本部分包含:媒体曝光历史、项目本身介绍。
辽观搬运、翻译、整合的中英文维基百科词条。与原维基百科词条同样遵循CC-BY-SA 4.0协议,在符合协议要求的情况下您可以免费使用其内容(包括商用)。
本文基于英文词条的线索,并补充部分来自中文词条的内容。辽观搬运时进行了必要的合规化处理,以使其能够在中国内地上传。中文词条原文链接(无法从中国内地访问):https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/稜鏡計畫英文词条原文链接(无法从中国内地访问):https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM维基百科(Wikipedia)是美国维基媒体基金会的互联网百科项目(点击 维基百科 搬运的中文维基百科词条 辽观搬运的维基百科词条 了解更多),其内容可能受到立场、信息来源等因素影响,请客观看待。正文内容不代表译者观点。
受限于头条的外链机制,搬运至头条的词条不包含文中原有的链接。我们稍后将发布包含文中链接的版本。
辽观提供的翻译仅供参考。文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。封面图片:PRISM计划的标志。图片来源:NSA, US government; prism photograph:Adam Hart-Davis
棱镜计划 (英语:PRISM)是一项由美国国家安全局自2007年开始实施的绝密级网络监控监听计划。[1][2]该计划的正式名称为“US-984XN”。[3][4]
根据报导,泄露的文件中描述PRISM计划能够对即时通信和既存资料进行深度的监听。[5]许可的监听对象包括任何在美国以外地区使用参与计划公司服务的客户,或是任何与国外人士通信的美国公民。[5]国家安全局在PRISM计划中可以获得电子邮件、视频和语音交谈、影片、照片、VoIP交谈内容、文件传输、登录通知的数据,以及社交网络细节,并透过各种联网设备,如智能手机、电子式手表等各式联网设备对特定目标进行攻击。[5]综合情报文件《总统每日简报》中在2012年中的1,477个计划里使用了来自棱镜计划的资料。[6]
关于PRISM的报道,是在美国政府持续秘密要求威讯向国家安全局提供所有客户每日电话记录的消息曝光后不久出现的。[7][2]泄露这些绝密文件的是国家安全局合约外包商员工爱德华·*诺斯**登,于2013年6月6日在英国《卫报》和美国《华盛顿邮报》公开。[8]

