天下为主,君为客
People are the masters of the country while the emperor is only a guest.
书海探源 Sourcing the Literature
*家宝温**总理对黄宗羲评价很高，认为这位学问家的思想有着朴素的科学性和民主性 。但问询身边的宁波人，很多人却对其不甚了解，颇为遗憾。
Former Premier Wen Jiabao spoke highly of Huang Zongxi, saying that the scholar's ideas were simple, scientific and democratic. But many Ningbo people have no idea about the scholar, which is a pity.
黄宗羲于1610年出生在一个宁波余姚的书香世家，字太冲，号南雷，世称梨洲先生。明末清初经学家、史学家、思想家、地理学家、天文历算学家、教育家，可谓一代学术宗师。
Huang Zongxi was born in 1610 in a scholarly family in Yuyao, Ningbo. He was known by the courtesy name Taichong and his pseudonym Nanlei; he is often referred to as Mr. Lizhou. An outstanding scholar of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, he was a philologist, historian, thinker, geographer, astronomer, and educator, truly an academic master of his generation.
其出生时已是明朝末年，天下并不太平，各地农民起义，朝廷宦官当道。黄宗羲的父亲在朝廷为官，正义凛然，秉公执法，却遭奸人陷害，最后在狱中被拷打至死，年仅43岁。作为长子的黄宗羲痛不欲生，悲愤欲绝，时年17岁，正是血气方刚的少年，他发誓要为父亲伸冤，为其他受*害迫**的人伸张正义。1627年，时局变化，崇祯皇帝继位，惩治当道的宦官，在刑部开庭审讯时，黄宗羲出庭作证，看到*害迫**朝廷忠臣而死的奸人就在眼前，义愤填膺，按捺不住，用自制的锥子扎向仇人，之后又“狂哭”。虽有所激动，但其报私仇、泄公愤、伸张正义的壮举让其名于天下。
When he was born in the late Ming Dynasty, China was not at peace with peasants everywhere revolting and eunuchs being in power. Huang Zongxi's father was a righteous official in the imperial court and enforced the law impartially. However, he was framed by evil-doers and was tortured to death in prison at the age of only 43 years. Huang Zongxi, the eldest son, was 17 years old then and was devastated by grief. As a hot-blooded teenager, he vowed to avenge his father’s death and brought justice to other persecuted people.
In 1627, the political situation changed. Emperor Chongzhen ascended the throne and punished the eunuchs in power. When testifying at the trial of the Ministry of Criminal Affairs, he couldn’t control his outrage and used his self-made awl to stab at his foes. He then "cried wildly". Although he misbehaved for being furious, he became famous in the whole country for his great deeds of revenging, relieving public anger and maintaining justice.
黄宗羲自幼聪颖异常，喜爱读书，经史子集、小说、戏曲等都有所涉猎，最喜读历史类书籍，他历览了明代十三朝的实录和二十一史，对本朝和古代的历史烂熟于心。然后，他又潜心于儒家的经典著作，以探究治国平天下的道理。他拜访各位名师，遍访各地藏书楼，他向老师学习并阅览群书，丰富的求学经历和阅历使得他富有独创精神，善于广泛吸收，不拘泥于前人之说，为他的学术研究奠定了坚实的基础，初步形成了经世致用、 实事求是的学风。
From a young age, Huang Zongxi was exceptionally intelligent and loved reading. He dabbled in classics, history, philosophy, novels, and drama, with a particular fondness for historical books.
He read the actual records of old thirteen dynasties and historical books about all the previous dynasties, therefore being acquainted with the history of the present and ancient dynasties. Then, he also immersed himself in the classic works of Confucianism to explore the truth of governing the country. He visited renowned teachers and explored various libraries all over the country to learn and read. Due to rich study experiences, he was original, adept at extensive absorption and not rigidly adhering to the previous theory. It had laid a solid foundation for his academic research and shaped his academic style of being practical and realistic.
1644年，大明朝灭亡，黄宗羲不愿归顺清朝，组建义军，参加了抗清斗争，但没有经过训练的*队军**也就是乌合之众，又因缺乏资金，临时的君王并不给力，最终也是以失败而告终。抗争期间，他的儿子、孙子相继离世，他不由得哀叹“八口旅人将去半，十年乱世尚无央。” 少年失父、中年*国亡**、老年丧子的黄宗羲，无奈之下，只能走向书斋，国已亡，史不能亡，开始著书立说，著述达50余种，300多卷，涉及学问的各个方面，代表作为《明夷待访录》、《明儒学案》、《宋元学案》等，提出了“经世致用、工商皆本”的经济思想和“天下为主，君为客”的民主思想，也为宁波以后的发展提供了丰富的文化基因。
In 1644, the Ming Dynasty perished. Refusing to submit to the Qing government, Huang Zongxi formed an insurrectionary army and fought against the Qing government. However, owing to the untrained army, lack of funds and weak temporary Ming emperor, Huang Zongxi ended up in failure. During the fight, his son and grandson died one after another. He couldn't help lamenting that "Half of my eight family members were lost, but there was no end in ten years of chaos."
