and temperature by the smartphone-based LAMP assay, using reaction mixes assembled at room temperature. The smartphone-based LAMP assay amplified SARS-CoV-2 contrived samples without substantial loss of sensitivity after sample storage for less than or equal to 4 hours at room temperature and less than 10-fold loss in sensitivity after sample storage for up to at least 1 week at 4 °C (Figure 3).

评估了基于智能手机的 LAMP 测定与唾液样本的室温储存和用于 SARS-CoV-2 测试的反应混合物组件的兼容性,以确定在资源有限的环境中使用的适用性,其中冷藏可能不容易获得。通过基于智能手机的 LAMP 分析,使用在室温下组装的反应混合物,将病毒浓度确定为存储时间和温度的函数。基于智能手机的 LAMP 分析可扩增 SARS-CoV-2 人为样本,在室温下样本存储少于或等于 4 小时后灵敏度没有显着损失,并且在样本存储长达至少 10 倍后灵敏度损失小于 10 倍在 4 °C 下 1 周(图 3)。

may not 不得storage time 存储时间;存放时间contrived 预谋的 ; 不自然的 ; 人为的 ; 矫揉造作的 ; 做作的 ; 设法做到 ; 促成 ; 巧妙地策划 ; 精巧地制造 ; contrive的过去分词和过去式room temperature 室温 ; 常温less than 少于 ; 毫不 ; 完全不 ; 一点都不up to 高达 ; 到 ; 干 ; 胜任 ; …的责任at least 至少 ; 不少于 ; 最不济 ; 起码 ; 不管怎样

用手机能随时进行新冠检测,用手机检测新冠结果准吗

Spiked saliva samples (2.5 × 105 copies/mL) were prepared in fresh saliva from virus-negative donors. The viral concentration (copies/mL) as a function of time and temperature was evaluated by the smartphone-based LAMP assay using a reaction mix assembled at room temperature. Quantitative detection of viral load was determined by comparison of sample signal with that of a standard curve established from serial dilution of spiked saliva samples amplified with smartphone-based LAMP assay; n = 3 biological replicates for each condition.

用来自病毒阴性供体的新鲜唾液制备加标唾液样品(2.5 × 10 5拷贝/mL)。使用在室温下组装的反应混合物,通过基于智能手机的 LAMP 测定法评估病毒浓度(拷贝/mL)作为时间和温度的函数。通过将样品信号与通过基于智能手机的 LAMP 分析扩增的加标唾液样品的连续稀释建立的标准曲线的比较来确定病毒载量的定量检测;每个条件 n = 3 个生物学重复。

saliva 唾液donors 捐赠者 ; 捐赠机构 ; 献血者 ; 器官捐献者 ; donor的复数by comparison 通过比较amplified 放大,增强 ; 阐发,充实 ; amplify的过去分词和过去式replicates 复制 ; 仿制 ; 再造 ; 再生 ; 自我复制 ; replicate的第三人称单数和复数

Discussion

讨论

COVID-19 pandemic control efforts require accurate, accessible diagnostic testing that is robust against the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. As a step toward achieving this goal, we developed a smartphone-based LAMP assay. This simple, low-tech test is rapid, sensitive, low cost, and scalable without the need for specialized and costly equipment. A head-to-head comparison revealed that the smartphone-based LAMP assay matched the performance of the clinical criterion-standard RT-qPCR diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2 sensitivity and quantitative detection of viral load. This suggests that the smartphone-based LAMP assay is a reliable test for SARS-CoV-2 virus. This system used LAMP protocol advances that optimized experimental conditions for viral RNA stability and cDNA synthesis, which increased sensitivity and effectively eliminated false positives due to primer-dimer amplification. The LAMP protocol described in this study has the potential to facilitate LAMP-based diagnostic tests for other pathogens in addition to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses. The smartphone-based LAMP assay of saliva specimens performed well under room temperature conditions, and circumvented the need for expensive fluorescent probes. It may be particularly useful in the context of settings that may otherwise lack sophisticated instrumentation, specialized reagents, or suitably trained personnel.