此图片适用CC0分享协议。辽观上传时对图片部分区域进行了遮挡。
图片题注:Recreation of boundless information global heat map of data collection from its snapshot from 2007 data. The color scheme ranges from green (least subjected to surveillance by the NSA) through yellow and orange to red (most surveillance by the NSA).参考译文:无边界信息全球热点图数据采集的重现,以2007年的数据快照为基础。颜色从绿色(受到NSA监视最少)到黄色和橙色再到红色(受到NSA监视最多)。图片来源:Rezonansowy-自己的作品 本文件衍生自:Boundless Informant data collection - DNI.jpg
PRISM is a code name for a program under which the United States National Security Agency(NSA) collects internet communications from various U.S. internet companies.[1][2][3]The program is also known by the SIGAD US-984XN.[4][5] PRISM collects stored internet communications based on demands made to internet companies such as Google LLC and Apple under Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 to turn over any data that match court-approved search terms.[6]Among other things, the NSA can use these PRISM requests to target communications that were encrypted when they traveled across the internet backbone, to focus on stored data that telecommunication filtering systems discarded earlier,[7][8] and to get data that is easier to handle.[9]参考译文:PRISM是美国国家安全局(NSA)开展的一个项目代号,该项目通过向美国各大互联网公司收集互联网通信数据[1][2][3]。该项目还以SIGAD US-984XN的代号为人所知[4][5]。PRISM根据对互联网公司(如Google LLC和Apple)提出的要求,收集存储的互联网通信数据,以便提供与经法院批准的搜索词匹配的数据,这是根据2008年《外国情报监视法修正案》第702条的规定进行的[6]。除其他用途外,NSA可以利用这些PRISM请求来针对互联网骨干传输时已加密的通信进行监控,关注之前电信过滤 系统丢弃的存储数据[7][8],并获取更易处理的数据[9]。
PRISM began in 2007 in the wake of the passage of the Protect America Act under the Bush Administration.[10][11] The program is operated under the supervision of the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISA Court, or FISC) pursuant to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA).[12] Its existence was leaked six years later by NSA contractor Edward Snowden, who warned that the extent of mass data collection was far greater than the public knew and included what he characterized as "dangerous" and "criminal" activities.[13] The disclosures were published by The Guardian and The Washington Post on June 6, 2013. Subsequent documents have demonstrated a financial arrangement between the NSA's Special Source Operations (SSO) division and PRISM partners in the millions of dollars.[14]参考译文:PRISM项目始于2007年,在布什政府颁布《保护美国法案》之后展开[10][11]。该项目在美国外国情报监视法庭(FISA法院,或FISC)的监督下运行,依据外国情报监视法(FISA)[12]。该项目的存在在六年后被NSA承包商爱德华·*诺斯**登泄露出来,他警告称大规模数据收集的程度远超公众所知,并包含他所称的"危险"和"犯罪"活动[13]。这些披露由《卫报》和《华盛顿邮报》于2013年6月6日发布。随后的文件显示,NSA的特殊来源行动(SSO)部门与 PRISM合作伙伴之间存在着数以百万美元计的财务安排[14]
Documents indicate that PRISM is "the number one source of raw intelligence used for NSA analytic reports", and it accounts for 91% of the NSA's internet traffic acquired under FISA section 702 authority."[15][16] The leaked information came after the revelation that the FISA Court had been ordering a subsidiary of telecommunications company Verizon Communications to turn over logs tracking all of its customers' telephone calls to the NSA.[17][18]参考译文:文件表明,PRISM是"NSA分析报告中用于原始情报的主要来源",并且它占据了根据FISA第702条授权获取的NSA互联网流量的91%"[15][16]。此次泄露的信息是在曝光FISA法院曾命令电信公司Verizon Communications的子公司 提交跟踪所有客户电话记录给NSA之后发生的[17][18]。
U.S. government officials have disputed criticisms of PRISM in the Guardian and Washington Post articles and have defended the program, asserting that it cannot be used on domestic targets without a warrant. Additionally claiming the program has helped to prevent acts of terrorism, and that it receives independent oversight from the federal government's executive, judicial and legislative branches.[19][20] On June 19, 2013, U.S. President Barack Obama, during a visit to Germany, stated that the NSA's data gathering practices constitute "a circumscribed, narrow system directed at us being able to protect our people."[21]参考译文:美国政府官员对《卫报》和《华盛顿邮报》的文章中对PRISM的批评提出了异议,并为该项目进行了辩护,声称在没有授权令的情况下不能用于国内目标。此外,他们还声称该项目有助于阻止恐怖主义行为,并接受联邦政府的行政、司法和立法部门的独立监督[19][20]。2013年6月19日,美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马在访问德国期间表示,NSA的数据收集做法构 成了"一个有限制、狭窄的系统,旨在保护我们的人民"[21]。
