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【本期内容】
What is modern art?
什么是现代艺术？
Not to be confused with contemporary art, the “modern art” label refers to late 19th and early-to-mid 20th-century art. Works produced during this time showcase artists' interest in re-imagining, reinterpreting, and even rejecting traditional aesthetic values of preceding styles.
不要与当代艺术混淆，“现代艺术”标签指的是19世纪末和20世纪初至中期的艺术。在此期间创作的作品展示了艺术家对重新想象、重新诠释甚至拒绝先前风格的传统美学价值的兴趣。
Major Movements and Artists
主要运动和艺术家
Starting with light and airy Impressionism and ending with energetic Abstract Expressionism, the modern art genre is composed of several major movements.
从轻快的印象派开始，到充满活力的抽象表现派结束，现代艺术流派由几个主要运动组成。
IMPRESSIONISM
印象派
Widely considered the catalyst for modern art, Impressionism challenged the rigid rules and realistic depictions of academic painting. The movement emerged in 1872, when Claude Monet innovatively employed blurred brushstrokes, a focus on light, and a vivid color palette to paint Impression, Sunrise.
印象派被广泛认为是现代艺术的催化剂，它挑战了学院派绘画的刻板规则和现实主义描绘。这场运动出现在1872年，当时克劳德·莫奈创新性地使用模糊的笔触、对光线的关注和生动的调色板来绘制作品《日出·印象》。
This style dominated French painting until the turn of the century, with Impressionist artists like Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Edgar Degas at the forefront.
这种风格一直主导着法国绘画，直到本世纪之交，印象派艺术家如莫奈、皮埃尔·奥古斯特·雷诺阿和埃德加·德加都走在了前列。
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
后印象派
Inspired by the artistic freedom introduced by the Impressionists, artists like Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Henri Toulouse-Lautrec began working in distinctive, unconventional styles. Known as Post-Impressionism, this colorful movement started in the 1890s and showcases an interest in emotion and a preference for subjective interpretation over realistic representation.
受印象派引入的艺术自由的启发，保罗·塞尚、保罗·高更、文森特·梵高和亨利·图卢兹·劳特雷克等艺术家开始以独特、非传统的风格创作。这场色彩丰富的运动被称为后印象派，始于19世纪90年代，展现了人们对情感的兴趣，以及对主观解释的偏好，而不是对现实表现的偏好。
FAUVISM
野兽派
Founded by les Fauves - an avant-garde group of artists including André Derain and Henri Matisse - Fauvism first appeared in the early 20th century. Like the Post-Impressionists, Fauvists favored unrealistic tones and an emphasis on individual perceptions in their depictions, which typically featured recognizable (yet somewhat abstracted) forms.
野兽派由包括安德烈·德莱恩和亨利·马蒂斯在内的先锋派艺术家组成，最早出现在20世纪初。与后印象派一样，野兽派喜欢不切实际的色调，并在他们的描绘中强调个人感知，这通常以可识别（但有些抽象）的形式为特色。
EXPRESSIONISM
表现派
Shortly before World War I, painters in Germany and Austria began to take an experimental approach to their practice. Eventually known as Expressionists, these artists adopted and adapted the unprecedented characteristics of other modern movements. Like Post-Impressionist and Fauvist works of art, pieces rendered in the Expressionist style convey a fascination with bright, artificial color and individualistic iconography.
在第一次世界大战前不久，德国和奥地利的画家开始采用实验性的方法进行实践。这些艺术家最终被称为表现主义者，他们采用并改编了其他现代运动前所未有的特点。与后印象派和野兽派的艺术作品一样，以表现主义风格呈现的作品传达出对明亮、人造色彩和个人主义图像的迷恋。
CUBISM
立体派
Characterized by deconstructed, fractured forms, Cubism marked modern art's shift toward abstraction. Pioneered in 1907 by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, the avant-garde movement materialized as topsy-turvy paintings, multi-dimensional sculptures, and cutting-edge collages. Like other modern art movements, Cubism emphasized a subjective approach to creating. “When we discovered Cubism,” Picasso explains, “we did not have the aim of discovering Cubism. We only wanted to express what was in us.”
立体派以解构、断裂的形式为特征，标志着现代艺术向抽象的转变。先锋派运动由乔治·布拉克和巴勃罗·毕加索于1907年开创，以颠倒的绘画、多维雕塑和尖端拼贴画的形式出现。与其他现代艺术运动一样，立体派强调主观的创作方法。“当我们发现立体派时，”毕加索解释道，“我们并没有发现立体派的目的。我们只想表达我们内心的东西。”
SURREALISM
超现实派
In the 1920s, visual artists Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, Man Ray, Joan Miró, and Yves Tanguy came together to found Surrealism, a movement rooted in the subconscious. Lacking “any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern” (André Breton, Manifestoes of Surrealism), the genre culminated in a diverse collection of dream-like depictions straight from the artists' imaginations.
20世纪20年代，视觉艺术家萨尔瓦多·达利、马克斯·恩斯特、曼雷、琼·米罗和伊夫·坦古伊走到一起，创立了超现实派，这是一场植根于潜意识的运动。由于缺乏“任何理性的控制，不受任何美学或道德关注”（安德烈·布勒东，《超现实主义宣言》），这一流派最终形成了一系列直接来自艺术家想象的梦幻般的描绘。
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
抽象表现派
In the middle of the 20th century, an innovative group of artists forewent figurative styles of painting for an original, abstract aesthetic. Known as Abstract Expressionists, these painters placed artistic emphasis not only on modernist characteristics like color, composition, and emotion but on the creative process itself.
在20世纪中期，一批创新的艺术家为一种原始的抽象美学而开创了具象绘画风格。这些被称为抽象表现派的画家不仅重视色彩、构图和情感等现代主义特征，而且重视创作过程本身。
Modern Art vs. Contemporary Art
现代艺术与当代艺术
Due to the experimental nature and overlapping themes of both modern and contemporary art, the genres are often confused for one another. However, once one recognizes the movements that compose each, the ambiguous, blurred line that differentiates them becomes clearer.
由于现代艺术和当代艺术的实验性和主题重叠，这些流派经常相互混淆。然而，一旦人们识别出构成每一种艺术的流派，区分它们的模糊线就会变得更加清晰。
Typically, modern art is understood to include Impressionism, Abstract Expressionism, and the styles in between. Therefore, contemporary art commences with the first major movement following modernism - Pop Art - and, of course, continues today.
通常，现代艺术被理解为包括印象派、抽象表现派以及介于两者之间的风格。因此，当代艺术始于现代主义之后的第一个主要运动——波普艺术——当然，它一直延续到今天。
【Source】www.mymodernmet.com
【Translated by】Spark Liao (廖怀宝)
【Illustration】From Bing
请点击What Is Modern Art? Not To Be Confused With Contemporary Art ，查看更多原文信息。