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“物流概述（六）：采购”
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"Logistics Overview (VI) : Procurement"
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采购指的是从外部组织购买原材料、零部件和补给品以支持企业的运作。它是一项重要的活动且与物流密切相关，因为所购得的物资和服务必须按正确的数量、恰好在需要的时间进入供应链。
Procurement refers to the purchase of raw materials, parts and supplies from outside organizations to support the operation of a business. It is an important activity and closely related to logistics, as the goods and services purchased must enter the supply chain in the right quantities and at exactly the time they are needed.
一、采购目标 Procurement objectives
采购变得越来越具战略性， 采购的目标已不再是获得尽可能低的供应成本。潜在的采购目标包括（但不限于）：（1）支持组织的目的和目标；（2）有效和高效的管理采购过程；（3）管理供应商；（4）发展与其他职能部门的紧密关系；（5）支持运作需求。
Procurement is becoming more strategic and the goal is no longer to obtain the lowest possible cost of supply. Potential procurement objectives include, but are not limited to: (1) supporting the goals and objectives of the organization; (2) Effective and efficient management of the procurement process; (3) Manage suppliers; (4) Develop close relationships with other functional departments; (5) Support operational requirements.
首先，采购的目标必须支持组织的目的和目标。例如，如果库存最小化是组织的目标，那么采购成本或许不应试图将总采购降至最低。关于有效和高效地管理采购过程，其中有效关注的是采购如何履行其诺言，高效则是指采购履行其诺言过程中如何利用企业资源。第三个采购目标是管理供应商，指的是供应源的选择、开发和维护。
First, the objectives of procurement must support the goals and objectives of the organization. For example, if inventory minimization is an organization's goal, purchasing costs may not try to minimize total purchases. Regarding the effective and efficient management of the procurement process, the effective concern is how the procurement fulfills its promises, and the efficient refers to how the procurement fulfills its promises in the process of using the resources of the enterprise. The third procurement objective is to manage suppliers, which refers to the selection, development and maintenance of supply sources.
二、供应商的选择和评估Supplier selection and evaluation
采购最重要的职责之一是供应商（卖方）的选择和评估。供应商的选择和评估过程涉及企业的需求、确定能够满足这些需求的各家潜在供应商。该过程的第一步是识别供应是需求。第二步是现状分析，即分析制定供应决策的内外部环境。内部因素包括识别相关的利益相关者、哪里需要供应、适当的供应数量和质量以及适宜的供应政策（例如，使用少数供应商） 外部因素包括经济因素、限制采购的相关法律和法规制度以及潜在供应商的市场。
One of the most important responsibilities of procurement is the selection and evaluation of suppliers (sellers). The supplier selection and evaluation process involves the needs of the business and the identification of potential suppliers who can meet these needs. The first step in the process is to identify supply as demand. The second step is the current situation analysis, that is, the analysis of the internal and external environment in which the supply decision is made. Internal factors include identifying relevant stakeholders, where supply is needed, the appropriate quantity and quality of supply, and appropriate supply policies (e.g., using a small number of suppliers) External factors include economic factors, the relevant legal and regulatory regime that restricts procurement, and the market for potential suppliers.
第三步是识别和评估潜在的供应商，识别潜在供应商的来源有很多，例如销售人员、贸易展览、行业出版物以及互联网等。认识和理解每种来源的优点和缺点非常重要。例如，尽管通过贸易展览可以一次了解到多个不同的供应货源（这有利于 供应商之间的比较），但近些年参加展览或在展览会上展示产品的成本飞涨；另外展览会通常一年只举办一次。
The third step is to identify and evaluate potential suppliers from a variety of sources, such as salespeople, trade shows, trade publications, and the Internet. It is important to recognize and understand the advantages and disadvantages of each source. For example, the cost of attending or displaying products at a trade show has skyrocketed in recent years, even though it is possible to learn about many different sources of supply at once (which facilitates comparison among suppliers); In addition, exhibitions are usually held only once a year.
如果 企业能够做到以下两点对于评估供应商是非常有帮助的：（1）详细界 定相关的选择标准；（2）给这些标准赋予权重。
If enterprises can do the following two points for the evaluation of suppliers is very helpful: (1) delimit the relevant selection criteria in detail; (2) Give weight to these criteria.
三、采购组合方法procurement combination method
采购经理必须不断地了解他们采购的原材料、零部件和补给品的供应和需求特性。卡拉杰克组合矩阵（Kraliic'sPortfolio Matrix）被很多采购经理用来企业采购物资进行分类，目的是减少供应的脆弱性和充分利用企业的购买力。该矩阵基于物资的重要性和供应复杂性两个维度将采购物资分为四类：一般物资（重要性低、复杂性低）、杠杆物资 （重要性高、复杂性低）、战略物资（重要性高、复杂性高）以及瓶颈（重要性 低，复杂性高）。
Purchasing managers must constantly understand the supply and demand characteristics of the raw materials, parts, and supplies they purchase. The Kraliic'sPortfolio Matrix is used by many purchasing managers to classify goods purchased by enterprises in order to reduce the vulnerability of supplies and make full use of the purchasing power of enterprises. The matrix divides procured goods into four categories based on two dimensions of importance and supply complexity: general goods (low importance, low complexity), leveraged goods (high importance, low complexity), strategic goods (high importance, high complexity), and bottleneck (low importance, high complexity).
四、全球采购global procurement
全球采购是指从世界的任何地方购买零部件和输入。全球采购由两个主要动机驱动，即要素输入战略和市场进入战略。要素输入战略，企业寻求的是低成本或高质量的供应源，而市场进入战略则是指企业在计划展开重大业务的市场中进行采购。
Global sourcing means buying parts and inputs from anywhere in the world. Global procurement is driven by two main motivations, factor entry strategy and market entry strategy. Factor entry strategy, in which the firm seeks low-cost or high-quality supply sources, and market entry strategy, in which the firm purchases in the market where it plans to do significant business.
全球采购开发模型包括以下组成部分：计划、提出符合要求的供应商、评估、 关系管理，运输和库存持有成本、实施、监控和改进等。其中，计划是全球采购的第一步，包括对全球采购的机会和挑战做一个真实的评估。这一阶段的成果应该是一套与企业的总目标相一致的全球采购政策和程序。提出符合要求的供应商涉及从多种维度，如质量、成本、可靠性以及标准化等，确定当前供应源数量和合格的供应源。
The global sourcing development model includes the following components: planning, proposing suitable suppliers, evaluation, relationship management, transportation and inventory holding costs, implementation, monitoring and improvement. The plan is the first step in global sourcing and includes a real assessment of the opportunities and challenges of global sourcing. The result of this phase should be a set of global procurement policies and procedures that are aligned with the overall objectives of the business. Identifying qualified suppliers involves determining the number of current supply sources and qualified supply sources from multiple dimensions, such as quality, cost, reliability, and standardization.
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文案|罗姗
排版|罗姗
审核|yue
参考资料：有道翻译，物流学
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