1. 棱镜项目的媒体曝光 | Media disclosure of PRISM
Further information: Global surveillance disclosure 更多信息:全球监控的曝光
Edward Snowden publicly revealed the existence of PRISM through a series of classified documents leaked to journalists of The Washington Post and The Guardian while Snowden, who was an NSA contractor at the time, was visiting Hong Kong.[1][2] The leaked documents included 41 PowerPoint slides, four of which were published in news articles.[1][2]
参考译文:爱德华·*诺斯**登曾是美国国家安全局的一名承包商,他在访问香港期间通过一系列泄露给《华盛顿邮报》和《卫报》记者的机密文件公开揭示了PRISM的存在[1][2]。这些泄露的文件中包括41张幻灯片,其中有四张在新闻文章中发表[1][2]。
The documents identified several technology companies as participants in the PRISM program, including Microsoft in 2007, Yahoo! in 2008, Google in 2009, Facebook in 2009, Paltalk in 2009, YouTube in 2010, AOL in 2011, Skype in 2011 and Apple in 2012.[22] The speaker's notes in the briefing document reviewed by The Washington Post indicated that "98 percent of PRISM production is based on Yahoo, Google, and Microsoft".[1]参考译文:这些文件确定了几家科技公司作为PRISM计划的参与者,包括微软在2007年、雅虎在2008年、谷歌在2009年、Facebook在2009年、Paltalk在2009年、YouTube在2010年、AOL在2011年、Skype在2011年和苹果在2012年[22]。《华盛顿邮报》审查的简报文件中演讲者的备注 显示,“98%的PRISM产出基于雅虎、谷歌和微软”[1]。
The slide presentation stated that much of the world's electronic communications pass through the U.S., because electronic communications data tend to follow the least expensive route rather than the most physically direct route, and the bulk of the world's internet infrastructure is based in the United States.[15] The presentation noted that these facts provide United States intelligence analysts with opportunities for intercepting the communications of foreign targets as their electronic data pass into or through the United States.[2][15]参考译文:幻灯片演示指出,世界上大部分的电子通信经过美国,这是因为电子通信数据往往遵循最经济的路线而不是最直接的物理路线,而且世界上大部分的互联网基础设施都位于美国[15]。演示指出,这些事实为美国情报分析师提供了拦截外国目标通信的机会, 因为它们的电子数据在进入或经过美国时会被拦截[2][15]。
Snowden's subsequent disclosures included statements that government agencies such as the United Kingdom's GCHQ also undertook mass interception and tracking of internet and communications data[23] – described by Germany as "nightmarish" if true[24] – allegations that the NSA engaged in "dangerous" and "criminal" activity by "hacking" civilian infrastructure networks in other countries such as "universities, hospitals, and private businesses",[13] and alleged that compliance offered only very limited restrictive effect on mass data collection practices (including of Americans) since restrictions "are policy-based, not technically based, and can change at any time", adding that "Additionally, audits are cursory, incomplete, and easily fooled by fake justifications",[13] with numerous self-granted exceptions, and that NSA policies encourage staff to assume the benefit of the doubt in cases of uncertainty.[25][26][27]参考译文:*诺斯**登随后的披露包括政府机构如英国的GCHQ也进行大规模拦截和追踪互联网和通信数据[23],德国将此描述为“如若真实,真是噩梦般的”[24]。他还声称美国国家安全局进行了“危险”和“犯罪”的活动,通过“黑客攻击”其他国家的民用基础设施网络,如“大学、医院和私营企业”[13]。他还声称合规性对大规模数据收集实践(包括美国人)的限制作用非常有限,因为限制“是基于政策而不是技术,并且可以随时改变”,并补充说“此外,审核是粗略、不完整的,很容易被虚假的辩解所欺骗”[13],并存在很多自我授权的例外情况,NSA的政 策鼓励员工在不确定情况下假定怀好意[25][26][27]。
1.1 幻灯片 | The slides
Below are a number of slides released by Edward Snowden showing the operation and processes behind the PRISM program. The "FAA" referred to is Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act ("FAA"), and not the Federal Aviation Administration, which is more widely known by the same FAA initialism.参考译文:以下是爱德华·*诺斯**登发布的一些幻灯片,展示了PRISM计划的操作和流程。这里提到的“FAA”是《外国情报监视法修正案法案》(FISA修正法案)第702节,而不是更为广为人知的联邦航空管理局(Federal Aviation Administration),它们都使用了相同的FAA首字母缩写。

