形容词:用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为形容词。形容词修饰名词作定语时通常在名词前;修饰something, anything, nothing 作定语时通常在这3个词后;此外,形容词还可以放在系动词(be/look/feel/sound/taste/seem/appear/turn/become/grow/fall/get/go/keep/remain/stay等)后作表语。
副词:用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,表示时间、地点、程度、方式、频率、评论等概念的词称为副词。副词修饰动作动词时常在动词前后,有时在句末;修饰形容词、副词时通常在该词前;评论副词通常放于句首强调或修饰全句。副词在句子多作状语,偶尔也可作定语和表语,副词作定语时通常放在被修饰的词后。
★形容词 → 副词
1)一般情况: 词尾加ly
glad -- gladly kind -- kindly successful -- successfully
2)辅音字母 + y结尾:先变y为i,然后加ly
happy -- happily angry -- angrily lucky -- luckily
【例外: shy -- shyly】
3) -ed形容词:词尾加ly
undoubted -- undoubtedly hurried -- hurriedly unexpected -- unexpectedly
repeated -- repeatedly excited -- excitedly pleased -- pleasedly
【heated、supposed、reported、worried、admitted、confused、tired、wholehearted、
warmhearted等也可以加ly构成副词】
4) -ing形容词:词尾加ly
pleasing -- pleasingly surprising -- surprisingly interesting -- interestingly
【convincing、astonishing、amazing、alarming、shocking、increasing、seeming、
loving、satisfying、worrying、puzzling、confusing、frustrating、frightening、
embarrassing、overwhelming、disappointing、willing、unwilling等也可以加ly构成副词】
5) 以-ble, -ple, -tle结尾的形容词: 先去掉e, 然后加上y
simple -- simply ample -- amply terrible –- terribly
probable -- probably possible -- possibly comfortable -- comfortably
miserable -- miserably gentle -- gently
6)特殊情况:
good -- well true -- truly gay -- gaily day -- daily
7)更特殊的情况:以下-ic结尾的形容词,先加al,然后再加ly
enthusiastic -- enthusiastically sympathetic -- sympathetically
energetic -- energetically romantic -- romantically
scientific --- scientifically automatic -- automatically
【注意:theoretical (adj.) -- theoretically (adv.)】
●下面几个ly结尾的词是形容词,不是副词:
friendly、lonely、deadly、lively、lovely、silly、holy、ugly
●下面几个词形容词、副词同形:
late、 hard 、early、likely、alone、fast、daily、weekly、monthly、yearly
【lately: adv. 最近 hardly: adv. 几乎不; 简直不】