英语句法
- 简单句
- 五大基本句型
- 并列句
- 平行（and, both, not only ...but also ....)
- 转折（but, however, while....)
- 因果（for, so, because...)
- 选择（or, either.....or)
- 复合句
- 名词性从句
- 主语从句
- 宾语从句
- 表语从句
- 同位语从句
- 定语从句
- 限定性定语从句
- 非限定定语从句
- 状语从句
- 时间状语从句
- 地点状语从句
- 条件状语从句
- 方式状语从句
- 让步状语从句
- 比较状语从句
- 原因状语从句
- 结果状语从句
动词
助动词、情态动词、系动词、实义动词
助动词、情态动词 无法单独构成句子
系动词、实义动词 可以构成句子
简单句
- 主+谓 (S+V)
主语:名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化形容词、短语、从句
谓语:不及物动词 (vi.)
She cried. 她哭了。
- 主+谓+宾 (S+V+O)
谓语:及物动词 (vt.)
宾语:名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化形容词、短语、从句
I have dinner. 我吃晚饭。
- 主+谓+间宾(人)+直宾(物) (S+V+o+O)
谓语: give, show, send, bring, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return,write, throw,refuse, make, buy, get, play, order...I give her a book.
I give a book to her.
Her father bought her a bike.
Her father bought a bike for her.
give sb sth.
give sth. to sb.
buy sb. sth.
buy sth. for sb.
宾语发生了位置上的移动用to
宾语没发生位置上的移动用for
- 主+谓+宾+补 (S+V+O+OC)
补语:名词、形容词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等
I found the homework difficult.
We call her the ice queen.
I require you to buy something for me.
He let me wait here.
I saw her reading the book.
He found his hometown greatly changed.
let/have/make sb do 让某人做
be about to do = be going to do = be to do 打算做某事
- 主十系t表 (S+V+P)
表语:名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化形容词;短语、从句
She is a girl.
系动词
- 状态系动词:表示主语状态 be
- 持续系动词:表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain, stay, lie, stand
- 表像系动词:用来表示“看起来像”，主要有seem,appear,look
- 感官系动词:主要有look,feelsmell,sound,taste
- 变化系动词:表示主语变发生了某种变化，主要有become,grow,turn,fall, get, go, come, run.
- 终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turn out,表达“证实，证明”
阅读文章补充
补充一
Americans are pound of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-stargeneral. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?
- uniform: 制服
- take pride in = be pound of 自豪的
- variety: 多样化
- a variety of : 多种多样的 => a ~ of + n. : 一般根据n.来填量词
- opinions vary from person to person: 观点因人而异
- various: adj. 各种各样
- individuality: 个性的；
- individulism: 个人主义
- 转折: but / however / yet / whereas ...
- 让步：although / though / as / even if / even though / despite / in spite of
- Althought A B: B重要
- A but B : B 重要
- respectable: adj. 值得尊敬的
- respected: adj. 受人尊敬的
- respectful: adj. 对他人尊重的；有礼貌的
- few: 几乎没有 否定词
- a few: 少的
- quite a few: 相当多
- 意义否定的词, 几乎没有：little / hardly 几乎不 / barely 几乎没有 / rarely 少的 / scarcely / seldom
- 否定 + 比较级 = 最高级( few ... more than ....)
- whether A or B :
- elevator: 电梯
- operate: v.操作; 做手术； 运营 = run；
- operator: 操作员
- general: n.将军
- in genenal: 大体来说；总的来说
- generally speaking: 总的来说
- uniform: adj. 统一的；一致的
Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian (百姓的) clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform.The television repairman who wears uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes.
- Among: 在...之中（三者）
- Among the arguments for（支持） uniforms
- I am for your plan. 我支持你的计划
- I am against your plan. 我反对你的计划
- 支持： be for / agree with / support(支持；养家) / advocate(主张；倡导) / follow
- 反对：be against / reject / refuse / object / oppose
- in the eyes = in one's opinion: 在某人看来
- as far as I'm concerned: 在我看来
- professional: 专业的
- be conditioned to: 习惯于做某事
- be used to doing: 习惯于做某事
- be accustomed to : 习惯于做某事
- expect: 期待
- spect: 看
- inspect: 检查；巡视
- prospect: 前景
- A is superior to B : A > B
- A is inferior to B : A < B
- >
- would rather do A than do B : 我宁愿做A也不做B
- more than = over
- prefer A to B: 更喜欢A
- outnumber: 数量上超出
- superior
- tends to: 往往；
- inspire sb to do sth / encourage: 鼓励某人做某事
- aspire to do 自己: 渴望做某事
- appear： 出现
Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity (身份) than to step out ofuniform?
- faith: 信念；信心
- garage mechanic: 汽车修理工
- barber: 理发师
- step out: 脱掉
Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills.They are tax-deductible (可减税的).They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes
- practice: 实践；练习
- benifits from：受益
- be beneficial to/for ...
- save: 节约；救；
- laundry: 干洗
- durable: 持久的；耐用的；
Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least.