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图片题注:Cover slide of the US Federal Government's data collection program PRISM.参考译文:美国联邦政府数据收集计划PRISM的封面幻灯片。

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图片题注:PRISM: Introduction参考译文:PRISM项目介绍

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图片题注:Slide showing companies participating in the PRISM program and the types of data they provide.参考译文:幻灯片展示参与PRISM项目的公司以及它们提供的数据类型。

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图片题注:PRISM: Dates When PRISM Collection Began For Each Provider参考译文:PRISM:每个服务提供商开始PRISM数据收集的日期

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图片题注:Slide illustrating PRISM’s tasking process参考译文:幻灯片展示PRISM的任务分配过程。

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图片题注:Slide illustrating PRISM collection dataflow参考译文:幻灯片展示PRISM数据收集的流程。

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图片题注:A slide illustrating how PRISM cases are named.参考译文:幻灯片展示PRISM案件的命名方式。

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图片题注:Slide illustrating how to search PRISM’s counterterrorism database参考译文:幻灯片展示如何搜索PRISM的反恐数据库。

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图片题注:A week in the life of Prism. Published first in O Globo, Since rebroadcast on Brazilian TV参考译文:《Prism一周生活》。首次发表在《O Globo》,后在巴西电视台重播。

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图片题注:Slide fragment mentioning "upstream collection", FAA702, EO 12333, and references http://yahoo.com explicitly in the text参考译文:幻灯片片段,提到“上游收集”、FAA702、EO 12333,并在文本中明确提到http://yahoo.com。

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图片题注:FAA 702 authority;Collection only possible under FAA 702 Authority;FAA702 Operations, and map参考译文:FAA702授权;只有在FAA702授权下才可能进行收集;FAA702操作和地图。

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图片题注:FAA702 Operations, and map. The subheader reads "Collection only possible under FAA702 Authority". FAIRVIEW is in the center box.参考译文:FAA702操作和地图。副标题写着“只有在FAA702授权下才可能进行收集”。FAIRVIEW位于中心方框中。

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图片题注:PRISM Slide. Collection only possible under FAA702 Authority STORMBREW (probably)参考译文:PRISM幻灯片。只有在FAA702的授权下,才可能进行收集,可能是使用STORMBREW(可能)。

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图片题注:Tasking, Points to Remember. Transcript of body: "Whenever your targets meet FAA criteria, you should consider asking to FAA. Emergency tasking processes exist for [imminent /immediate ] threat to life situations and targets can be placed on [illegible] within hours (surveillance and stored comms). Get to know your Product line FAA adjudicators and FAA leads."参考译文:任务分配,要记住的要点。正文的文字记录:“每当您的目标符合FAA的标准时,您应该考虑要求FAA。紧急任务分配过程适用于威胁到生命的情况,目标可以在几小时内(监视和存储通信)被放置在[无法辨认]中。要了解您的产品线FAA裁决者和FAA负责人。”
The French newspaper Le Monde disclosed new PRISM slides (see pages 4, 7 and 8) coming from the "PRISM/US-984XN Overview" presentation on October 21, 2013.[28] The British newspaper The Guardian disclosed new PRISM slides (see pages 3 and 6) in November 2013 which on the one hand compares PRISM with the Upstream program, and on the other hand deals with collaboration between the NSA's Threat Operations Center and the FBI.[29]参考译文:法国报纸《世界报》披露了来自2013年10月21日的“PRISM/US-984XN概述”演示文稿的新幻灯片(请参阅第4页、第7页和第8页)。英国报纸《卫报》于2013年11月披露了新的PRISM幻灯片(请参阅第3页和第6页),其中一方面比较了PRISM和上游计划,另一方面涉及了美国国家安全局威胁行动中心与联邦调查局之间的合作关系。
2. 项目本身 | the Program
PRISM的前身是小布什任内在九一一事件后的恐怖分子监听计划(Terrorist Surveillance Program)。在当时这个计划曾遭到广泛批评,且其合法性因未经过外国情报监控法庭(Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court)批准而受到质疑,[9][10][11][12]但之后的PRISM则得到了该法庭的授权令。[13]在奥巴马任内,国家安全局持续运作PRISM。[5]
PRISM计划在2013年6月3日首次被《华盛顿邮报》和《卫报》对外揭露;[14][5]两家媒体获取了与PRISM有关的秘密文档。这些文档指出,数家科技公司参与了PRISM计划,包括(按加入项目的时间)微软(2007年)、雅虎(2008年)、Google(2009年)、Facebook(2009年)、Paltalk(2009年)、YouTube(2010年)、Skype(2011年)、美国在线(2011年)以及苹果公司(2012年)。[15]此外,Dropbox也被指控“即将加入”这项计划。[14]
在泄露的秘密文档内的一页幻灯片中,显示了两种数据来源:Upstream(另一个监听项目的代号)和PRISM。“Upstream”项目在承载互联网骨干通信内容的光缆上安装分光镜,复制其通信内容;PRISM则是从上述美国服务提供商的服务器直接进行收集。[16]
PRISM让情报机构能对实时通信和存储在服务器上的信息进行深入监视。[5]任何使用上述服务商的美国境外客户及与国外人士通信的美国公民都是该计划允许的监听对象。[5]国家安全局经由PRISM获得的数据包括电子邮件、视讯和语音交谈、视讯、照片、VoIP通话、文件传输、和社交网络上的详细信息[5]。其中98%的PRISM结果是基于来自雅虎、Google和微软提供的数据。[14]2012年间的《总统每日简报》内共引用了1,477项来自PRISM的数据。[6]
PRISM的年度花费约为2000万美元。[13]