Huang Zongxi, who lost his father in his youth, country in his middle age and his son in his old age, had no choice but to concentrate on research. With the belief that history must survive even though the country was gone, he began to write historical books extensively, producing more than 50 kinds and 300 volumes of books. In his representatives of "The Mingyi Daifang Lu ", "Mingru xue'an ", and "Song-Yuan xue'an ", he put forward an advanced idea of "The classic doctrines should be applied into practice; industry and commerce are also the roots of country." and the democratic thought of " People are the masters of the country while the emperor is only a guest", which provided rich cultural genes for the future development of Ningbo merchants and cultures.
除著书立说之外，黄宗羲还在各处讲学，其学识渊博、教学有方，特别是他思想比较解放，吸引了很多年轻人追随，开创了浙东学派，浙东各地一时人才辈出，很多对清朝的学术做出了重大贡献。康熙皇帝在招揽天下之才时，几度招其入京，黄宗羲皆以各种理由拒绝，他坚持要做明朝的遗民，保存明朝的文脉薪火，传播自己的政治思想。
In addition to writing books, Huang Zongxi gave lectures in various places. Because of his profound knowledge and provoking teaching method and emancipated thoughts, he attracted many young disciples to follow him. As a result, he founded the Eastern Zhejiang School and inspired a lot of talents in eastern Zhejiang who later made great contributions to the academic research of the Qing dynasty. When Emperor Kangxi solicited talents from all over the country, he invited Huang Zongxi to the capital-Beijing several times. However, Huang Zongxi refused for various reasons, just hoping to be an adherent of Ming Dynasty, preserving the cultural essence of the Ming Dynasty and spreading his political thoughts.
康熙三十四年（1695），86岁的黄宗羲病逝于余姚。
In 1695 (the 34th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi), Huang Zongxi died of illness in Yuyao, Ningbo at the age of 86.
踏芳寻踪 Tracking down the Traces
我们首先要寻访黄宗羲出生的地方，但黄宗羲的故里却不是那么好寻找，多番问询之后，终于找到位于宁波市余姚梨洲街道黄箭山村的一座老屋。这座老屋坐北朝南，前有门厅，后正厅及两侧厢房合围天井，正厅后有后院，保留着明清建筑风格，只是有些破败。那陈旧的一窗一木都透着历史的印记。村子里还有一座小小的石桥，是黄宗羲在著述中多次提到过的家乡小桥——黄家竹桥。历史名人的故居如何保护，也是值得我们思考的问题呢。
The first place we should visit is the place where Huang Zongxi was born, but Huang Zongxi's former residence is not so easy to find. After many inquiries, we finally found an old house in Huangjianshan village, Lizhou street, Yuyao, Ningbo. The old house faces south, with a lobby in the front, a courtyard enclosed by the rear main hall and wing rooms on both sides, and a backyard behind the main hall. It retains the architectural style of the Ming and Qing dynasties, but is somewhat dilapidated. Every old window and piece of wood bears the mark of history. In the village, there is also a small stone bridge—Huangjiazhu Bridge which is mentioned many times in Huang Zongxi's books. Anyway, how to protect the residences of historical celebrities is indeed a question worth pondering.
顺着黄宗羲先生成长的历程，我们来到龙虎草堂，其位于余姚化安山的龙山虎山的谷地间，抗清斗争失败后，黄宗羲潜居于此，专心著述。虽然处境窘迫，却在草堂发奋撰写出了多部著作，包括《明夷待访录》，他的很多学生、朋友曾来此造访。这里一度成为浙东学子的向往之地。但不幸的是，原龙虎草堂于清康熙元年（1662）遭火灾毁灭。1995年，余姚市政在原址重建“龙虎草堂”，并布置了《黄梨洲先生史迹陈列》。
Following Mr. Huang Zongxi's growth path, we come to the Dragon and Tiger Cottage, which is located in the valley of Dragon and Tiger Mountain of Yuyao. After the failure of the anti-Qing resistance, Huang Zongxi stayed here and concentrated on writing. Although in a difficult situation, he worked hard in the cottage to write many books, including "Mingyi Daifang Lu ". With his students and friends always visiting here, it was once a place of yearning for young people in eastern Zhejiang province. Unfortunately, the old Dragon and Tiger Cottage was destroyed by fire in 1662. In 1995, Yuyao municipal government rebuilt the Dragon and Tiger cottage on the original site and displayed the Mr. Huang Lizhou's historical records.
