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“物流概述（十七）：运输Ⅰ”
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Today Xiaobian brings you an article
"Logistics Overview (Seventeen): TransportationⅠ"
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运输可以被定义为两点间货物和人员的实体移动。运输是供应链成功运作的关键，因为货物是通过运输在供应链上移动的。
Transportation can be defined as the physical movement of goods and people between two points. It is a key component for the successful operation of the supply chain, as goods are moved along the supply chain through transportation.
一、运输模式 Transportation mode
一种特定运输模式的魅力取决于以下特性：成本（承运人提供一次供货的价格）；速度（从货物接收到交付所需的时间）；可靠性（交付的一致性）； 能力（可以输送多少种不同类型的产品）；运载量（一次装运可以输送的货物量）；柔性（把货物交付给顾客的能力）。
The charm of a particular mode of transport depends on the following characteristics: cost (the price a carrier charges for a single shipment); speed (the time it takes from receiving the goods to delivery); reliability (consistency of delivery); capability (ability to transport various types of products); carrying capacity (amount of goods that can be transported in a single shipment); flexibility (ability to deliver goods to customers).
1.航空运输 Aviation transportation
空运在干线运输上有着速度优势。但是空运是相当昂贵的，空中货运服务的长途运输成本被认为是其主要不利因素。由于大部分的托运人和收货人并不位于机场所在地，因此货物需要从承运人处到始发机场，还要从到达机场送至收货人处。这种补充服务大大增加了成本。
Air transport has a speed advantage in mainline transportation. However, air transport is quite expensive, and the long-distance transportation cost of air cargo services is considered its main disadvantage. Since most consignors and consignees are not located at the airport, the goods need to be transported from the carrier to the departure airport, and then from the arrival airport to the consignee. This supplementary service greatly increases the cost.
空运的成本、速度和运载量意味着空运更适合价值高、体积小的生鲜食品或需要紧急运送或具有特殊时间要求的货物。
The cost, speed, and carrying capacity of air transport mean it's better suited for high-value, small-volume fresh food or items that need urgent delivery or have specific time requirements.
2、汽车运输 Car transportation
汽车运输分为整车运输和零担运输。零担运输的货物量在150-10000磅不等，这些货物通常太大而无法人工搬运，但又无法装满一辆卡车。装运零担货物的卡车还有空间可运送其他顾客的货物。零担运输承运人往往通过一个货物集散中心系统进行运作。
Car transportation is divided into full truckload and less than truckload transportation. Less than truckload shipments range from 150-10,000 pounds, these goods are usually too big to be manually handled, but not enough to fill a whole truck. Trucks carrying less than truckload goods also have space to transport other customers' goods. Less than truckload carriers often operate through a freight consolidation system.
整车运输承运人专门运输重量大于1万磅的货物，运输的货物往往可以装满一辆卡车。尽管整车运输可能一次只涉及一个顾客，但也可以把多个顾客的大批货物整合拼装成一整车货物。整车运输时直接将货物从托运人送至收货人。
The carrier specializes in transporting goods weighing over 10,000 pounds, often filling a whole truck. Even though full truckload shipping may only involve one customer at a time, it can also consolidate and assemble large quantities of goods from multiple customers into a full truckload of goods. Goods are directly transported from the consignor to the consignee during full truckload shipping.
汽车运输的主要优势时柔性，它可以直接把货物直接递送到顾客处。
The main advantage of car transport is flexibility, as it can deliver goods directly to customers.
3、管道运输 Pipeline transportation
它是唯一一种不需要运输车俩的运输方式。它不需要车辆的操作者，所以它相当可靠。从能力的角度看，它输送的产品必须是液态、可液化或者气态的。但是管道运输的运输量很大，可以为用户提供相对较低的单位成本。
It's the only transportation method that doesn't require transport vehicles. It doesn't need operators for vehicles, so it's pretty reliable. From a capability perspective, the products it transports must be liquid, liquefiable, or gaseous. But pipeline transportation has a large capacity and can provide users with relatively low unit costs.
4、铁路运输往往运输大量、低价值的散装货品，如煤、化学制品、农产品和非金属矿产等。铁路运输在六种特性中都属于比较中间的位置。
Rail transportation often carries large quantities of low-value bulk goods, such as coal, chemicals, agricultural products, and non-metallic minerals. Rail transportation falls somewhere in the middle in terms of the six characteristics.