PRISM logo. 此图片属于公共领域。
PRISM is a program from the Special Source Operations (SSO) division of the NSA, which in the tradition of NSA's intelligence alliances, cooperates with as many as 100 trusted U.S. companies since the 1970s.[1] A prior program, the Terrorist Surveillance Program,[30][31] was implemented in the wake of the September 11 attacks under the George W. Bush Administrationbut was widely criticized and challenged as illegal, because it did not include warrants obtained from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.[31][32][33][34][35] PRISM was authorized by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.[15] 参考译文:棱镜计划是美国国家安全局(NSA)特殊源运营(SSO)部门的一个项目,在NSA的情报联盟传统下,自上世纪70年代以来与多达100家受信任的美国公司合作。之前的一个项目,恐怖分子监视计划,在九一一袭击事件后由乔治·W·布什政府实施,但因为没有从外国情报监视法庭获得授权而受到广泛批评和质疑。而棱镜计划是经过外国情报监视法庭授权的。
PRISM was enabled under President Bush by the Protect America Act of 2007 and by the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, which immunizes private companies from legal action when they cooperate with U.S. government agencies in intelligence collection. In 2012 the act was renewed by Congress under President Obama for an additional five years, through December 2017.[2][36][37] According to The Register , the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 "specifically authorizes intelligence agencies to monitor the phone, email, and other communications of U.S. citizens for up to a week without obtaining a warrant" when one of the parties is outside the U.S.[36] 参考译文:棱镜计划是在2007年的《保护美国法案》和2008年的《外国情报监视法修正案》的支持下由布什总统启动的。该法案使得私营公司在与美国政府机构合作进行情报收集时免受法律诉讼的约束。2012年,奥巴马总统下,国会将该法案延长了五年,直到2017年12月。据《注册》报道,2008年的《外国情报监视法修正案》“明确授权情报机构在没有获得授权的情况下,在一方位于美国之外的情况下,监视美国公民的电话、电子邮件和其他通信长达一周”。
The most detailed description of the PRISM program can be found in a report about NSA's collection efforts under Section 702 FAA, that was released by the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB) on July 2, 2014.[38] 参考译文:有关棱镜计划的最详细描述可以在隐私与公民自由监督委员会(PCLOB)于2014年7月2日发布的一份关于国家安全局根据702法案收集情报的报告中找到。
According to this report, PRISM is only used to collect internet communications, not telephone conversations. These internet communications are not collected in bulk, but in a targeted way: only communications that are to or from specific selectors, like e-mail addresses, can be gathered. Under PRISM, there's no collection based on keywords or names.[38] 参考译文:根据这份报告,棱镜计划仅用于收集互联网通信,而不是电话对话。这些互联网通信并非大规模收集,而是有针对性地进行:只有与特定选择器(如电子邮件地址)有关的通信才能被收集。在棱镜计划下,没有基于关键词或姓名的收集。