COVID-19 大流行控制工作需要准确、可访问的诊断测试,该测试对循环中的 SARS-CoV-2 变体具有稳健性。作为实现这一目标的一步,我们开发了一种基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测。这种简单、技术含量低的测试快速、灵敏、成本低且可扩展,无需专门且昂贵的设备。头对头比较显示,基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测与临床标准 RT-qPCR 诊断测试的 SARS-CoV-2 敏感性和病毒载量定量检测的性能相匹配。这表明基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测是 SARS-CoV-2 病毒的可靠检测。该系统使用 LAMP 协议改进,优化了病毒 RNA 稳定性和 cDNA 合成的实验条件,这提高了灵敏度并有效地消除了由于引物二聚体扩增导致的假阳性。本研究中描述的 LAMP 协议有可能促进除 SARS-CoV-2 和流感病毒之外的其他病原体的基于 LAMP 的诊断测试。基于智能手机的唾液样本 LAMP 检测在室温条件下表现良好,无需使用昂贵的荧光探针。在可能缺乏精密仪器、专业试剂或经过适当培训的人员的环境中,它可能特别有用。基于智能手机的唾液样本 LAMP 检测在室温条件下表现良好,无需使用昂贵的荧光探针。在可能缺乏精密仪器、专业试剂或经过适当培训的人员的环境中,它可能特别有用。基于智能手机的唾液样本 LAMP 检测在室温条件下表现良好,无需使用昂贵的荧光探针。在可能缺乏精密仪器、专业试剂或经过适当培训的人员的环境中,它可能特别有用。

pandemic 流行病 ; 大流行病 ; 大流行的 ; 普遍的,全世界的that is 即 ; 用于纠正之前说过的内容circulating 环流,循环 ; 传播 ; 流传 ; 散布 ; 传送 ; 传递 ; 传阅 ; 运行的 ; circulate的现在分词low-tech 不涉及最现代技术的low cost 低成本;廉价scalable 可攀登的;可去鳞的;可称量的head-to-head 正面交锋的 ; 面对面的 ; 肉搏战 ; *刃白**战diagnostic test 诊断测验

false positives 假阳性 ; false positive的复数in addition to 另外,加之,除…之外room temperature 室温 ; 常温may be 多半

The smartphone-based LAMP assay detection system consists of a hot plate, cardboard box, and LED lights. The system is inexpensive to set up and portable; it can be fabricated for less than $100 (in addition to the smartphone cost, which is approximately $200 used or approximately $400 new). The smartphone-based LAMP assay thus offers the potential to leverage a readily accessible technology to inexpensively deliver state-of-the-art nucleic acid diagnostics for quantitative pathogen detection at the POC. As reported in this study and by others, SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in saliva samples.27,45,46 Saliva testing has numerous advantages relative to nasopharyngeal swabs, including cost and ease of use (self-collection vs trained personnel and PPE for sample collection). Furthermore, saliva sampling circumvents the need for specialized swabs and reagents, test components that are vulnerable to supply-chain disruptions and resource limitations.

基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测系统由热板、纸板箱和 LED 灯组成。该系统的安装成本低廉且便于携带;它的制造成本不到 100 美元(除了智能手机成本,大约 200 美元使用或大约 400 美元新)。因此,基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测提供了利用一种易于获得的技术以低成本提供最先进的核酸诊断技术的潜力,用于在 POC 进行定量病原体检测。正如本研究和其他人所报道的,可以在唾液样本中检测到 SARS-CoV-2。27 , 45 , 46与鼻咽拭子相比,唾液检测具有许多优势,包括成本和易用性(自我采集与受过培训的人员和用于样本采集的 PPE)。此外,唾液采样无需专门的拭子和试剂、易受供应链中断和资源限制的测试组件。

detection system 检测系统;探测系统hot plate 电热板;轻便电炉;餐厅出售的热食less than 少于 ; 毫不 ; 完全不 ; 一点都不in addition to 另外,加之,除…之外nucleic acid 核酸relative to 关于…的,和…比较起来

There are opportunities to adapt our protocol from a lab test to a field test and to further reduce the cost of smartphone-based LAMP diagnostics. First, because approximately 90% of the cost per test comes from using commercially available enzymes, bulk enzyme purification or purchase could further lower the cost substantially. Second, field-test applicability could conceivably be achieved with the use of lyophilized reagents, which would be well-suited for areas that lack refrigeration.47,48 The use of lyophilized reagents can further streamline the LAMP assay by enabling the addition of specimen directly to a preassembled master mix, thereby minimizing sample handling, preparation time and the potential for user error, while enhancing user biosafety. Additionally, the system provides a platform for inexpensive home-based testing.