5、水路运输收相关环境的影响很大，如久旱、结冰等都会对内河运输的可靠性造成影响。另外水道船闸也会对航运的可靠性造成影响。内河航运相对便宜，但是速度很低。它多用于运输低价值的。可以用机械设备搬运的散装货物。
Waterway transportation is greatly affected by the environment, such as prolonged droughts, ice formation, etc., which can impact the reliability of inland waterway transportation. In addition, waterway locks can also affect the reliability of shipping. Inland waterway transportation is relatively cheap, but the speed is very slow. It is mostly used for transporting low-value bulk goods that can be handled with mechanical equipment.
二、多式联运 Multimodal transport
多式联运定义为：使用集装箱或其他可以在不同运输方式相互转移而无需重复装卸或弄乱其中物资的运输设备所进行的运输。通过多式联运可以让两种或多种运输方式紧密结合、扬长避短。
Multimodal transportation is defined as the use of containers or other transport equipment that can be transferred between different modes of transportation without the need for repeated loading and unloading or messing up the goods. Multimodal transportation allows for the seamless integration of two or more modes of transportation, playing to their strengths and avoiding their weaknesses.
多式联运需要用到集装箱，集装箱需要用到机械设备来进行搬动。企业仅需要搬运集装箱而不是单个货物，从而大大降低了货物搬运成本。
Multimodal transport requires the use of containers, which in turn require mechanical equipment for handling. Companies only need to move containers instead of individual goods, greatly reducing the cost of goods handling.
三、专业运输组织 Professional transportation organization
1、货运代理人 Freight forwarder
他们类似于其他的承运人，可以被认为是货物的集结商。货运代理人专门为零散货物的托运人提供服务，因为他们的货物不足以适用整车运价。通常货运代理人提供提货和交付服务而不提供干线运输服务。
They are like other carriers, can be considered as consolidators of goods. Freight forwarders specifically provide services for shippers of small shipments, as their goods are not enough to qualify for a full truckload rate. Typically, freight forwarders provide pickup and delivery services without providing long-haul transportation services.
2、托运人协会 Shipper's Association
托运人协会的作用与地面和空运货运代理人基本相同，但它并不像营利性组织那样运作。托运人协会是一种会员制的合作组织。尽管托运人协会通常被认为是为其会员提供大量运输相关的服务（全服务协会），但也有一些托运人协会主要致力于为会员争取到最低的运价 （“运价谈判”协会）。
The shipper association functions similarly to ground and air freight forwarders, but it doesn't operate like a for-profit organization. It's a cooperative organization with members. While shipper associations are typically seen as providing a wide range of transportation-related services to their members (full-service associations), there are also some shipper associations that focus on negotiating the lowest possible rates for their members ("rate negotiation" associations).
3、经纪人 brokers
经纪人（brokers）是另外一种专业运输组织，它在托运人和承运人间进行协 调。经纪人在为托运人获取最佳运价和服务包的同时，也使承运人的能力得到最大化利用。经纪人既可以负责零担运输又可以处理整车运输。那些负责零担货物 运输的经纪人将货物集结在一起，再将货物转交给汽运承运人、运输代理或者托运人协会。对于整车运输，经纪人会与个别承运人合作而获得部分运费作为补偿。
Brokers are another type of professional transportation organization that coordinates between shippers and carriers. They work to get the best shipping rates and service packages for shippers while maximizing the capacity of carriers. Brokers can handle both less-than-truckload and full truckload shipments. Those responsible for less-than-truckload transportation gather goods together and then pass them on to trucking carriers, transportation agents, or shipper associations. For full truckload transportation, brokers work with individual carriers and receive a portion of the freight as compensation.
4、包裹承运人parcelcarriers
包裹承运人（parcelcarriers）是一种专门运输和投递包裹的运输组织。这里的包裹通常是指最大总量不超过150磅的小包。包裹托运人有很多选择，如美国邮政服务公司提供的邮政小包服务（RetailGround）。邮政小包有尺寸规定（长度及围长合 计最大为130英寸）和重量限制（大约70磅），它按包裹重量、运输距离、形状收 费。多数情况下，托运人必须将包裹送至邮局，但货物可以直接递送到收货人 的实际邮寄地址。
Parcel carriers are transportation organizations that specialize in transporting and delivering packages. These packages typically refer to small parcels with a maximum total weight of 150 pounds. There are many options for parcel carriers, such as the Postal Service's Retail Ground service. Postal packages have size restrictions (with a maximum combined length and girth of 130 inches) and weight limits (around 70 pounds), and they are charged based on the package weight, transportation distance, and shape. In most cases, the shipper must take the package to the post office, but the goods can be delivered directly to the recipient's actual mailing address.
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文案|罗姗
排版|罗姗
审核|zjj
参考资料：物流学
翻译来源：ChatGPT
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