The actual collection process is done by the Data Intercept Technology Unit (DITU) of the FBI, which on behalf of the NSA sends the selectors to the U.S. internet service providers, which were previously served with a Section 702 Directive. Under this directive, the provider is legally obliged to hand over (to DITU) all communications to or from the selectors provided by the government.[38] DITU then sends these communications to NSA, where they are stored in various databases, depending on their type. 参考译文:实际的收集过程由联邦调查局(FBI)的数据拦截技术部门(DITU)完成,该部门代表国家安全局向美国互联网服务提供商发送选择器(selectors),这些选择器在之前已经收到702法案指令。根据该指令,互联网服务提供商有法律义务将与政府提供的选择器相关的所有通信交给DITU。然后,DITU将这些通信发送给国家安全局,在那里根据类型存储在各种数据库中。
Data, both content and metadata, that already have been collected under the PRISM program, may be searched for both US and non-US person identifiers. These kinds of queries became known as "back-door searches" and are conducted by NSA, FBI and CIA.[39] Each of these agencies has slightly different protocols and safeguards to protect searches with a US person identifier.[38] 参考译文:在棱镜计划下已经收集的数据,包括内容和元数据,可以根据美国和非美国人的身份信息进行搜索。这种查询被称为“后门搜索”,由国家安全局、联邦调查局和中央情报局进行。每个机构都有稍有不同的协议和保障措施,以保护使用美国人身份信息进行的搜索。
2.1 计划的广度 | Extent of the program
Internal NSA presentation slides included in the various media disclosures show that the NSA could unilaterally access data and perform "extensive, in-depth surveillance on live communications and stored information" with examples including email, video and voice chat, videos, photos, voice-over-IP chats (such as Skype), file transfers, and social networking details.[2] Snowden summarized that "in general, the reality is this: if an NSA, FBI, CIA, DIA, etc. analyst has access to query raw SIGINT [signals intelligence] databases, they can enter and get results for anything they want."[13] 参考译文:各种媒体披露的内部国家安全局(NSA)的演示文稿显示,NSA可以单方面访问数据并对实时通信和存储信息进行“广泛而深入的监视”,例如电子邮件、视频和语音聊天、视频、照片、语音IP聊天(如Skype)、文件传输和社交网络详细信息。*诺斯**登总结道:“总体而言,事实是这样的:如果NSA、FBI、CIA、DIA等分析师可以访问原始SIGINT(信号情报)数据库并进行查询,他们可以输入任何想要的内容并获得结果。”
According to The Washington Post , the intelligence analysts search PRISM data using terms intended to identify suspicious communications of targets whom the analysts suspect with at least 51 percent confidence to not be U.S. citizens, but in the process, communication data of some U.S. citizens are also collected unintentionally.[1] Training materials for analysts tell them that while they should periodically report such accidental collection of non-foreign U.S. data, "it's nothing to worry about."[1][40] 参考译文:根据《华盛顿邮报》的报道,情报分析师使用旨在识别可疑通信的术语来搜索棱镜数据,他们对被怀疑不是美国公民的目标持有至少51%的确信度,但在此过程中,一些美国公民的通信数据也会被无意中收集。分析师的培训材料告诉他们,尽管他们应该定期报告意外收集到的非外国人的美国数据,但“这并无需担心”。
According to The Guardian , NSA had access to chats and emails on http://Hotmail.com and Skype because Microsoft had "developed a surveillance capability to deal" with the interception of chats, and "for Prism collection against Microsoft email services will be unaffected because Prism collects this data prior to encryption."[41][42] 参考译文:根据《卫报》的报道,NSA可以访问http://Hotmail.com和Skype上的聊天和电子邮件,因为微软已经“开发了一个监视能力来处理”对聊天的拦截,并且“对于Prism收集微软电子邮件服务的数据不会受到影响,因为Prism在加密之前收集这些数据。”