“城内天一阁，城外白云庄”是老宁波城的一句老话，宁波天一阁大家都已很熟悉，对白云庄或许有些陌生。白云庄始建于明代，原为明末户部主事万泰的庄园，因其子万斯选著有《白云集》，人称白云先生，卒后葬于此地，故名“白云庄”。清康熙七年（1668），黄宗羲应万泰等邀请于此设“甬上证人书院”讲学，讲学长达八年，讲学多为学术研讨辩论，不同的思想火花在这里汇聚碰撞，最终形成了经世致用的浙东学派。白云庄内有“浙东学术文化陈列”，二十几座雕像还原了黄宗羲在此讲学的情景。白云庄不仅是黄宗羲的讲学处，是浙东学派的发祥地，也是浙东学派主要代表人物万斯同、万斯大等人的故居。其弟子万斯同赴京修《明史》，谨遵黄宗羲教诲 “请以布衣参事局，不置衔，不受俸”，居京24年，以一介布衣完成了这项浩大工程，其渊博学识、民族气节被传为佳话。
"Tianyi Pavilion in the city and Baiyun Zhuang outside the city" is a saying in the old Ningbo city. Tianyi Pavilion is familiar to everyone, but Baiyun Zhuang may be unfamiliar to many people. Baiyun Zhuang was founded in the Ming Dynasty. It was originally the manor of Wan Tai. One of his son Wan Sixuan wrote a book of "Baiyun Collection" and was called Mr. Baiyun who was buried here after death, hence the name "Baiyun Zhuang". In 1668 (the 7th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi), Huang Zongxi set up a "Yongshang Zhengren Academy" here at the invitation of Wan Tai and gave lectures, which lasted for eight years. Most of the lectures were academic discussions and debates. Different ideological sparks converged and collided, finally forming the Eastern Zhejiang School which attached importance to being realistic and practical.
Baiyun Zhuang houses a display of eastern Zhejiang’s academic culture and more than 20 statues which restore Huang Zongxi's lecture scene here. Baiyun Zhuang is not only Huang Zongxi's lecturing place, but also the birthplace of the Eastern Zhejiang School and the former residence of the main representatives of the Eastern Zhejiang School, such as Wan Sitong and Wan Sida. With Huang Zongxi's instruction, the disciple Wan Sitong went to capital-Beijing to edit "Ming History", but refused to get pay and rank from Qing dynasty. Without pay and official rank, Wan Sitong completed this huge project after living in Beijing for 24 years. He is highly respected and known for his profound knowledge and national integrity.
黄宗羲走向人生终点时，选择在余姚的化安山归葬，这里三面青山环抱，景色优美，一山一水都留下了他的足迹，一草一木都写入了他的诗篇。黄宗羲生前在自己的墓望柱写就了对联：“不事王侯，持子陵之风节；诏钞著述，同虞喜之传文”,浩然正气长存。
When Huang Zongxi approached the end of his life, he chose to be buried in Hua’an mountain in Yuyao, boasting beautiful scenery. Hills and rivers witnessed his footprints; grass and trees were woven into his poetry. Huang Zongxi wrote a couplet on his tomb pillar during his lifetime: "Learning from Yan Ziling (a recluse of Ningbo in Eastern Han Dynasty), I don’t work for government; learning from Yu Xi (a scholar of Ningbo in Eastern Jin Dynasty), I just write books.“ Huang Zongxi’s national integrity and spirits last forever.
结语 Epilogue
早年庭审刺奸、中年顽强抗清、晚年博学鸿儒，这样的人生，可谓波澜壮阔。故人虽已远去，他的思想却仍旧熠熠生辉。我们不仅要了解他的传奇人生，更应该记住他的思想，不应让其淹没在故纸堆里。
In the early years, there was a stabbing at foes during the trial; in the middle age, there was a stubborn resistance to Qing dynasty; in his old age, there was a great Confucian scholar. That is really an epic and extraordinary life. Although Huang Zongxi had passed away, his legendary stories should be known and his sparkling thoughts should be remembered and spread. Otherwise they will fade away in the river of history.
浙江省社科联社科普及课题成果
课题编号：21KPW10YB
课题名称：文化记忆视角下的宁波历史名人文化（中英对照）
负责人：甄桂春
推荐单位：浙江万里学院