- uniforms is their lack of : their指制服
- A of B : A <- B
- A of B of C : A <- B <- C
- experienced: 被经历
- Though: 虽然
- particular: 独特的；特定的
- stuck with it: 陷入；无法摆脱
- stick: v.刺；戳；n.棍状物
- sticker: n.贴纸
- stick to do sth: 坚持做某事
Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry also cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes
- A -> B 原因是A ；B是结果
- give rise to : 引起
- give birth to : 引起
- cause: 造成;
- lead to
- result in
- bring about
- 起源于; A <- B : B是原因
- result from
- stem from
- originate from
- derive from
- 归因于
- attribute to
- ascribe to
- because
- as
- in that
- long-lasting: 持续;持久
- initial expense: 最初的费用
- initial payment: 首付
- down payment: 首付
- rather than : 而不是
- requiring: 需求
- acquire: 获取；习得；收购
- enquire / inquire: 询问
- rather than
- would rather do A than do B
- tather than = instead of : 而不是
- rather + adj. = very + adj. 非常；相当
- Rather, .... : 相反
补充二
While still in its early stages, welfare reform has already been judged a great success in many states -- at least in getting people off welfare. It's estimated that more than 2 million people have left the rolls since 1994.
- welfare: 低保
- welfare roll: 低保名单
- welfare reform: 低保改革
- while: 考研只有三个意思
- 当...时候 时间状词从句
- 尽管；虽然 让步状词从句
- 连接 对比
- stages: 舞台；阶段
- reform: 改革
- rebuild: 重建
- resharpe: 重塑
- transform: 变形
- transformer: 变形金刚
- judged: v.判断；n.法官
- getting ... off: 摆脱
- states: 洲；状态
- estimated: 估计
- overstimate: 高估
- underestimate: 低估
- since 下列时间时，语句用现在完成时
- 过去的时间点
- ~ years age
- 一般过去时的句子
In the past four years, welfare rolls in Athens Country have been cut in half. But 70 percent of the people who left in the past tow years took jobs that paid less than $6 an hour. The result: The Athens County poverty rate still remains at more than 30 percent-twice the national average
- Athens Country: 地名：雅典县
- cut in line: 插队
- cut in half: 减半
- 冒号(:)、破折号(-)、逗号(,)：用来解释说明
- poverty rate：贫困率
- live in poverty: 生活拮据
For advocates (人) for the poor, that's an' indication much more needs to be done.
“More people are getting jobs, but it's not making their lives any better, says Kathy Lairn, a policy analyst at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities in Washington.
- advocates: 主张（支持）
- the poor: the + adj.表一类人
- indication: 表明；象征；迹象
- need to be doen = need doing: 需要做
- make sth + adj. ：使某物有种状态
- policy: 政策
- analyst: 分析师
- budget: 预算
- priorities: 优先
- give priority to: 优先考虑
A center analysis of US Census data nationwide found that between 1995 and 1996, a greater percentage of single, female-headed households were earning money on their own, but that average income for these households actually went down.
- Census: 人口普查；统计
- nationwide: 遍及全国
- wide:遍及
- worldwide: 遍及全世界
- between A and B = from A to B
- single: 单身
- female-headed: 以女性为户主的
- on one's own: 独自
But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.
- be able to = can: 能
- as well as : as ... as : 和...一样
- not as ... as : 不如
- aid: 援助
- first aid: 急救
- huge victory: 巨大成功
“Welfare was a poison.It was a toxin (毒素)that was poisoning the family,’says Robert Rector, a welfare-reform policy analyst. “The reform in changing the moral climate in low-income communities. It's beginning to rebuild the work ethic (道德观)which is much more important.”
- poison: 毒药
- toxin: 毒素
- moral: 道德的
- climage: 气候；氛围
- communities: 社区；（本意：一群人聚集在一起构成的团体）
- begin to do sth: 开始去做（未做）
- begin doing: 已经开始做
- ethic: 道德观
- mortal: n. 凡人；普通 人 adj.会死的
- immortal: adj.不朽的
- mortality: n.死亡率
- 重要的：important / significant: 意义重大/ essential / crucial / critical 批评的；重要的 / vital 致命的
Mr. Rector and others argued that once “the habit of dependency is cracked,” then the country can make other policy changes aimed at improving living standards.
- argued + 从句： 翻译成：认为. 后面跟观点
- argue with sb: 与某人争论
- argue about/over sth: 争论某事
- once： 一次；曾经（古今对比）；一旦
- habit: 习惯
- dependency: 依赖
- depend on: 依赖
- cracked: 裂开
- aimed at: 旨在
- aim at sth：描准
- dependent: adj. 依赖
- independent: 独立
- be independent of: 独立于
回顾阅读
In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.
Davidson's article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won't earn you what it used to. It can't when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius.Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there's been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, US factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturingjobs-about 6 million in total-disappeared.”
There will always be changed--new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.
21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate _____
[A] the impact of technological advances
[B] the alleviation ofjob pressure
[C] the shrinkage of textile mills
[D] the decline of middle-class incomes
例证题，大例子答案在第二段找，小例子在第一句找
22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to _____
[A] adopt an average lifestyle
[B] work on cheap software
[C] contribute something unique
[D] ask for a moderate salary
23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ____
[A] gains of technology have been erased
[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed
[C] factories are making much less money than before
[D] new jobs and services have been offered
24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is _____
[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution
[B] to ensure more education for people
[C] to advance economic globalization
[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century
25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?
[A] Technology Goes Cheap
[B] New Law Takes Effect
[C] Recession Is Bad
[D] Average Is Over
主旨题答案一般在第一段，最可能是第一句
答案：A C B B D