Also according to The Guardian's Glenn Greenwald even low-level NSA analysts are allowed to search and listen to the communications of Americans and other people without court approval and supervision. Greenwald said low level Analysts can, via systems like PRISM, "listen to whatever emails they want, whatever telephone calls, browsing histories, Microsoft Worddocuments.[30] And it's all done with no need to go to a court, with no need to even get supervisor approval on the part of the analyst."[43] 参考译文:根据《卫报》的格伦·格林沃尔德(Glenn Greenwald)的报道,即使是低级别的NSA分析师也可以在没有法庭批准和监督的情况下搜索和监听美国人和其他人的通信。格林沃尔德表示,通过像PRISM这样的系统,低级别的分析师可以“听取他们想要的任何电子邮件,任何电话通话,浏览历史记录,微软Word文档。所有这些都可以在不需要去法庭,甚至不需要分析师的主管批准的情况下完成。”
He added that the NSA databank, with its years of collected communications, allows analysts to search that database and listen "to the calls or read the emails of everything that the NSA has stored, or look at the browsing histories or Google search terms that you've entered, and it also alerts them to any further activity that people connected to that email address or that IP address do in the future."[43] Greenwald was referring in the context of the foregoing quotes to the NSA program XKeyscore.[44] 参考译文:他补充说,NSA的数据库拥有多年的通信记录,使分析师能够搜索该数据库并监听“NSA所存储的一切通话或阅读的电子邮件,或查看您输入的浏览历史记录或谷歌搜索词,它还会警示他们未来与该电子邮件地址或IP地址相关的任何进一步活动。”格林沃尔德在上述引述中提到的NSA计划是XKeyscore。
2.2 概览棱镜计划 | PRISM overview
|
Designation项目 |
Legal Authority See Note法律权限注释 |
Key Targets关键目标 |
Type of Information collected收集的信息类型 |
Associated Databases相关数据库 |
Associated Software相关软件 |
|
US-984XN |
Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act (FAA)FISA 修正案 (FAA) 第 702 条 |
Known Targets include[45]已知目标包括:(详见表注1) |
The exact type of data varies by provider:数据的确切类型因提供商而异:(详见表注2) |
Known: 已知的有:(详见表注3) |
Known:Unified Targeting Tool已知:统一定位工具 |
表注1:
- Venezuela 委内瑞拉
- Military procurement 军事采购
- Oil 油
- Mexico 墨西哥
- Narcotics *品毒**
- Energy 能源
- Internal Security 内部安全
- Political Affairs 政治事务
- Colombia 哥伦比亚
- Trafficking 人口贩卖
- FARC 哥伦比亚革命武装力量
表注2:
- Email 电子邮件
- Chat – video, voice 聊天 – 视频、语音
- Videos 视频
- Stored data 存储数据
- VoIP 网络电话
- File transfers 文件传输
- Video Conferencing 视频会议
- Notifications of target activity, logins, etc. 目标活动、登录等的通知
- Online Social Networking details 在线社交网络详细信息
- Special Requests 特别要求
表注3:
- TRAFFICTHIEF “交通窃贼”
- MARINA “码头”
- MAINWAY “主路”
- FALLOUT “掉出来”
- PINWALE “独针”
- CONVEYANCE “输送”
- NUCLEON “核子”
正文第2部分(3. 各方回应)请点击 棱镜项目 / PRISM(第2部分) - 知乎 访问
正文第3部分(4. 法律方面 5. 同名项目 6. 美国国安局相关项目)敬请期待
参见、参考文献、外部链接
棱镜项目 / PRISM 辽观搬运的中英文维基百科词条 辽观搬运的维基百科词条