有机会将我们的协议从实验室测试调整为现场测试,并进一步降低基于智能手机的 LAMP 诊断成本。首先,由于每次测试大约 90% 的成本来自使用市售酶,因此批量酶纯化或购买可以进一步显着降低成本。其次,可以想象使用冻干试剂可以实现现场测试的适用性,这将非常适合缺乏冷藏的地区。47 , 48冻干试剂的使用可以通过将样品直接添加到预组装的预混液中来进一步简化 LAMP 检测,从而最大限度地减少样品处理、制备时间和用户错误的可能性,同时提高用户的生物安全性。此外,该系统还为廉价的家庭测试提供了平台。

There are 有 ; 可数名词的复数形式 ; 许多重要事情要谈field test 现场试验commercially available 市场上可买到的field-test 对做现场试验conceivably 可想而知 ; 想得到地lyophilized 使冻干 ; lyophilize的过去分词和过去式preparation time 预备时间

The capacity to rapidly and accurately test large populations, including individuals in developing nations struggling with inadequate vaccine supplies and testing access amidst a landscape of new, and more highly transmissible variants, is critically important. Accordingly, the smartphone-based LAMP assay detected 5 of 5 major SARS-CoV-2 variants including Alpha and Delta. Through primer changes, the LAMP assay could be further adjusted as necessary if new, as yet unseen, variants evolve. The Omicron variant, which emerged during the manuscript review process and possesses approximately 50 variations with many clustered in the gene encoding the spike protein,49 would not be expected to escape diagnostic detection of the LAMP primers described in this study. The broad applicability of a smartphone-based assay has been previously demonstrated with excellent performance for urinary bacterial diagnostics and for the detection of multiple microbial pathogens in body fluids (blood, urine, feces).50 The LAMP assay now potentially offers underserved populations with an additional testing tool for the next stage in the pandemic. Moreover, the lifting of COVID pandemic restrictions is expected to markedly increase influenza cases during the upcoming flu season and has prompted CDC recommendations for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza combination diagnostics when both pathogens are circulating.17,51 Finally, integration of the smartphone-based LAMP assay with telemedicine has the potential to deliver advanced health care to vulnerable populations, while markedly broadening the scope of personalized medicine.52,53 Taken together, the LAMP assay integrates state-of-the-art diagnostic techniques with the connectivity and computational power of the smartphone, offering the potential to provide fair and equal access to precision diagnostic medicine.

快速准确地测试大量人群的能力至关重要,包括发展中国家的个人,这些人在疫苗供应不足的情况下以及在新的、传播性更高的变体的环境中进行测试,这一点至关重要。因此,基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测检测到 5 种主要 SARS-CoV-2 变体中的 5 种,包括 Alpha 和 Delta。通过改变引物,如果出现新的、尚未发现的变体,则可以根据需要进一步调整 LAMP 检测。Omicron 变体,在手稿审查过程中出现,拥有大约 50 个变体,其中许多变体聚集在编码刺突蛋白的基因中,49预计不会逃脱本研究中描述的 LAMP 引物的诊断检测。基于智能手机的检测具有广泛的适用性,此前已证明其在泌尿细菌诊断和检测体液(血液、尿液、粪便)中的多种微生物病原体方面具有出色的性能。50 LAMP 检测现在可能为服务不足的人群提供下一阶段流行病的额外测试工具。此外,预计取消 COVID 大流行限制将在即将到来的流感季节显着增加流感病例,并促使 CDC 建议在两种病原体都在传播时对 SARS-CoV-2 和流感联合诊断提出建议。17 , 51最后,基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测与远程医疗的整合有可能为弱势群体提供先进的医疗保健,同时显着扩大个性化医疗的范围。52 , 53总而言之,LAMP 检测将最先进的诊断技术与智能手机的连接性和计算能力相结合,提供了公平和平等地获得精准诊断医学的潜力。

inadequate 不充分的 ; 不足的 ; 不够的 ; 不胜任的 ; 缺乏信心的vaccine 疫苗 ; 菌苗 ; 牛痘的 ; 预防疫苗的 ; 种痘的amidst 中间 ; 同 amid ; 在…过程中 ; 在…中critically 批判地 ; 批判性地;苛求地 ; 危急地;严重地assay 化验 ; 鉴定,试验,测定 ; 试验 ; 分析 ; 考验 ; 经检验证明内含成分as yet 到目前为止 ; 迄今为止,目前为止unseen 看不见的 ; 无形的 ; 前所未见的 ; 未被发现的 ; 即席翻译 ; 即席翻译的文章evolve 发展 ; 进化 ; 逐渐形成 ; 逐渐演变

be expected to 期望 ; 预计 ; 有望做某事has been 已经in body 亲自underserved 服务不周到的,服务水平低下的testing tool 检测工具

pandemic 流行病 ; 大流行病 ; 大流行的 ; 普遍的,全世界的markedly 明显 ; 显著地 ; 引人注目地pathogens 病原体 ; pathogen的复数health care 医疗

Limitations

限制

This study had some limitations. Although the goal of the study was to develop a smartphone-based test suitable for low-income and middle-income countries, the study participants were hospitalized patients in the United States and, thus, the experimental outcome under low-income and middle-income country conditions is yet to be determined. Furthermore, the study could be improved with an increased number of participants (symptomatic and asymptomatic) beyond the current 50, which limits the interpretation of the data.

这项研究有一些局限性。尽管该研究的目标是开发一种适用于低收入和中等收入国家的基于智能手机的测试,但研究参与者是美国的住院患者,因此,低收入和中等收入国家的实验结果国情尚未确定。此外,可以通过增加参与者(有症状和无症状)的人数超过目前的 50 人来改进研究,这限制了对数据的解释。

limitations 局限性 ; 限制 ; 局限 ; 控制 ; 起限制作用的规则 ; 限度 ; limitation的复数middle-income 中等收入的participants 参与者 ; 参加者 ; participant的复数hospitalized 送入院治疗 ; hospitalize的过去分词和过去式United States 美国 ; 美利坚合众国 ; 依宪法而联合起来的州的总称outcome 结果 ; 效果symptomatic 作为症状的 ; 症状的 ; 作为征候的asymptomatic 无症状的

Conclusions

结论

The smartphone-based LAMP assay integrates reliable diagnostics with advantages of smartphone detection, offering an inexpensive diagnostic platform for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A and B viruses that match the CDC RT-qPCR criterion standards. The capacity to rapidly and accurately test saliva samples from populations presently lacking adequate vaccination levels and access to viral testing amidst the emergence of more highly transmissible variants is critically important. Moreover, as new variants of SARS-CoV-2 virus emerge, testing and detection remain at the forefront of pandemic control efforts. The smartphone-based LAMP assay thus offers the potential to provide a critical tool to mitigate further stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the LAMP assay can be readily engineered to address novel CoV-2 variants and other pathogens with pandemic potential, including influenza.

基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测将可靠的诊断与智能手机检测的优势相结合,为符合 CDC RT-qPCR 标准标准的 SARS-CoV-2 和甲型和乙型流感病毒提供了廉价的诊断平台。快速准确地检测目前缺乏足够疫苗接种水平的人群的唾液样本的能力以及在出现更高传播性变体的情况下进行病毒检测的能力至关重要。此外,随着 SARS-CoV-2 病毒新变种的出现,检测和检测仍处于大流行控制工作的最前沿。因此,基于智能手机的 LAMP 检测有可能提供一种关键工具来缓解 COVID-19 大流行的进一步阶段。此外,LAMP分析可以很容易地进行工程设计,以解决新的CoV-2变异和其他具有大流行潜力的病原体,包括流感。

saliva 唾液vaccination 接种疫苗 ; 注射疫苗 ; 种痘 ; 牛痘疤access to 接近,去…的通路,使用…的机会at the forefront of 处于最前列,进入重要地位 (at/in/to the forefront (of something) )pandemic 流行病 ; 大流行病 ; 大流行的 ; 普遍的,全世界的mitigate 减轻 ; 缓和pathogens 病原体 ; pathogen的复数

如有研究需要,可以参考原文链接:https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2788464?resultClick=3&fbclid=IwAR3sPzcwWGT9LF0AQSXSeGHI_lJR3Ky6R63I5FvbW2fm9NRUt9phleY1yQo